International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 1322-1334, Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_121
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

ASSESSMENT EFFICIENCY OF SHURAW

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT NORTH
IRAQ
Rodhan Abdullah Salih
Northern Technical University, Iraq

Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd

Northern Technical University, Iraq

Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

Northern Technical University, Iraq

ABSTRACT
This study provides an assessment the efficiency of Shuraw Sewage treatment plant
(STP) in the city of Kirkuk, one of the northern Iraq cities. It designed to treat (1000)
m3/day. The biochemical, chemical and physical properties of raw and treated sewage
water estimated in this study. The results reveal that the efficiency of BOD and COD
removal were 81.19% and 80.64%, respectively. High value of (TSS, PO4, NO2, Oil&
Grease and H2S) were (98.2, 7.74, 0.794, 38.5 and 85.76) mg/l respectively.SO4, NO3
and CL are within the standard limits. A high positive correlation of raw wastewater
characteristics between PO4 & NO2 (r = 0.898) whereas high reverse correlation
between COD & PH (r = -0.727). A high positive correlation for treated wastewater,
between BOD & COD (r = 0.727) whereas high inverse correlation between PO4 &
H2S (r = -0.683).
Keywords: wastewater, treatment plant, assessment, efficiency.
Cite this Article: Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya
Abdulqader Sulaiman, Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant
North Iraq, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(01), 2019,
pp. 1322-1334
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01

1. INTRODUCTION
The discharge of sewage water into rivers without treatment causes significant damage to the
water environment because of the high concentration of harmful environmental determinants

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 Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant North Iraq

]1[. Sewage created from different sources as residential, institutional, commercial and
industrial activities ]2[. The essential efficiency of sewage treatment plant is the degree of
BOD or COD and suspended solids reduction, which constitute organic pollution.] 3[The
degree of treatment determined by the purpose of using treated water, which is determined by
comparing it with a set of controls and determinants set by environmental organizations ]4[.

1.1. Objective of the study

The objective of this study is to determine efficiency of the Shuraw Sewage treatment plant,
one of the northern cities of Iraq. The evaluate of this plant ensure assessment BOD, COD, PH,
TSS, SO4, NO2, NO3, NH3, PO4, CL and H2S for both untreated and treated wastewater.

1.2. Description of the Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant:

This plant is located north of Kirkuk city at N: 35o 32' 11", E: 44o 23' 20" as in the Figure 1.
The total capacity of the plant is 1000 m3/day consists of five units, Each unit (200) m3/day.
The units of the plant include collection basin, channel filters, oil removal unit and sludge
pressing system unit.

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 Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

Shuraw STP
N: 35o 32' 11"
E: 44o 23' 20"

Figure 1 Shuraw Sewage treatment plant (STP)

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data used in this study provided from directorate of Kirkuk Sewers for the period January to
December 2017, represented monthly average value of characteristics.

2.1. Collection of Samples

The samples collected at Shuraw Sewage treatment plant manually using plastic scoop.
Samples were placed in clean glass bottles under a temperature of 40. All analyses were
performed and described in the standard methods ]5[ as following: -

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 Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant North Iraq

1. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the German OXI TOP method.
2. The biochemical oxygen demand (COD) in a closed Reflex Colorimetric method.
3. The total suspended solid materials (TSS) The weight method was followed by a
temperature of 103-105.
4. Phosphate Concentration (PO4) the Vanadomolybdo phosphoric acid colorimetric
method.
5. Sulfates Concentration (SO4) Gravimetric Method with drying of Residue.
6. Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2) Concentration.
7. Chlorides Concentration by Titration method.
8. Ammonia Concentration: Titrimetric method.
9. Oil and grease Partition-Gravionetric method.
10. Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration (H2S) examined inside the sewer network where we
add cadmium chloride to its own bottle before taking the form and the sample remains
for 24-48 hours waiting for test step.

2.2. The Equipment Used

1. PH-Meter WTW.
2. Electrical Balance ADAM CO.
3. DR / 2400 Spectrophotometer SECOMAM.
4. Oven P / Selecta.
5. Muffle Nabertherm (30-3000) C.
6. Heater P / Selecta.

2.3. Chemical Material

All materials used in this study high purity chemicals from EMC LAB and Reagent World.com.

3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of characteristics analyzing for both untreated and treated wastewater are tabled in
(Table 1 ,2 and 3). Figures 2-12 showed the variation of these characteristics during the period
of the study.
Figure 2 reveals BOD value for the study duration ranged from 250-500 mg/l for untreated
wastewater, whereas 10-270 mg/l for treated wastewater. The removal efficiency of the BOD
was 81.19% and it was a good except March because of the electricity shutdown.] 6 [
Figure 3 reveals value of COD ranged between 348-864 mg/l for untreated wastewater
whereas 56-245 mg/l for treated wastewater. The removal efficiency was 80. 64%. The value
of COD is more than BOD because the COD measure the amount demand oxygen that interred
in oxidation for all material capable of oxidation comical and biological ]7[
Figure 4 reveals pH values ranged between 6.77-8.0 for untreated wastewater whereas 7.08-
7.9 for treated wastewater within standard limits.
Figure 5 reveals TSS value ranged between 74-608 mg/l for untreated wastewater whereas
32-170 mg/l for treated wastewater. A high value of TSS because the insoluble of same material
in acids or reached to saturation limit]8[.
Figure 6 reveals value of SO4 ranged between 81- 373 mg/l for untreated wastewater
whereas 102 – 402 mg/l for treated wastewater within the standard limits.

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 Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

Figures 7 reveals NO3 value ranged between 0.5-27 mg/l for untreated wastewater whereas
0.62 – 14.3 mg/l for treated wastewater within the standard limits.
Figures 8 reveals NO2 value ranged between 0.05 – 4.5 mg/l for untreated wastewater
whereas 0.126 – 2.5 mg/l for treated wastewater. The high value because the nitrogen
composite by aerobics bacteria ]1[.
Figure 9 reveals PO4 value ranged 3.1-20 mg/l for untreated wastewater whereas 0.5-28.8
mg/l for treated wastewater. It classifies high value according to standard limits because of
detergent material and fertilizer which contain organic and inorganic material that activate
bacteria to create phosphoric component ]9[.
Figure 10 reveals CL value ranged between 57.4-138 mg/l for untreated whereas 80-136
mg/l for treated wastewater within the limits. The source of CL in wastewater comes from
using of the household detergents ]10[ .
Figure 11 reveals value of Oil and grease ranged 18.7 – 262 mg/l for untreated wastewater
whereas 28 – 178 mg/l for treated wastewater. The study recorded rise in the rates of oils and
grease values in some months because of swage leaking from soap, wax and shops of
exchanging the car oils. The car wash must treat with prior biochemical treatment prior to
entering plant ]11[.
Figure 12 reveals value of H2S ranged between 6.38-262 mg/l for untreated wastewater
whereas 1.3-11.3 mg/l for treated wastewater. It is higher than the limits because of Sulfates
reduced dynamically under anaerobic conditions to sulfide, which linked with hydrogen to be
hydrogen sulfide gas. This gas rises in the air surrounding wastewater and collects in the
networks above the surface of the wastewater in pipes. The accumulated hydrogen sulfide gas
can be oxidized dynamically within the networks to sulfuric acid that causes the corrosion of
the pipes and equipment]4[ .

Table 1 wastewater characteristic of (STP)

BOD COD TSS PO4 CL O&G

Month PH SO4 mg/l NO2 mg/l NO3 mg/l H2S mg/l
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

January 6.77 400 840 508 95 36 0.175 1.25 75 102 6.38

March 7.7 440 540 516 210 20 0.55 27 127 262 262

April 7.4 460 620 206 146 14.4 0.415 2.25 95 68.4 28.3

May 8 220 388 608 205 73 4.5 0.75 57.4 164 29

July 7.2 490 612 376 97.5 12.8 0.13 nil 115 27.8 -

August 7 500 514 459 91 5.6 0.15 nil 120 28.8 13.3

September 7.2 500 864 118 81 3.18 0.23 1.1 138 18.7 7.9

October 7.3 250 786 246 373 11.8 0.265 17.3 84 71.2 19.9

November 7.5 245 617 487 148 7 0.246 2.37 94 144 24

December 7.8 260 348 74 125 3.1 0.05 0.5 95 97 10.5

average 7.387 377 612.9 360 157.2 18.7 0.671 6.565 100 98.39 44.59

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 Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant North Iraq

Table 2 Treated wastewater characteristic of (STP)

BOD COD TSS PO4 O&G

Month PH SO4 mg/l NO2 mg/l NO3 mg/l CL mg/l H2S mg/l
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

January 7.08 40 200 134 130 28.8 0.126 0.62 93 101 1.3

March 7.8 270 240 126 199 12.8 0.185 3.25 103 60

April 7.9 10 80 32 158 2.8 nil 2.5 83 54.8 9.2

May 7.3 10 56 60 200 8.8 2.5 14.3 84.9 28 1.8

July 7.6 40 64 74 133 2.4 nil 3.5 116 53.6

August 7.6 50 110 120 103 nil nil nil 110 8.44 7.9

September 7.8 140 245 170 102 4.46 1.4 1.5 136 8.65 3.45

October 7.2 90 49 115 402 2.85 0.4 13.8 85.2 56 11.3

November 7.7 38 82 101 194 6.25 0.346 2.28 93 56.6 7.76

December 7.1 20 60 50 155 0.5 0.6 3.75 80 178 8.1

average 7.508 70.8 118.6 98.2 177.6 7.74 0.794 5.0556 98.41 60.51 6.351

Standard. Limits 6-9.5 40 100 60 400 3 Nil 50 600 10 3

Table 3 Average monthly overall removal of BOD, COD and TSS

Month %BOD %COD %TSS

January 90.00 76.19 73.62

March 38.63 55.55 75.58

April 97.82 87.09 84.46

May 95.45 85.56 90.13

July 91.83 89.54 80.31

August 90.00 78.59 73.85

September 72.00 71.64 -

October 64.00 93.76 53.25

November 84.48 86.70 79.26

December 92.30 82.75 32.43

average 81.19 80.64 72.70

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Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

500

400

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

BOD untreated BOD treated BOD ( standard)

Figure 2 BOD values

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

COD untreated COD treated COD(SRTANDARD)

Figure 3 COD values

7.5

6.5

6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PH untreated PH treated

Figure 4 PH values

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 Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant North Iraq

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

TSS untreated TSS treated TSS(standard)

Figure 5 TSS values

500

400

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SO4 untreated SO4 treated SO4(standard)

Figure 6 SO4 values

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

NO3 untreated NO3 treated NO3(standard)

Figure 7 NO3 values

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Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

500

400

300

200

100

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

SO4 untreated SO4 treated SO4(standard)

Figure 8 NO2 values

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

PO4 untreated PO4 treated PO4(standard)

Figure 9 PO4 values

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

CL untreated CL treated CL(standard)

Figure 10 CL values

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 Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant North Iraq

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

O&G untreated O&G treated O&G(standard)

Figure 11 Oil and Grease values

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

H2S untreated H2S treated H2S(standard)

Figure 12 H2S values

3.1. Statistical Analysis

SPSS analysis of untreated wastewater characteristics as in table 4, a positive correlation
between BOD & CL (r = 0.740), TSS& PO4 (r = 0.641), PO4 & NO2 (r = 0.898), NO3 & H2S
r = 0.831) and O & G with H2S (r = 0.805), reverse correlation between BOD & PH (r = -
0.584), COD & PH (r = -0.727), PO4 & CL (r = -0.701) and NO2 & CL (r = -0.580).
Using the same program for treated wastewater as in table 5, a positive correlation between
BOD & COD (r = 0.727), TSS & COD (r = 0.755), SO4& NO3 (r = 0.743), PO4 & COD (r =
0.541) NO2 &NO3 (r = 0.519), CL & TSS (r = 0.671) and H2S & SO4 (r = 0.514), an inverse
correlation between COD & H2S (r = -0.594), PO4 & H2S (r = -0.683), CL with O & G (r = -
0.560).

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Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

Table 4 Correlation of untreated characteristics

PH BOD COD TSS SO4 PO4 NO2 NO3 CL O&G H2S

P.Ca 1 -.58 -.72 .02 .34 .34 .59 .11 -.25 .59 .33
PH
Nb 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 .33 -.11 -.56 -.36 -.44 .11 .74 -.38 .19
BOD
N 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 -.16 .03 -.23 -.43 .04 .20 -.36 -.18

COD
N 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 .04 .64 .49 .20 -.33 .53 .33

TSS
N 10 10 10 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 .18 .22 .63 -.37 .34 .23

SO4
N 10 10 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 .89 -.12 -.70 .42 .05

PO4
N 10 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 -.16 -.58 .37 .01

NO2
N 10 8 10 10 9

P.C 1 .34 .58 .83

NO3
N 8 8 8 8

P.C 1 -.21 .36

CL
N 10 10 9

P.C 1 .80
O&G
N 10 9

P.C 1
H2S
N 9

a
Personal Correlation
b
Number of Samples

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 Assessment Efficiency of Shuraw Wastewater Treatment Plant North Iraq

Table 5 Correlation of treated wastewater

PH BOD COD TSS SO4 PO4 NO2 NO3 CL O&G H2S

P.C 1 .37 .31 .08 -.31 -.30 .02 -.39 .49 -.58 .18
PH
N 10 10 10 10 10 9 7 9 10 10 8

P.C 1 .72 .60 .13 .14 -.30 -.14 .42 -.20 -.01
BOD
N 10 10 10 10 9 7 9 10 10 8

P.C 1 .75 -.37 .54 -.21 -.53 .59 -.19 -.59

COD
N 10 10 10 9 7 9 10 10 8

P.C 1 -.05 .42 -.28 -.21 .67 -.38 -.30

TSS
N 10 10 9 7 9 10 10 8

P.C 1 -.20 -.15 .74 -.48 .047 .51

SO4
N 10 9 7 9 10 10 8

P.C 1 -.27 -.24 -.03 .06 -.68

PO4
N 9 7 9 9 9 7

P.C 1 .51 .11 -.46 -.47

NO2
N 7 7 7 7 6

P.C 1 -.40 -.22 .15

NO3
N 9 9 9 7

P.C 1 -.56 -.31

CL
N 10 10 8

P.C 1 .12
O&G
N 10 8

P.C 1
H2S
N 8

4.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. A good efficiency of removal BOD& COD.
2. High value of TSS because the insoluble of same material in acids.
3. The high value of NO2 because the nitrogen composite by aerobics bacteria.
4. The study-recorded rise in the rates of oils and grease values because the leaked to the
sewage from soap, wax and shops of changing the oils.
5. Decrease in the voltage of the plant causes deviations in some results

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Rodhan Abdullah Salih, Abdulrazaq Khudhur Abdulwahd and Fadya Abdulqader Sulaiman

6. The plant is not operating continuously and this will affect the performance of the
biological and mechanical efficiency of it.
7. We recommend testing the heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Fe, Mn. Pb, Cu and Ni).

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