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IX
Mathematics
Chapter 8: Quadrilaterals
Chapter Notes

Top Definitions
1. A quadrilateral is a closed figure obtained by joining four points (with no
three points collinear) in an order.
2. A diagonal is a line segment obtained on joining the opposite vertices.
3. Two sides of a quadrilateral having no common end point are called its
opposite sides.
4. Two angles of a quadrilateral having common arm are called its adjacent
angles.
5. Two angles of a quadrilateral not having a common arm are called its
opposite angles.
6. A trapezium is quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel.
7. In the non – parallel sides of trapezium are equal, it is known as isosceles
trapezium.
8. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both the pairs of opposite sides
are parallel.
9. A rectangle is a quadrilateral whose each angle is 90°
10. A rhombus is quadrilateral whose all the sides are equal.
11. A square is a quadrilateral whose all sides are equal and each angle is 90°.
12. A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.

Top Concepts
1. Properties of parallelogram:
i The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel.
ii A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it in two congruent triangles.
iii The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
iv The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
v The consecutive angles (conjoined angles) of a parallelogram are
supplementary.

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vi The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.


2. A diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram into two congruent
triangles.
3. In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal.
4. If each pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is equal, then it is a
parallelogram.
5. In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal.
6. If in quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles is equal, then it is a
parallelogram.
7. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
8. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect other, then it is a parallelogram.
9. A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if a pair of opposite sides is equal and
parallel.
10. Square, rectangle and rhombus are all parallelograms.
11. Kite and trapezium are not parallelogram.
12. A square is a rectangle.
13. A square is a rhombus.
14. A parallelogram is a trapezium.
15. Every rectangle is a parallelogram; therefore, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. Additional properties of a rectangle are:
i All the (interior) angles of are rectangle are right angles.
ii The diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
16. Every rhombus is a parallelogram; therefore, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. Additional properties of a rhombus are:
i All the sides of rhombus are equal.
ii The diagonals of a rhombus intersect at right angles.
iii The diagonals bisect the angles of a rhombus.
17. Every square is a parallelogram; therefore, it has all the properties of a
parallelogram. Additional properties of a rhombus are:
i All the sides are equal
ii All the angles are equal to 90° each
iii Diagonals are equal

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iv Diagonal bisect each other at right angle


v Diagonals bisects the angles of vertex
18. Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 3600.
19. Mid Point Theorem (Basic Proportionality Theorem): The line segment joining
the mid point of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third sides and
equal to half of it.
20. Converse of mid-point theorem: The line drawn through the mid-point of one
side of a triangle parallel to the another side, bisects the third side.
21. If there are three or more parallel lines and the interests made by them on a
transversal are equal, then the corresponding intercepts on any other
transversal are also equal.
22. A quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a
quadrilateral, in order is a parallelogram.

Top Diagrams
1. A quadrilateral ABCD.

2. A trapezium ABCD with sides AB || DC and non parallel sides AD and BC.

3. A parallelogram ABCD in which AB||DC and AD||BC.

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a
4. A rectangle ABCD with AD||BC, AB||DC and A = 90° = B = C = D.

5. A rhombus ABCD with AB = BD = CD = DA.

6. A square ABCD in which AB = BC = CD, = DA and A = B = C = D =


90°.

7. A kite ABCD with AB = AD and BC = CD

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8. Diagonal properties of special parallelograms:


Properties Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus Square
Diagonals bisect each other √ √ √ √
Diagonals are equal – √ – √
Diagonals bisect vertex angles – – √ √
Diagonals are perpendicular to each – – √ √
other
Diagonals from 4 equal triangle √ √ √ √
Diagonals from 4 congruent – – √ √
triangle

9. The relations between special parallelograms can be represented by a Veen-


diagram.

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