SCS 3142 Module #1 Rev1

Course code: SCS-3142
Page #1
LIEP-Program
Licensing International Engineers into the Profession
SCS 3142 – Winter 2016
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
Module #1
Review of the Fundamental
Laws of Thermodynamics – Part I
Figures and tables in this presentation are taken from Ref. [1] and Ref. [2]
Page #2
About your instructor: Sergio Negro
• PhD in Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Machines and Energy Systems

(2011, University of Bologna, Italy), PL from PEO.
• Currently an instructor and consultant at MIE, Faculty of Applied

Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, in the field of fluid
machinery and applied thermodynamics.
• Research expertise in theoretical and numerical modeling of multi-

phase flows with phase/change, mostly in support of CFD analysis.
• Several years of research and industrial experience in product design

and Machinery certification for safety in the EU (European Machinery
Directive 2006/42/EC).
Page #3
The course is structured in two parts:
• First part discusses the fundamentals of thermodynamic systems

(vapour cycles, gas cycles, and psychrometry).
• Second part deals with the heat transfer. The emphasis is on the
understanding of the three main mechanisms of energy transfer by
heat: conduction, convection, and radiation.
• A particular look at specific questions extracted from former PEO

exams.
• All tests and the Final Exam are “open book”.
• Prerequisites: Knowledge of basic thermodynamics and calculus is

required.
Page #4
In this module #1:

Review of the Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics – Part I
1. Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering

2. Thermodynamic Definitions of Property, State, Cycle
3. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics
4. Definition of Thermal Efficiency
5. Review and solution of former PEO exam questions
1. Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering Page #5
Thermal systems engineering is concerned

with how energy is utilized in:
industry
transportation
home
human, animal, and plant life.
Selected areas of application are:

Prime movers: internal-combustion
engines, turbines
Fluid machinery: pumps, compressors
Fossil- and nuclear-fueled power stations
1. Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering (cont’d) Page #6
Selected areas of application are:
Alternative energy systems

Fuel cells
Solar heating, cooling and power generation
Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning
equipment
Biomedical applications
Life support and surgical equipment
Artificial organs
Air and water pollution control equipment
Aerodynamics: airplanes, automobiles, buildings
Pipe flow: distribution networks, chemical plants
Thermal systems typically consist of a combination of components that

function together as a whole.
The components and the overall system can be analyzed using principles
from:
thermodynamics
fluid mechanics
heat transfer
Analysis of Thermal Systems
The first step in analysis is the identification of the system and how it
interacts with its surroundings.
Analysis of thermal systems uses one or more of four basic laws:
Conservation of mass
Conservation of energy
Conservation of momentum
Second law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics provides the foundation for analysis of thermal systems

through the conservation principles, the second law of thermodynamics,
and property relations.
Fluid mechanics and heat transfer provide additional concepts.

The Three Thermal Science Disciplines

2. Thermodynamic Definitions Page #12
Engineers are generally interested in studying

systems and how they interact with their
surroundings.
Two basic systems: open and closed systems
Closed system:
• always contains the same matter
Q
• no transfer of mass across its boundary
• energy can be transferred as W or Q
W
A special case: isolated system.
Q=0
This approach does not work when I open the
valves: mass will flow through the boundary, thus
a control volume approach will be used instead.
2. Thermodynamic Definitions (cont’d) Page #13
Control Volume: Mass may cross the boundary of a control volume. Ideal to
describe devices such as turbines and pumps through which mass flows.
Control Volume: Mass may cross the boundary of a

control volume. Ideal to describe devices such as
turbines and pumps through which mass flows.
ṁ1
Recall of some definitions and important concepts:
Property: a macroscopic characteristic of a system,
Turbine
such as P, T, V, m...etc.
State: a condition of the system described by a set
of properties
ṁ2
Process: is a change in any property of the system
and, therefore, a change of state
Thermodynamic cycle: is a sequence of processes
that begins and ends at the same state.
State property: depends solely on start and end states of the process and do
NOT depend on the details of the process. (Ex: p, v, T are state properties,
work and heat are not)
A system is said to be at steady state if none of its properties changes with

time.
dT dp dv
= 0, = 0, = 0,. ..
dt dt dt
Phase: refers to a quantity of matter that is homogeneous throughout in
both chemical composition and physical structure.
Equilibrium state: a state characterized by no change in the system's

properties.
3. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics Page #16
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be:

• stored (within a system)
• converted (from one form to another)
• transferred between systems by work or by heat transfer
s2
W =∫ s1
Fds
Also: the total amount of energy is conserved in all conversions and transfers.
Define work: F is the force and s is the displacement.
Conventionally: W>0 work done by the system, and W<0 work done on the
system. Work is NOT a state variable.
∫ δW = W
3. Energy and First Law of Thermodynamics (cont’d) Page #17
δW
The rate of energy transfer by work is power: = W&
dt
Case of expansion or compression of a gas:
W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ pAdx = ∫ pdV

This requires a relationship between p and V.
If the value of each single property is uniform throughout the system and
if all states are equilibrium states then I can use an analytical formulation
for a polytropic process:
n
pV = const .
W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ pAdx = ∫ pdV
const.
∫ pdV = ∫ V n dV
Area 1-2-V2-V1 is the calculated work

Work is not a property. The value of work

depends on the nature of the process between
the end states.
Example 3.1: Evaluating Expansion Work

A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes
an expansion process for which the relationship
between pressure and volume is given by
n
pV = const .
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3 , and the final
volume is 0.2 m3 . Determine the work for the process, in kJ, if (a) n=1.5,
(b) n=1.0, and (c) n=0.
Solution
Known: A gas in a piston– cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion for
which pV n= constant.
Find: Evaluate the work if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, (c) n=0.
Assumptions:
1. The gas is a closed system. 2. The moving boundary is the only work
mode. 3. The expansion is a polytropic process.
Analysis: The required values for the work are obtained by integration of
the work equation given pressure–volume relation.
(a) Introducing the relationship p=constant / Vn into Eq. 3.9 and

performing the integration
const. p 2V2 − p1V1

W = ∫ pdV = ∫ dV W = ∫ pdV =
V n 1− n
This expression is valid for all values of n except n=1.0. The case n=1.0 is
taken up in part (b).
Accordingly
(b) For n=1.0, the pressure–volume relationship is pV=constant.

The work is
(c) For n=0, the pressure–volume relation reduces to p=constant, and

the integral becomes W=p(V2 -V1 ), which is a special case of the
expression found in part (a).
Substituting values and converting units as above, W=+30 kJ.

Define heat transfer:

Conventionally: Q>0 heat transfer to the system, and Q<0 heat transfer
from the system.
system
Q>0 Q<0
Adiabatic process: Q=0
Heat transfer is NOT a state variable. ∫ δQ = Q

δQ &
The rate of heat transfer is: =Q
dt
The rate of heat transfer can be also expressed using the heat flux through a
surface A:
Q̇= ∫ q̇ dA
Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics) for a closed system:
∆E = E 2 − E1 = Q − W
1) Energy is transferred by heat or work
2) Energy is conserved
∆E = ∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U = Q − W
Differential form:
dE = δQ − δW
Time rate form:
dE
= Q& − W&
dt
Example 3.2 Cooling a Gas in a Piston-Cylinder

Four kilograms of a certain gas is contained within a piston–cylinder
assembly. The gas undergoes a process for which the pressure–volume
relationship is
pV 1.5 = const.
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3 , and the final
volume is 0.2 m3 . The change in specific internal energy of the gas in the
process is u2-u1=-4.6 kJ/kg. There are no significant changes in kinetic or
potential energy.
Determine the net heat transfer for the process, in kJ.

Solution
Known: A gas within a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion
process for which the pressure–volume relation and the change in specific
internal energy are specified.
Find: Determine the net heat transfer for the process.
Assumptions:
1. The gas is a closed system. 2. The process is described by pV 1.5=constant.
3. There is no change in the kinetic or potential energy of the system.
Analysis: An energy balance for the closed system takes the form
=0 =0
∆E = ∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U = Q − W
∆U = m(u 2 − u1 ) = Q − W
Solving for Q Q = m(u 2 − u1 ) + W
The value of the work for this process is determined in the solution to
part (a) of Example 3.1: W =+17.6 kJ. The change in internal energy is
obtained using given data as
Units and dimensions
Because of its global acceptance

and intrinsic convenience, the SI
system is used throughout this
book.
In addition, recognizing common

practice in the United States, the
units listed
Example 3.3 - Considering Alternative Systems

Air is contained in a vertical piston–cylinder assembly fitted with an
electrical resistor. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 14.7 lbf/in2 on the
top of the piston, which has a mass of 100 lb and a face area of 1 ft2 .
Electric current passes through the resistor, and the volume of the air
slowly increases by 1.6 ft3 while its pressure remains constant.
The mass of the air is 0.6 lb, and its specific internal energy increases by 18
Btu/lb.
The air and piston are at rest initially and finally.
The piston–cylinder material is a ceramic composite and thus a good
insulator.
Friction between the piston and cylinder wall can be ignored, and the local
acceleration of gravity is g=32.0 ft/s2 .
Determine the heat transfer from the resistor to the air, in Btu, for a system
consisting of (a) the air alone, (b) the air and the piston.
=0 =0
Case (a) ∆E = ∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U = Q − W
∆U Air = m(u 2 − u1 ) = Q − W Q = ∆U Air + W

To determine the pressure p, we use a force balance on the slowly moving,

frictionless piston.
Q = ∆U Air + W
W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ pAdx = ∫ pdV pA piston = m piston g + p atm A piston

With ∆U Air = mair (∆u air ) , the heat transfer is
Q= ∆U Air + W
Try to solve question (b) at home.

Example Silicon Chip at Steady State

A silicon chip measuring 5 mm on a side and 1 mm in thickness is embedded
in a ceramic substrate. At steady state, the chip has an electrical power
input of 0.225 W. The top surface of the chip is exposed to a coolant whose
temperature is 20°C.
The rate of energy transfer by heat between the chip and the coolant is
given by Q= -hA(T b-T f ), where Tb and Tf are the surface and coolant
temperatures, respectively, A is the surface area, and h=150 W/m2 K.
If heat transfer between the chip and the substrate is negligible, determine
the surface temperature of the chip, in °C.
Assumptions: 1. The chip is a closed system at steady state. 2. There is no

heat transfer between the chip and the substrate.
At steady state, =0
dE Q̇= − hA (T b− T f )
= Q̇− Ẇ
dt
Solve for Tb − Ẇ
T b= +T f
hA
In this expression, W= -0.225 W, A =25 x 10-6 m2 , h=150 W/m2 K, and Tf=293
K, giving
4. Thermal Efficiency Page #36
Cycle Energy Balance

The energy balance for any system undergoing a thermodynamic cycle
takes the form
∆E = Qcycle − Wcycle = 0
W cycle = Q in− Q out W cycle = Q out − Q in
a) Power cycle b) Refrigeration cycle

4. Thermal Efficiency (cont’d) Page #37
Since the system is returned to its initial state

W cycle = Q in− Q out W cycle = Q out − Q in
useful work Wcycle refrigeration effect Qin

ηth = = β= =
energy input Qin work of the cycle Wcycle
Qin − Qout Qout Qin
ηth = = 1− β=
Qin Qin Qout − Qin
Thermal efficiency can never be greater than unity. On the other hand, the
coefficient of performance of a refrigeration cycle can instead be greater
than 1. For a heat pump the coefficient of performance is
heating effect Qout Qout

γ= = γ=
work of the cycle Wcycle Qout − Qin
5. Review and solution of former PEO exam questions Page #38
Exam structure:
3 hours Duration
Open books: our textbook covers both thermodynamics and heat
transfer.
Part A – Thermodynamics 4 questions available
Part B – Heat Transfer 4 questions available
The answers to five questions, either three questions from Part A and
two questions from Part B or two questions from Part A and three
questions from Part B, comprise a complete examination.
5. Review and solution of former PEO exam questions Page #39
Candidates must indicate the answers that they wish to have graded on
the cover of the first examination book otherwise the answers will be
graded in the order in which they appear in the examination book(s) up
to a maximum of three answers per section.
The answer to any question carries the same value in the grading.
Page #40
References
[1] M. J. Moran, H. N. Shapiro, B. R. Munson, D. P. DeWitt, (2003)

Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering: Thermodynamics, Fluid
Mechanics, and Heat Transfer, Wiley.
[2] M. J. Moran, H. N. Shapiro, D.D. Boettner, M. B. Bailey, (2011)

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 7th Ed., Wiley.

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Course code: SCS-3142

SCS 3142 – Winter 2016

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER

About your instructor: Sergio Negro

• PhD in Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Machines and Energy Systems

• Currently an instructor and consultant at MIE, Faculty of Applied

• Research expertise in theoretical and numerical modeling of multi-

• Several years of research and industrial experience in product design

The course is structured in two parts:

• First part discusses the fundamentals of thermodynamic systems

• A particular look at specific questions extracted from former PEO

• All tests and the Final Exam are “open book”.

• Prerequisites: Knowledge of basic thermodynamics and calculus is

In this module #1:

1. Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering

Thermal systems engineering is concerned

Selected areas of application are:

Selected areas of application are:

Alternative energy systems

Thermal systems typically consist of a combination of components that

Analysis of Thermal Systems

Analysis of thermal systems uses one or more of four basic laws:

Thermodynamics provides the foundation for analysis of thermal systems

Fluid mechanics and heat transfer provide additional concepts.

The Three Thermal Science Disciplines

Engineers are generally interested in studying

Control Volume: Mass may cross the boundary of a

A system is said to be at steady state if none of its properties changes with

Equilibrium state: a state characterized by no change in the system's

The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be:

W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ pAdx = ∫ pdV

W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ pAdx = ∫ pdV

Area 1-2-V2-V1 is the calculated work

Work is not a property. The value of work

Example 3.1: Evaluating Expansion Work

(a) Introducing the relationship p=constant / Vn into Eq. 3.9 and

const. p 2V2 − p1V1

(b) For n=1.0, the pressure–volume relationship is pV=constant.

(c) For n=0, the pressure–volume relation reduces to p=constant, and

Substituting values and converting units as above, W=+30 kJ.

Define heat transfer:

Adiabatic process: Q=0

Heat transfer is NOT a state variable. ∫ δQ = Q

Conservation of Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics) for a closed system:

1) Energy is transferred by heat or work

Example 3.2 Cooling a Gas in a Piston-Cylinder

Determine the net heat transfer for the process, in kJ.

Solving for Q Q = m(u 2 − u1 ) + W

Units and dimensions

Because of its global acceptance

In addition, recognizing common

Example 3.3 - Considering Alternative Systems

∆U Air = m(u 2 − u1 ) = Q − W Q = ∆U Air + W

To determine the pressure p, we use a force balance on the slowly moving,

W = ∫ Fdx = ∫ pAdx = ∫ pdV pA piston = m piston g + p atm A piston

With ∆U Air = mair (∆u air ) , the heat transfer is

Try to solve question (b) at home.

Example Silicon Chip at Steady State

Assumptions: 1. The chip is a closed system at steady state. 2. There is no

Cycle Energy Balance

W cycle = Q in− Q out W cycle = Q out − Q in

a) Power cycle b) Refrigeration cycle

Since the system is returned to its initial state