c
 

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Presented to: Presented by:

Mr. U.P. Singh Ankur Gupta

 V
  
 




Bhubaneswar


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J

6his is to certify that the Seminar entitled " c
J L 
DcD ( cL D)" has been submitted to Dr. U.P.Singh by Ankur Gupta, Roll
Number 804020 , student of third year B.Tech ( Electronics and Tele
Communication )

Date:

Signature of Guide





 = V

This formal acknowledgement will hardly be sufficient in expressing my deep

sense of gratitude to Dr U.P.Singh , guide of my seminar topic, which is
"Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)" He guide me to analysis about the
organic materials and how and also helped me to understand the basic concepts of
this topic.

I am also very grateful to my roommates (Amrit Tiwary, Amit Roy) and other
friends who provide me help and support in selection and understanding this topic.

Ankur Gupta

( 804020)

ETC-1

KIIT, Bhubaneswar




c



º The Light Vision

º OLED??

º History

º OLED Development

º Architecture

º Principle ± How does it work??

º Types of OLED

º Advantages

º Disadvantages

º Applications

º Current Research

º Future Uses

º References
6
  6c

In the era of adam and eve , i.e. in the first generation, people used to rubb stones
to produce light. One day electricity was discovered and everything was
revolutionized. Bulbs were used at that time. In the third generation bulbs were
replaced by incandescent light and fluorescent light. In fourth generation the fight
began for the cheapest material which could consume less power and give high
efficiency. Thus we are here in the era of LED¶s and O-Led¶s. Now a days led is
very popular but is going to replaced by O-led which will emerge as a leading
next-generation technology .

6c
 

cL D (crganic Light-
itting Diode) is a self light emitting technology
composed of a thin, multi-layered organic film placed between an anode and
cathode. In contrast to LCD/TFT technology, OLED does not require a backlight.

Organic Light-Emitting Diode is any light emitting diode (LED) which emissive
electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. Usually, it
contains a polymer substance that allows an organic compound to be deposited.
The compounds are deposited in rows and columns onto a flat carrier by a printing
process, resulting in a matrix of pixels that can emit light of different colors.

The system can then be used for television screens, computer displays, portable
system screens, or simply be used as a light bulb.Typical OLEDs emit less light
per area than inorganic solid-state LEDs that are designed as a point-light source.
 6c!

Bernanose and co-workers produced the first electroluminescence in the early

1950s by applying high-voltage alternating current field to crystalline thin films of
acridine orange and quinacrine. In 1960, researchers at Dow Chemical developed
AC-driven electroluminescent cells using doped anthracene.

In 1963, Weiss et al. First reported high conductivity in iodine-doped oxidized

polypyrrole with a conductivity of 1 S/cm. As of 1974, the discovery was called
³lost´ and a melanin-based bistable switch with a high conductivity ³ON´ state.
The material emitted a flash of light when switched.

In a 1977 paper, Shirakawa et al. Reported high conductivity in similarly oxidized

and iodine-doped polyacetylene. The group subsequently won the 2000 Nobel
Prize in Chemistry for the discovery and development of conductive organic
polymers.
In 1979 Chin Tang discovered electroluminescence in the research department of
Kodak. During his work with solar cells he observed a blue glow of organic
material. In 1987 Tang and Van Slyke introduced the first light emitting diodes
from thin organic layers. In 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered.

The first OLEDs were organic light diodes from small molecules coatable in
vacuum (small molecule or SM-OLED). The later OLEDs are organic light diodes
on the basis of polymers which are applied in liquid phase (Polymer-OLED or
PLED). Polymer-LEDs developed by Cambridge Display Technology allow the
solution of organic material in liquid. Afterwards, the organic material can be
applied by spin coating or in an inkjet printing processing. At present polymer
LEDs still lag behind in picture quality but they promise considerably less
production costs. The printing process is more flexible.
c


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6
1990 OLED was discovered in a useful form

1991 University research was done

1994 Launch of industrial R&D`

1998 First OLED product in the marketplace

OLED will emerge as a leading next generation technology. It is expected that in

the forthcoming years oled will replace led and by OLED display market will see
sales hit $3.1 billion by 2012. It is also expected that lighting market will reach $6
billion by 2018 as the graph shows.

There has been tremendous progress in all aspects of OLED lighting over the past
five years including materials, architectures and manufacturing processes. The
industry consensus is that OLEDs have reached the point where they are now
adequate for niche lighting applications. In the long-term, as their core capabilities
improve, they will ultimately become contenders for mainstream applications that
require an area, rather than a point, source of light. Applications where OLED
lighting could play a role include backlighting, general-purpose illumination,
architectural and specialized industrial lighting, vehicular lighting, and signage.

Most development activity is being targeted at the 1000-nit brightness level,

generally considered to be the entry point for general-purpose lighting (an
attractive opportunity for OLED lighting simply because the addressable market is
so large). About 24 billion light bulbs for general illumination are sold worldwide
every year.

But while the demand for lighting will increase as development proceeds in Asia,
Africa and Latin America, it also seems likely that fewer bulbs, tubes and lighting
arrays will be bought, simply because these lighting products are achieving longer
lifetimes. As a result, NanoMarkets expects the addressable market to fall to about
10 billion units by the end of the forecast period. This represents OLED lighting
sales for the general-purpose lighting market of about $1.1 m in 2008, growing to
almost $2.3 bn in 2015.

NanoMarkets also expects OLED sales for the backlighting market to grow from
close to nothing this year, to $1.1 bn in 2015 (see figure 2), while architectural and
specialized industrial lighting applications will grow from about $1 m this year, to
around $1.9 bn in 2015.

$ 6
$6


Oled is divided into three layers which are each optimized for electron transport,
hole transport and luminescence. Starting from bottom we have a substrate which
can be of plastic or glass. It is a material on which organic layers and two
electrodes are placed. Substrate is coated with conductive indium-tin-oxide (ITO)
serving as an anode. Sputtered indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrodes on glass
substrates are used for hole injection. There the ten thousandth part of a layer is
applied. Above that we have a layer consisting of metal called the conducting
layer. This layer is made up of organic plastic molecules that transport holes from
the anode. Example is polyaniline.
Above conduction layer we have an emissive layer which is made up organic
plastic molecules( different from those of conducting layer ) that transport
electrons from the cathode through conduction layer. This is the layer where light
is emitted . One such polymer for this layer is polyfluorene .

Above that we have again a conducing layer for the transport of electrons. It is
made up of same material of which conducting layer for holes is made.

Above all we have cathode which emits electrons when current is passed through
it. The cathode may be transparent or non transparent depending upon the type of
oled to be made. This completes the architecture of oled. Moving to the next slide.

An apparatus such as a light source has a multi-element light extraction and

luminescence conversion layer disposed over a transparent layer of the light source
and on the exterior of said light source. The multi-element light extraction and
luminescence conversion layer includes a plurality of light extraction elements and
a plurality of luminescence conversion elements. The light extraction elements
diffuses the light from the light source while luminescence conversion elements
absorbs a first spectrum of light from said light source and emits a second
spectrum of light.


 cc
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OLED¶s basic structure consists of organic materials positioned between the

cathode and the anode, which is composed of electric conductive transparent
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). The organic materials compose a multi-layered thin film,
which includes the Hole Transporting Layer (HTL), Emission Layer (EML) and
the Electron Transporting Layer (ETL). By applying the appropriate electric
voltage, holes and electrons are injected into the EML from the anode and the
cathode, respectively. The holes and electrons combine inside the EML to form
excitons, after which electroluminescence occurs. The transfer material, emission
layer material and choice of electrode are the key factors that determine the quality
of OLED components.

We all know that when electrons and holes are combine with each other, energy is
emitted as light . Same is the case here.

During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is
positive with respect to the cathode. A current of electrons flows through the
device from cathode to anode, as electrons are injected into the upper conducting
layer of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from the lower conducting
layer at the anode. This latter process may also be described as the injection of
electron holes into the lower conducting layer.

Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they
recombine forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole. This happens
in the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally more
mobile than electrons. This accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency
is in the visible region .

Depending upon what type of oled is desired, The light is allowed to escape either
from the cathode or substrate. If light escapes from the substrate , it is called
conventional oled as generally see and if light escapes from cathode region, it is
known as TOLED i.e. Transparent OLED. The same is shown in figure.
In a layered device, interference effects play a critical roleon the angular
distribution of the generated light [1]. Since weare working in the range of
hundreds of nanometers for eachlayer, in an OLED device coherence is not an
issue, and thelight can interfere, mainly in two different ways:

Multiple beam interference occurs when the radiation isreflected back and forth
between the interfaces of one layer. Wide-angle interference takes place between
reflected light and directly emitted light with the same wave vector on the angular
distribution of the generated light [1]. Since we are working in the range of
hundreds of nanometers for each layer, in an OLED device coherence is not an
issue, and the light can interfere, mainly in two different ways:

Concerning microcavity effects, we used a simulation program that calculates the

flux of light passing through a horizontal plane inside the device. Of course,
multiple beam and wide angle interferences are taken into account. In order to
optimize the emission into air, we modified the thicknesses of the different layers
(hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and ITO). Then we optimized the
same structure with an extra layer of a different material embedded between the
ITO and the glass substrate. Figure 4 is an example of how the emission into air
varies with the thickness of two layers.
6!"
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We have mainly two types of OLEDs. Passive and Active.

!

  
 !

Passive oleds are called PMOLED after its name Passive Matrix Organic Light
Emitting Diode.

With Passive-Matrix OLEDs, the display is controlled by switching on rows and

columns. When you turn on row number x and column number y, the pixel at the
intersection is lit ± and emits light. Each time you can choose just one pixel to
light. So you have to turn these on and off very quickly. You do so in a certain
sequence, and create the desired image. This is somewhat like the interlace-system
used in old CRTs, but the control is done pixel-by-pixel.

Passive matrix (PM) OLED displays stack layers in a linear pattern, much like a
grid, with "columns" of organic and cathode materials superimposed on "rows" of
anode material. Each intersection or pixel contains all three substances. External
circuitry controls electrical current passing through the anode "rows" and cathode
"columns," stimulating the organic layer within each pixel. As pixels turn on and
off in sequence, pictures form on the screen. PM OLED displays¶ function and
configuration are well-suited for text and icon displays in dashboard and audio
equipment. Comparable to semiconductors in design, PM OLED displays are
easily, cost-effectively manufactured with today¶s production techniques.

PMOLEDs have a fairly simple structures to design and fabricate, they demand
relatively expensive, current-sourced drive electronics to operate effectively. In
addition, their power consumption is significantly higher than that required by a
continuous charge mode in an active-matrix OLED. Power analyses have shown
that PMOLED displays are most practical in sizes smaller than 2´ to 3´ in
diagonal, or having less than approximately 100 row lines. PMOLEDs make a grat
job for many products such display applications, including cell phones, MP3
players and portable games.

Passive Matrix is low cost but can only be manufactured economically in colour to
a size of 1.69´ (160x128pixels). Standard industry sizes for colour PMOLED is
0.95´ (96x64) and 1.5´ (128x128). Most of the new development is in
Monochrome Displays using White, Blue or Yellow colouring.

In PMOLED to illuminate any particular pixel line a passive-matrix display,

electrical signals are applied to the row line and column line. The more current
pumped through each pixel diode, the brighter the pixel.

PMOLEDs are very easy and cheap to build, but they are limited to small sizes (up
to 3", typically). The image displaying is a bit complicated (because of the
row/column method). Also the power consumption is not as good as AMOLEDs.
   
 


The term AMOLED means Active-Matrix OLED.

The 'active-matrix' part refers to the driving method. In an AMOLED, one

controls each pixel directly and this method can be used to create large, high-
resolution displays that are still manageable.

Active matrix (AM) OLED displays stack cathode, organic, and anode layers on
top of another layer - or substrate - that contains circuitry. The pixels are defined
by the deposition of the organic material in a continuous, discrete "dot" pattern.
Each pixel is activated directly: A corresponding circuit delivers voltage to the
cathode and anode materials, stimulating the middle organic layer. AM OLED
pixels turn on and off more than three times faster than the speed of conventional
motion picture film - making these displays ideal for fluid, full-motion video.
The worldwide AM-OLED market will grow to US$4.6 billion by 2014,
representing a CAGR of 83.3 percent, up from US$67 million in 2007, according
to iSuppli Corp. In terms of shipments that is expected to grow to 185.2 million
units by 2014, rising at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 84.2 percent up
from 2.6 million units in 2007.

Two primary TFT backplane technologies, poly-Silicon (poly-Si) and amorphous-

Silicon (a-Si) are used today in AMOLEDs.

AMOLED, the array is divided into a series of row and column lines, with each
pixel formed at the intersection of a row and column line, just as in a passive-
matrix display. Each pixel now consists of an OLED in series with a thin-film
transistor (TFT). The TFT is a switch that can control the amount of current
flowing through the OLED. In AMOLED, information is sent to the transistor in
each pixel, dictating the brightness of the pixel. The TFT then stores this
information and continuously controls the current flowing through the OLED. In
this manner the OLED is operating continuously, avoiding the need for the very
high currents necessary in a passive-matrix display.

  

 


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Perceived luminance is 1.5 times higher than that of conventional lcd display.
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The contrast of an AMOLED is unbelievable it offers clear images and readability
in any environment.

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In this picture we have structures of LCD and Oled. Since in LCD¶s we have a
gray scale shutter i.e. polarizer for light this makes the structure more complex
whereas in OLED¶s the organic layers t themselves produce colours and thus the
structure which leads to low cost of OLED.

 "
++

,

As we can see in the first picture that for same amount of luminance, we are
getting a better display. For producing the same amount of brightness as shown in
the second picture, OLED will need comparatively lesser luminance.

* ))"$)(  
Organic light emitting diode, or OLED, displays seem to have it all: energy
efficiency and a beautiful, crisp picture that refreshes rapidly. But it's difficult to
make them on a large scale, so OLED televisions remain very expensive. Last
week, DuPont Displays announced the development of a manufacturing process
that the company says can be used to print large, high-performance OLED
televisions at volumes that should bring down costs.

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Compared to LCDs, today¶s dominant flat panel display (FPD) technology,
OLEDs are capable of providing markedly better performance features. Thinner,
lighter and more attractive, OLEDs offer much faster response times, wider
viewing angles, higher contrast ratios and brighter, more saturated colors - for a
more enjoyable viewing experience. With operating lifetimes now in the tens of
thousands of hours, OLEDs, with Universal Display¶s proprietary PHOLEDŒ
technology, can also be more energy efficient than LCDs.

OLEDs also have the potential to be cost effective. They have fewer processing
steps and are also less materials and equipment intensive than today¶s LCDs. As
OLED manufacturing technologies mature, OLED production yields should
continue to improve and larger-scale equipment be brought on line. As a result,
production costs will continue to decrease - ultimately enabling OLEDs to
outperform LCDs on a cost basis.



6


While these screens have many advantages but there are disadvantages also
associated with these screens. Check those OLEd disadvantages below:

hort Liefti
e: OLED's biggest disadvantage is that these screens are not for long
use. Compared with LCD, these screens are not designed to last as long. So life
time may be a critical issue and ofcourse a biggest disadvantage of OLED screens.
However, these screens may find good use as mobile phone displays as most
people don't keep phone for more than a year.

unlight ffect: Another disadvantage of OLED display is that they are hard to
see in direct sunlight. So if you have open lobbies where sunlight reaches directly,
you will not get benefit of vieiwng these screens.

ighly Water prone: OLED screens are highly prone to water. This adds to
another disadvantage as these screens can't withstand even a small water on
display. In this regard, LCD screens are less susceptible to water damage.

igh Jost: As mentioned above, current cost is quite high which adds to another
OLED disadvantage.

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Starting with Light Source.. Not only are OLEDs super efficient, but these 'lamps'
do not contain any 'bad' metals such as mercury, which is present in efficient CFL
lamps. So OLEDs are really the future lighting source, when all things are
considered.

In the race to win the display prize, OLEDs have emerged as a leading contender
for the next-generation. At stake: sales of billions of cellular phones for both voice
and visual communication as wireless Internet access is forecast to exceed wired
connections in the next couple of years. Plus, in five years retail sales for PDAs
alone will increase by a factor of five, surpassing the 80 million mark. As the list
of potential OLED based displays²handhelds, digital cameras, camcorders,
automotive displays,computers and TV screens²continues to grow, so does the
list of companies getting involved with OLED research, production and
commercialization. Experts predict that during the next few years OLED displays
will explode, with the market increasing in leaps of around 60% per year.
Currently, more than 80 companies worldwide have OLED development programs
and over a third of them are gearing up for volume production.

cled 

Lighting manufacturers are constantly looking for ways to distinguish themselves

in an industry comprised of lightbulbs and fluorescent tubes that sell mostly on
price. Potential differentiators might include the initial price paid, but for
conventional products these are now so low that it is unlikely that any new
technology could offer an improvement. With this in mind, lighting producers are
seeking other ways to stand out in the marketplace mostly through improved
aesthetics, energy efficiency and improved lifetimes.

One such technology that could offer these distinct characteristics is organic light-
emitting diodes (OLEDs). According to a report recently published by
NanoMarkets, OLED Lighting Markets 2008, the OLED lighting market will grow
from about $2.8 m this year to around $6 bn in 2015.

 %,-

This keyboard looks like any other keyboard but on a closer view, we find that
each key has a movable cap,a microchip and an OLED which can be configured
using user configurable software. His enables multiple usage of the keyboard.

Each key is a stand-alone display that shows the function currently assigned to it.

Optimus¶s customizable layout allows convenient use of any language²Cyrillic,

Ancient Greek, Georgian, Arabic, Quenya, hiragana, etc.²as well as of any other
character set: notes, numerals, special symbols, HTML codes, math functions and
so on to infinity.

In order to extend the service life of the displays and avoid using cables that may
be vulnerable to wear, the screens embedded in the keytops are fixed²it¶s only the
transparent caps that are pressed.
Every button of the keyboard (or, more precisely, a module consisting of a moving
cap, a microchip and a display) can be easily removed to clean or replace.

* & - ),)

Flexible displays have advantage of Low weight which is important for mobile
applications.They are very sturdy and strong. Cost production is very less due to
R2R manufacturing technology.
A flexible cell phone display can be unfurled and then rolled back up into a
cylinder case. An early prototype show above shows E ink technology at work,
what is absolutely amazing is that the display retains its image even when the
power is turned off.

An OLED consists of an emissive organic material, that when supplied with an

electrical current, can produce a superior full color flat panel display. OLED stands
for organic light emitting diode. OLED or flexible displays do not use crystals the
way smart phone LCD screen uses crystals. OLED is much better than both the
LCD and CRT technology. Organic light emitting diode is so incredibly thin; it can
be placed on a substrate such as plastic film or glass. Not only is it thin, but OLED
is so light weight, it is an advantage for hand-held devices, smart phones, cell
phones, laptops and notebooks. Compared to traditional or old CRT displays,
OLED is brighter, sharper and even has a better contrast than LCD. The OLED
imaging quality certainly surpasses that of LCD screens. What is also incredible is
that OLED can be viewed at any angle, a full 170 degrees.

OLED consists of super thin layers that are sandwiched together. An organic
compound is inserted between two electrodes layers which are arranged like a grid
of ways very much like your patio screen door that keeps mosquitoes away.
Electricity goes to one wire on one layer. More electricity goes to another wire of
the grid on the second layer. When the two charged wires meet, an organic layer
lights up. The colors you see on flexible display are created by lighting up sub
pixels within each pixel. This causes what you call electroluminescent light.
Without getting too complex, a chemical arrangement of the organic material
dictates which colors of light are being produced. When you look at an OLED
display, it's like you're looking at your mosquito screen door itself not the filtered
light coming through it. This is why you can view the OLED screen from any
angle without distorting the image.

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Since the discovery of OLEDs an amazing development could be realized. The
first patterns of the new displays already offer a brightness of 150 candela per
square meter and contrasts above 100:1. Thus, the new technology starts at the
level of present high-value TFT monitors. The initially only weakly glowing layers
in laboratories became bright shining components which achieve luminosities of
up to 200.000 candela per square meter - a brightness for which you need sun
glasses.

While fixed organic displays slowly enter the market, flexible displays still cause
some problems. They must be encapsuled carefully since light emitting polymers
react sensitive to air humidity and oxygen. In flexible construction concepts this is
still a problem since the film compound is exposed to extreme mechanical stress.

The combination of organic LEDs with electronic circuits could allow completely
flexible displays which may be bent or rolled in at will. Today, every pixel must be
wired with conventional technology and must be triggered seperately. The goal is
to print the electronic circuit directly onto the back. Thus, displays become carrier
systems and even with a film computer behind them they will measure only
milimeters.

Experts predict an OLED display market of up to 2 billion dollars by 2007. In the

future many consumer devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, PDAs, and
DVD players are going to be developed with the OLED technology.
oll to
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anufacturing.

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A R2R Process for Manufacturing Active Matrix Backplanes
Based on Plasma Processing and Self-Aligned Imprint Lithography
equipment cost scaling comparison: panel stepper vs R2R imprinter
0
10
/ S]
/ throughput [cm
2

-1
10
equipment cost [M$]

-2
10

100 mm R2R imprinter

330 mm R2R imprinter
-3
10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
generation

Patterning scaling: R2R imprinter compared to panel stepper

comparison made at equal throughput.








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The tiny fluid lenses will give you the freedom to create astounding photographs
with your camera cell phone are smart phone. No one will know that this picture
was taken from your mobile phone. Camera phone users are certainly not thrilled
with the quality of the pictures they take with their 1.3 or 2.0 mega pixel camera
phone.

But there are the rare moments when kayaking through a tropical paradise of Fuji
Island, snowboarding and North Pole or checking out the forbidden Palace in
China: when we wish we had a digital camera close at hand. The premise of taking
snapshots is that all of us have images that carry an internal narrative that we rarely
get to share.

The reason for the poor quality picture produced by most camera phones on the
market today is the flash is nonexistent, as well as the camera lens assembly.
Camera phones have lenses of extremely limited focal length giving you results of
the list to be desired for.

 "-"
()

The cell phone projector technology developed by Siemens communications in

Samsung respectively, can detect PDA stylus presses as well as a finger taps on the
projected image. The technology is already in development and soon you can
projector your tiny cell phone screen onto a nearby flat surface and enjoy a larger
reading area.
If you happen to be a gamer, and the cell phone projector technology has a special
treat to offer you. This will solve the problem for many cell phone users that are
becoming nearsighted because they have to squint and decipher the small printing
on a 2 x 2 inch cell phone screen. For professional and hobby photographers, cell
phone projector technology allows you to show your portfolio with just a cell
phone and a projector.

* 
)) ' ),)

The whole family would gather round the radio to listen to entertainers and stories
sunday night after dinner. The classic cathode ray tube CRT displays require an
electronic gun mounted to the back firing electrons, the way a soldier would fire a
machine gun onto a phosphor coated glass. What really is amazing is that Motorola
recently developed a prototype nano emissive display (NED) containing thousands
of guns. For each pixel.

ë 
  )
The novel and truly exciting features of Universal Display¶s proprietary FOLED®
flexible technology have the potential to engender a wide variety of new display
and lighting products. With FOLED technology still under development today, the
first commercial FOLED displays are targeted for use in portable electronics and
lighting tiles ± leveraging their advantages in ruggedness, thinness and light
weight. Based on Universal Display's FOLED technology roadmap, the next
generation of FOLEDs may provide added functionality through increased
conformability. This feature may open up a wide range of new product
opportunities ± ranging from new shaped cell phone designs to novel
communication devices that are wearable, for example, on the cuff of your
shirtsleeve or your backpack.
Continued progress in Universal Display's FOLED roadmap may, then, enable the
realization of Universal Display¶s innovative product concept, the Universal
Communication Device (UCD). Envisioned as a truly portable, cell phone-like
communication device, the UCD is designed to offer advanced voice and data
communication capabilities ± via a roll-out, full-color, full-motion video display
that¶s as flexible as it is energy-efficient.






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The substantially higher efficiencies and longer lifetimes promised by ILEDs and
OLEDs over conventional lighting technologies (see table 1) represent a winning
proposition in general-purpose lighting. For residential lighting, there are strong
forces in play by local, regional, national and continental interests to wean
consumers away from incandescent technology and toward more efficient
fluorescent bulbs. The fact that compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs are typically
compatible with existing incandescent sockets is helping in that transition.

In industrial and some commercial lighting, ILEDs are having an impact and are
likely to become firmly entrenched. Accent lighting and other architectural types
of lighting could provide a safe haven for OLEDs in the near-term. Here, the fact
that OLEDs lag behind the more mature ILED technology in characteristics such
as efficiency and lifetime is less important than the design possibilities provided by
a planar sheet of light. Flexible OLED lighting will have a special appeal in this
arena, bringing all of the design freedom that comes with conformal lamps that
curve to mate with irregular surfaces.

The bottom line is that incandescent is, and fluorescent may be, destined for the
scrapheap of lighting history, with halogen and others also going the way of the
dinosaur. In the short-term, fluorescent should enjoy a healthy surge in residential
installations, as better-educated consumers adopt its more energy-efficient
technology. The CFLs built with standard incandescent light bulb bases provide a
particularly easy transition model, although the built-in ballasts do not fit some
lamps and fixtures. Long-term, though, lighting belongs to solid-state sources, first
ILEDs alone and then in tandem with OLEDs.

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' http://impnerd.com/the-history-and-future-of-oled

' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_diode

' http://www.oled-research.com/oleds/oleds-history.html

' http://www.voidspace.org.uk/technology/top_ten_phone_techs.shtml#
keep-your-eye-on-flexible-displays-coming-soon

' http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/news.phtml/23150/24174/samsung-
say-oled-not-ready.phtml

' http://www.cepro.com/article/study_future_bright_for_oled_lighting_
market/

' http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/21116/page1/

' http://optics.org/cws/article/industry/37032

' http://jalopnik.com/5154953/samsung-transparent-oled-display-
pitched-as-automotive-hud