EE215 LAB REPORT

Name:
Class: 15ECE2

*These experiments were carried out on March 24rd and March 31st
Experiment No.3: Operational Amplifiers
I. Objectives:

+ Construct and test inverting and non-inverting opamp circuits

+ Compute the input and output resistance of op amp circuits from
measurements
+ Design simple op amp circuits

II. Theory:
𝑅𝑓
+ Inverting input: v0 = − vs
𝑅𝑠

𝑅𝑓
+ Non-inverting input: v0 = (1 + ) vs
𝑅𝑠

III. Result:

Procedure 1: Inverting Amplifier

 a)

Rs Rf Measured Calculated
vs vo Gain Gain % error
4.7kΩ 4.7kΩ 1.535V -1.604V -1.045 -1 4.5%

4.7kΩ 8.2kΩ 1.535V -2.855V -1.860 -1.745 3.2%

1.5kΩ 4.7kΩ 1.535V -4.714V -3.071 -3.133 2.0%

1.5kΩ 8.2kΩ 1.535V -8.127V -5.295 -5.467 3.2%

b) Output measurement

v0 = -1.604 (V)
vR = -1.617 (V)
 Rth ≈ 0

The opamp circuit as source voltage by using thevenin equivalent is

better voltage source because its resistance is very close to 0

b) Output measurement

+ Without resistor:

vinput (m) = 1.535 V

i (m) = 0.341 mA
 R = 4.520 kΩ
 + With resistor R = 1000 Ω
vinput (m) = 1.535 V
iR (m) = 0.271 mA
 R = 5.664 kΩ
 Rth (c) = 4.664 kΩ

*Calculation:
vth = vinput = 1.5 V
Rth = Rs = 4.7 kΩ

Procedure 2: Non-inverting Amplifier

a)

Measured Calculated
Rs (Ω) Rf (Ω)
vs (V) vo (V) Gain Gain % error

4.7k 4.7k 1.505 2.998 1.990 2 0.5%

4.7k 8.2k 1.505 4.132 2.746 2.745 0.03%

1.5k 4.7k 1.505 5.900 3.920 4.133 5.15%

1.5k 8.2k 1.505 8.390 5.575 6.467 14%

b) The last value of gain has an error significant higher than others
because at this rate the output voltage have attained the saturated value so
that it would not increase higher than +Vcc.

Procedure 3: Opamp Design

v0 = - (0.25va + 0.4vb)

a) Chosen resistors:
+ R1 = 40 kΩ
+ R2 = 25 kΩ
+ Vcc = 9 V
We build the circuit as a multi-source inverting input amplifier circuit

Circuit schematic diagram

𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
Applying multi-source in inverting input: v0 = - ( va + vb)
𝑅1 𝑅1
 b) Results

va Meas vb Meas v0 (calculated) v0 (measured) %error

9.0 9.060 1.5 1.511 -2.850 -2.975 4.4%

-9.0 9.070 -9.0 9.070 5.850 5.710 2.4%

1.5 1.507 0 0 -0.375 -0.405 8.0%

1.5 1.507 9.0 9.090 -3.975 -4.087 2.8%

0 0 -1.5 -1.555 0.600 0.565 5.8%

c) −9 ≤ 𝑣𝑏 ≤ 9

<=> −22.5 − 0.625𝑣𝑎 ≤ 𝑣𝑏 ≤ 22.5 − 0.625𝑣𝑎

vb lies within two line 𝑦 = −22.5 − 0.625𝑣𝑎 and 𝑦 = 22.5 − 0.625𝑣𝑎

Experiment No.4:

I. Objectives:
+ Confirm steady state model of capacitors and inductors
+ Determine time constant from observed data
+ Determine inductance from time response
+ Use opamp as a comparator
+ Design time delay circuits using RC time constants

II. Theory:

+ Capacitor, inductor characteristic, theory

+ Natural and step response of RL and RC circuits

III. Result:

Procedure 1: RC Circuit

a) Computed value of vc when switch in the down position (2) for a

long time: vc = 0V

Measured value of vc when switch in the up position (1) for a long time:
vc (m) = 0.002 V

b) Computed value of vc when switch in the down position (1) for a

long time: vc = 9 V

Measured value of vc when switch in the up position (1) for a long time:
vc (m) = 8.945 V
 c) After the switch has been in the down position (1) for a long time,
switch it to the up position (2)

Time 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

vc 8.989 4.741 2.583 1.372 0.771 0.427 0.251 0.149 0.095 0.043 0.036

The voltage values graph:

Characterize the graph: exponential

Circuit time constant from the graph at t = 60s:

𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉0 𝑒 −𝜏 ⇒ 𝜏𝑑𝑒 ≈ 24.43

The ideal time constant and error:

𝜏𝑖𝑑 = 𝑅𝐶 = 20
|𝜏𝑑𝑒 −𝜏𝑖𝑑 |
Error: 100% = 22.15%
𝜏𝑖𝑑
 d) After the switch has been in the down position (2) for a long time,
switch it to the up position (1)

Time 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

vc 0.032 4.180 6.483 7.682 8.338 8.689 8.877 8.984 8.989 8.993 8.994

The voltage values graph:

Characterize the graph: exponential

Circuit time constant from the graph at t = 60s:

𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝜏 ) ⇒ 𝜏𝑑𝑒 ≈ 19.96

The ideal time constant and error:

𝜏𝑖𝑑 = 𝑅𝐶 = 20
|𝜏𝑑𝑒 −𝜏𝑖𝑑 |
Error: 100% = 0.2%
𝜏𝑖𝑑
Procedure 2: RL Circuit

a) Measurement

vL (m) = 6.945 V

iL (m) = 6.731 mA

 RL = 112.5 Ω

We cannot see the change of current with time with multimeter because
there is no energy stored in the inductor from the beginning.
 b)

After switch has been up position (1) long enough, the current and
voltage of inductor are:

vL (m) = 0.9 V

iL (m) = 8 mA

 RL = 112.5 Ω

After the switch move to down position (2) then

Time 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150

iL 7.812 3.656 1.573 0.488 0.098 0.063 0.032 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001

Graph of values of inductor current:

Characterize the graph: exponential

Circuit time constant from the graph at t = 60s:

𝑡
−
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼0 𝑒 𝜏 ⇒ 𝜏𝑑𝑒 ≈ 13.7

𝑅+𝑅𝐿
The inductance of inductor: L = = 8.29 Ω
𝜏𝑑𝑒
 Procedure 3

a) Circuit schematic diagram

V- 𝑣𝑖𝑛 Expected LED State Observed LED State

3.0 V 2.9 V Off Dim light
3.0 V 3.1 V On Strong light
6.0 V 3.1 V Off Dim light
6.0 V 8.0 V On Strong light

+ vin is turned to zero. Decrease V- until the LED goes out:

V- = 1.89 V

This value is higher than vin as correct as theory

+ vin is raised to battery voltage. Decrease V- until the LED goes out:

V- = 9.051 V

This value is lower than vin as correct as theory

b) Design circuit:

Time delay circuit:

+ R = 20kΩ

+ C = 1000𝜇F

+ vs = 9V

+ When the switch has been opened for a long time, and then closed

t = 9.91 s

V- = 3.54 V

+ When the switch has been closed for a long time, and then opened

t = 4.12 s

V- = 8.04 V