Normal Arterial Serum pH 7.35-7.

45
Oxygen (PaO2) 80-100 mm Hg
Blood Gases Carbon dioxide (PaCO2) 35-45mm Hg
Bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-26 mEq/L
Base Excess +3 to -3
Normal Serum Sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Potassium 3.5-5.1 mEq/L
Electrolytes Chloride 98-107 mEq/L
Bicarbonate (venous) 23-29 mEq/L
Calcium 9-10.5mg/dL total or
4.6-5.1mg/dL ionized
Magnesium 1.8-3 mg/dL
Phosphorous 3-4.5mg/dL
Normal Adult Fasting blood glucose 70-110mg/dL
Random (capillary) glucose 60-110 mg/dL
Glucose Levels 2-hour postprandial blood <140 mg/dL
glucose
Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Fasting baseline 70-110 mg/dL
30-minute sample 110-170 mg/dL
60-minute sample 120-170 mg/dL
90-minute sample 100-140 mg/dL
120-minute sample 70-120 mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c
Normal 3.5-6%
Good Diabetic Control 7.5% or lower
Fair Diabetic Control 7.6%-8.9%
Poor Diabetic Control 9% or higher
Coagulation Prothrombin Time (PT) 9.6-11.8 seconds for adult
males and 9.5-11.3 seconds
Studies for adult females.
Therapeutic level for
warfarin is 1.5 to 2 times the
control.
International Normalized Ratio 2.0-3.0 for normal warfarin
(INR) therapy
3.0-4.5 for high dose therapy
Activated Partial Thromboplastin 20-35 seconds, therapeutic
time (aPTT) range for heparin therapy is
1.5-2.5 times the controls.
Clotting time (measures time of 8-15 minutes
clotting process)
Complete Blood Hematocrit (Hct) [proportion of Males: 40-50%
RBCs in a volume of whole Females 38-47%
Count blood]
Hemoglobin Males: 13.5-18 grams/dL
Females: 12-16 grams/ dL
RBC count Males: 4.5-6.2 million cells/
microliter
Females: 4.0-5.5 million
cells/ microliter
Platelet count 150, 000-450, 000 per cubic
mm (mm3)
WBC (consists Total WBC 5000-10,000 cells/mm3
of Monocytes Neutrophils 50-70% or 2500-7000
and (total) cells/microliter
lymphocytes; Segments 50-65% or 2500-6500
no stainable (mature) cells/microliter
granules in Bands 0-5% or 0-500
nucleus) and (immature) cells/microliter
granulocytes [increase
(neutrophils, indicate
eosinophils, and inflammation
basophils) or infection,
demand
outweigh
production]
Eosinophils 1-3% or 100-300
[increase cells/microliter
indicate
allergic and
parasitic
conditions and
decrease with
higher level of
steroids]
Basophils 0.4-1.0% or 40-100
(increase cells/microliter
during healing
process and
decrease when
steroid levels
rise)
Lymphocytes 25-35% or 1700-3500
(increase cells/microliter
during chronic
and viral
infections and
lymphocytic
leukemia)
Monocytes 4-6% or 200-600 cells/
 (phagocytes, microliter
ingest debris)
Cardiovascular Serum Lipids Total < 200 mg/dL
(elevated levels Cholesterol
Function Studies of total
cholesterol, low
density
lipoproteins LDL < 130 mg/dL
(LDLs) and
triglycerides
increase risk of
heart disease,
stroke, HDL 30-70 mg/dL
peripheral
vascular
disease. While
High density
lipoproteins Triglycerides < 200 mg/dL, increased
have a levels indicate
cardioprotective hyperlipidemia (possibly
function) familial)

Cardiac Creatine Males: 55-170 units/L

Enzymes Kinase (CK) Females: 30-135 units/L

CK-MM(skel.) 94-100%
CK-MB(cardi) 0-6%
CK-BB(brain) 0%
(begins to rise
4-6 hrs after
myocardial or
skeletal
muscle
damage, peaks
at 18-24hrs
and returns to
normal within
3-4 days)
Lactic 140-280 units/L
dehydrogenase
(LDH)
LDH1 14-26%
LDH2 29-39%
LDH3 20-26%
LDH4 8-16%
LDH5 6-16%
(begins to rise
 24 hours after
myocardial
damage, peaks
in 48-72hours
and returns to
normal within
7-14 days)
Cardiac
Troponins

Troponin I <0.1 to <1.0ng/mL

Troponin T <0.2 to <1.0ng/mL
(rise within 3
hours of
myocardial
infarction,
returns to
normal in 5-9
days (I) or 10-
14 days (T)
Thyroid Function Thyroxine (T4) (major hormone 4.5-11.5 mcg/mL or 1.0-2.3
secreted by thyroid gland, low ng/dL free T4
Studies levels=hypothyroidism and high
levels= hyperthyroidism)

Triiodothyronine (T3) (a short 80-200 ng/dL

acting but potent thyroid
hormone, more useful in
diagnosing hyperthyroidism than
hypothyroidism)
Thyroid Stimulating hormone 0.5-4 microinternational
(TSH) (a hormone secreted via units/mL
negative feedback loop by
anterior pituitary in response to
decreased T4, used with T4 level
to differentiate between pituitary
and thyroid dysfunction)
[decreased T4 and normal or
elevated TSH is consistent with
thyroid disorder]
[decreased T4 and decreased
TSH is consistent with pituitary
disorder]
Renal Function Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 8-22 mg/dL
(formed in liver as end product [rises with reduced GFR,
Studies of protein metabolism; consists increased dietary protein,
of nitrogen portion of urea; increased catabolism (such
excreted via kidneys with only as starvation), crush injuries,
small amounts reabsorbed in febrile illness, absorption of
renal tubules) blood from intestines, and
with hemoconcentration
from dehydration]
[decreases with
overhydration, inadequate
protein intake, or liver
disease (liver is not
adequately converting
ammonia to urea) ]
Serum Creatinine (end product of 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
muscle Creatinine metabolism; [elevated levels indicate
specific indicator of GFR and renal insufficiency or failure]
renal status)

Creatinine Clearance Males: 95-135mL/min

(compares serum Creatinine with Females: 85-125 mL/min
excreted Creatinine in a volume
of urine over a period of hours)

Serum Osmolality 280-296 mOsm/kg water

[reflects concentration of serum
(number of osmotically active
particles in solution)] often used
to detect risk of increased
Intracranial pressure]
Urine Osmolality 500-800 mOsm/kg water
(measures concentration of urine, (average)
as does specific gravity) 50-1,400 mOsm/kg water
[high values indicate kidneys are (extremes)
conserving water, while low
values may reflect increased
fluid intake, effect of diuretics,
diabetes insipidus, or renal
damage; clinical correlation is
needed]
Urinalysis Nitrites (if present suggest Dietary nitrates are excreted
urinary tract infection) in urine, when Gram-
negative bacteria (such as
common E. coli) are present
in urine these nitrates are
 converted to nitrites, test
suggests UTI with gram-
negative bacteria, false-
negatives can result if urine
does not sit in bladder long
enough (greater or equal to
4hrs), for reaction to take
place, if infection is not
caused by gram-negative
organism, or if dietary nitrate
is absent.
Leukocyte esterase Simple test that may be
done on voided urine
sample; positive result
suggests UTI. White blood
cells contain esterases that
react with substances in
urine. More than 100, 000
colonies of bacteria (per
high-powered field) needed
for UTI diagnosis.
Normal Color Ranges from pale yellow to
Urinalysis amber
Findings

Clarity Clear when first excreted

Odor Faintly aromatic

Specific 1.005-1030
gravity

pH 4.6-6.0
 Protein Trace to none

Glucose None

Ketones None

Sediment 0-3 RBCs, 0-4 WBCs;

occasional cast; occasional
renal epithelial cell

Abnormal Color Pale: Diabetes insipidus,

Urinalysis drinking of excess free
Findings water.
Reddish: RBCs
Burgundy: porphyria (refers
to a group of disorders that
result from a buildup of
natural chemicals that
produce porphyrin in your
body. Porphyrins are
essential for the function of
hemoglobin — a protein in
your red blood cells that
links to porphyrin, binds
iron, and carries oxygen to
your organs and tissue).
Orange: phenazopyridine
HCL (Pyridium) or rifampin
(Rifadin).
Green: bile
Black-brown: mercury
poisoning
Milky: pus, fat globules
Clarity Cloudy: infection, phosphate
precipitation from standing.
Turbid(thick): spermatozoa,
prostatic fluid

Odor Sweet: Acetonuria

Strong: drugs, asparagus
Ammonia: after standing for
a time.

Specific Decreased: diabetes

gravity insipidus, diuretics,
excessive intake of free
water.
Increased: diabetes mellitus,
hypovolemia, liver disease,
heart disease, SIADH, IV
contrast medium
pH Acid: acidosis, diabetes
mellitus, fever, starvation,
dehydration.
Alkaline: citrus, salicylate
poisoning, sodium
bicarbonate, urinary tract
infection; urine becomes
alkaline after standing
because urea-splitting
bacteria result in ammonia
production.
Protein Transient: fever, stress

0.5 gram/day: pyelonephritis

0.5- 4 grams/day: multiple

myeloma, diabetic
nephropathy.

5 grams/day: nephrotic
syndrome,
glomerulonephritis.

Glucose Present: Diabetes Mellitus

 Ketones
Sediments
Liver Function Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 10-25 units/L
[found primarily in liver cells but [rise as high as 200-400 units
Studies also found in small amounts in
heart, kidney, and skeletal
muscle]
Aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) [enzyme found mainly in [rises with cellular injury
the heart muscle and liver, with
moderate amounts found also in
skeletal muscle, kidneys and
pancreas]
Present: acidosis, diabetic
ketoacidosis, starvation, or
dieting (fat breakdown).
Casts: clumps or material or
cells that form in renal
collecting tubule, assuming
shape of tubule; are seen in
various renal disease states.
Granular casts: acute tubular
necrosis, glomerulonephritis,
UTI, stress, renal transplant
rejection.
Pus: glomerulonephritis
RBC casts:
glomerulonephritis
WBCs: UTI
RBCs: bleeding with
glomeruli, transfusion
reaction, malaria, hemolytic
anemia.
with hepatitis or liver
damage from drugs and
chemicals]
[used to differentiate
between jaundice caused by
liver disease (often >300
units/L) and causes outside
liver (often < 300 units/L).]
8-38 units/L
and release of enzyme into
circulation]
[rises following MI in 6-10
hours, peaks in 24-48 hours,
and returns to normal in 4-6
days; rarely used because not
specific to myocardial tissue]
[with liver injury (hepatitis,
necrosis), levels rise by 10
times or more and stay
elevated longer; also rises
with pancreatitis and

Bilirubin
Ammonia
Pancreatic Amylase
(produced by pancreas and
Enzymes salivary glands for carb.
digestion and excreted by
kidneys.)
Lipase
(produced by pancreas to break
down fats and triglycerides into
fatty acids and glycerol)
Metabolic Prealbumin
[Is also known as thyroxin-
Function Studies binding prealbumin or
transthyretin, it is a sensitive
indicator of recent changes in
catabolism because half-life is
less than 2 days]
[used to screen for nutritional
problems and gauge
effectiveness of nutrition
therapy]
musculoskeletal trauma,
including injections.
Total: 0.1-1.2 mg/dL adults
and 1-12mg/dL newborn.
Direct 0.1-0.3 mg/dL
Indirect: calculate by
subtracting direct from total.
35-65 micrograms/dL
25-151 units/L
[increased with pancreatitis;
elevation begins 3 to 6 hrs
after pain begins, peaks in 24
hours and returns to normal
in 2 to 3 days]
[false results can occur if
measured within 72 hours of
cholecystography with
radiopaque dyes]
10-140 units/L
[increased with pancreatic
disorders; may rise as late as
24 to 36 hours after onset of
disorder and return to normal
as much as 14 days later.]
12-50 mg/dL
[low values indicate need for
comprehensive nutritional
evaluation (history, weight,
anthropometric
measurements, calorie count]
[High values are found in
renal failure because of poor
renal excretion]
Albumin
[A plasma protein that maintains
oncotic pressure (to prevent
edema) and transports water
soluble substances (fatty acids,
hormones, bilirubin, drugs]
Total protein
[consists of circulating albumin
and globulins in serum; serve
many functions, including tissue
growth and repair, pH buffering,
enzymes, hormones, and
coagulation factors]
Alkaline Phosphatase
(enzyme present in intestines,
liver, bone and placenta)
Uric acid
(by-product of purine
metabolism; is elevated in gout;
is affected by diet and renal
function)
3.4-5.0 grams/dL
[may be decreased with
malnourished states and
monitored as an indicator of
nutritional status]
6.0-8.0 grams/dL
[may be decreased with
malnutrition, low protein
diet, GI disorders, severe
liver disease, chronic renal
failure, severe burns, or
water intoxication]
[may be increased with
dehydration
(hemoconcentration),
vomiting, diarrhea, and
myeloma]
4.5-1.3 King-Armstrong
units/dL
[rises with periods of growth
and liver disease or bile duct
obstruction]
[results may be affected by
hepatotoxic drugs given 12
hrs before test]
Males (adult): 3.5-8.0 mg/dL
Females:2.8-6.8 mg/dL
[excessive uric acid can lead
to kidney stone formation as
renal clearance occurs]
[teach client to avoid high
purine foods such as liver,
kidney, brain, heart,
sweetbreads, scallops and
sardines prior to test]