Note Making: 4 Marks

1. The word ‘Note’ means a short record of facts etc. made to help the
memory.

2. In Note-Making two things are important:

i. Find out the different points in the passage and

ii. Note the relationship between these points.

3. Also remember that, in Note Making you need to grasp the main idea which
could be the theme of the passage. If an essay or an article contains many
paragraphs, you will find that every paragraph contains one important point.

1. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the following text about flowering plants.

Flowering plants are of various types. Herbaceous flowering plants grow, set seed
and die within one year; biennial plant complete their life cycles in two years;
Perennials on the other hand, can live and grow for many years once they have been
planted. Plants that flourish and flower during the rainy season are mostly herbaceous
annuals such as the Aster, Zinnia, and Sweet pea. Of the herbaceous perennials the most
common are members of the Daisy family. The beautifully scented Rose and Jasmine
are both Woody and Semi-Woody perennials. There are two other types of plants;
bulbous plants and aquatic plants. The former grow from bulbs and tubers planted in the
ground; examples of this type are Gladiolus and Tulip. The latter, as their name
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suggests, grow in water, the most exquisite example being the Lotus or Water Lily. Both
bulbous and aquatic plants are usually perennials.

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 Ans: Flowering Plants

2. Draw a tree diagram showing the division of the plant kingdom.

Ans: The vast number of plants surrounding us makes it necessary to classify

them in order to carry out a systematic study. The plant kingdom can be divided
into two groups. Cryptogams which are non-flowering, non-seed–bearing plants
and spermatophyte which are flowering seed-bearing plants. Cryptogams can be
further sub-divided into three groups. Thallophyta, in which the root stem and leaf
absent, Bryophyta in which false roots are present and Peridophyta, in which true
roots, stems and leaves are present. Thallophyta can further be divided into Algae,
Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria and Virus. Spermatophyta are of two kinds: Angiosperm
in which the seeds are enclosed within the fruit and in gymnosperm seeds are
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naked.

3. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the text about ‘Fat Facts’.

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 If edible fats like Ghee, butter and oil are the modern equivalent of sin, how is it
that only some cooking oils claim to be good for you? The truth is that all fats are
not created equal. All of them are equally fattening. But in terms of cholesterol,
some types of fats are healthier for you than others.

The worst company to keep is saturated fats. These are oils that harden as
soon as the weather turns cool. Saturated fats lurk in foods of animal origin, such
as meat, poultry, cheese, ghee, butter, cream, lard and eggs. Some vegetable fats
are also in same league- coconut oil, palm oil and vegetable ghee.

Unsaturated fats which remain liquid even in cool weather are more heart-
friendly. Mono-unsaturated are the healthiest because they lower only the „bad
cholesterol. Mono-fats are groundnut, mustard and olive oils. Poly-unsaturated oils
are corn, sunflower, safflower, soybean and sesame. These also bring down „bad‟
cholesterol but they end up lowering good cholesterol as well. So monos remain
your best choice.
Note-Making

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 4 Draw a tree diagram showing factors and their supporting details that
influence human personality.

Human personality is influenced by a wide variety of factors which often act

in conjunction. The two broadest factors that have been found to shape human
personality development are the biological factors and the socio-cultural factors.
Within the biological factors are included genes, chromosomes, neuro-chemical
processes, especially the hormones secreted by various glands. Improper
functioning of hormonal glands can bring about a wide variety of physical,
psychological and emotional changes in the individuals. Socio-cultural factors also
play an important role in the molding of an individual‟s personality. Education,
mannerism, values, attitude, beliefs, moral ethics, prejudices and certain specific
behavior are to a great extent determined by our family and cultural environment.
Teachers an peer group also have a significant impact on our personality. Teachers
have the not only to motivate children but also to influence then to model many
aspects of their behaviour on personality. Peer group refers to other children of the
same age who study with or play with the child.

Factors influencing Human Personality

Biological Socio-cultural factors

(Moulds individual’s personality)

Genes Chromosomes Hormones
Family Cultural Teachers Peer
glands Group
environmen
Neuro-chemical Improper
tal
functioning
leads to
changes

Motivate Influence

Physical Psychological Emotional

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Education Values Beliefs Ethics Prejudice Certain

Mannerism Attitudes Morals Specific

behavior

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 5. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the following text:

Astronomers know that all the galaxies in the universe are moving apart at
high speed. Three theories have been put forward to explain this. In 1927 a Belgian
astronomer called Georges proposed the Big Bang Theory. He suggested that the
universe began as a vast explosion from a central mass of matter. The resulted
debris formed the galaxies which are still moving outwards.

A variation of this theory states that the Universe is constantly exploding

outwards, drawing back together into a mass and exploding again. This continuous
cycle is called the Oscillating Universe Theory.

In 1948 Fred Hoyle and two other British astronomers proposed a completely
different theory called the Steady State theory. According to this, the appearance of
the Universe remains the same all the time. As the galaxies move apart, new matter
is being created to occupy the empty space.

Astronomical Theories

Big Bang Oscillating Universe Steady State

Belgian astronomer Georges Universe constantly exploding Fred Hoyle and two
outwards --drawing back together British astronomers
1927
into a mass -- exploding again
(1948)
Universe began -- vast
explosion— central mass
Appearance of universe
of matter
remains same
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Resulted debris formed

galaxies -- still moving Galaxies move apart -- new
outwards matter created to occupy
empty space

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 6. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the text.

We all read for a variety of reasons. These reasons change with our age, our
interests, and the literature we read. Our basic reason for reading is probably
pleasure. We read literature mostly because we enjoy it. Reading for pleasure may
take various forms. We may read just to pass the time. Or, we may want to escape
the four walls that usually surround us. Reading serves as a jet airplane that speeds
us away from ourselves into the worlds of other people.

We often read for the information and knowledge. We find pleasure in

learning about life in the Swiss Alps or on the Mississippi River. We find possible
solutions to our problems when we meet people in books whose problems are like
our own. Through literature, we sometimes understand situations we could not
otherwise understand in real life. We also read simply for the enjoyment we get
from the arrangement of the words. We can find pleasure even in nonsense
syllable, just as children like the sound of “Ring around the Rosie” although they
may not know what the words mean.

Reasons for Reading

Pleasure Information and Knowledge Enjoyment

Simply for
To Escape Takes us Learn Find Understand pleasure
pass from into about possible situation
time reality worlds lives of solutions e.g. nonsense
of other various to our syllable
people types of problem
people

Might change with

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Age Interests Type of literature read

7. Read the following extract and make a note of important points:

In Delhi, of the 2000 metric tons of pollutants added everyday to the air. 1300

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 metric tons are spewed out from exhaust pipes of motor vehicles. Of these, the
most dangerous are lead and carbon monoxide. A study in 1994 conducted by the
center for Research Development, Mumbai, concluded that carbon monoxide
emitted by petrol-burning auto engines is picked up more easily than oxygen by the
hemoglobin in the blood. It thereby reduces the blood‟s capacity to transport
oxygen throughout the body. Moreover, when carbon monoxide enters the lungs it
corrodes the respiratory tract, leading to respiratory diseases.

Lead is a poisonous substance. Unfortunately children are much more

vulnerable to lead poisoning than adults as it retards their growth.

Ans: Title: Pollution

1. Levels of pollution

A] 2000 m tones of pollutants added everyday

B] 1300 m tones spewed out from exhaust pipes of motor vehicles.

2. Major pollutants

A] Lead

B] Carbon monoxide

3. Effects of carbon monoxide

A] Capacity of blood stream to transport oxygen reduced.

B] Enters the lungs, corrodes the respiratory tract

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4. Effects of lead

Children being vulnerable, it retards their growth.

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 8. Read the following passage and prepare a table chart to show the main
information in it.

Vitamins play very significant role in maintenance of good and they

build a resistance, power in the human body. These Vitamins are named by the
scientists as vitamins A, B, C, D, E. Vitamin –A is found in tomato, egg yolk,
vegetables and fruits, liver milk etc. Vitamin A- is very important for vision,
growth, and protection. It helps in the skeletal and tissue growth. Many vitamins
are grouped under vitamin –B complex group. The vitamins grouped under this
group can be sought from seeds, meat, soya bin, green vegetables, milk, eggs etc.
Vitamin B complex group is very essential in growth, metabolism, and formation
of blood and for nervous system. Vitamin –C found in lemon, orange, amla, fresh
vegetable is essential for the development of iron and calcium in the human body:
Vitamin D is found in eggs, liver fish oil, butter etc. Vitamin D helps in growth and
development of bones and teeth. It plays an important role in absorption and
deposition of calcium and phosphorus. Efficiency of Vitamin E does not occur
normally in human body. Vitamin E is present in vegetables; oils, grain cereals,
pulses, nuts and oil seeds, dark green leafy vegetables. It is also present in liver,
egg yolk. It is useful for normal reproduction.

Vitamins Sources Benefit to health

1 A Tomato, vegetables, fruits, For vision, growth, protection,

liver milk skeletal growth

2 B seeds, meat, soya bin, green growth, metabolism, and formation

vegetables, milk, eggs etc. of blood and for nervous system

3 C lemon, orange, amla, fresh development of iron and calcium

vegetable

4 D eggs, liver fish oil, butter etc. growth and development of bones
and teeth, absorption and deposition
of calcium and phosphorus
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5 E Vegetables, oils, grain useful for normal reproduction

cereals, pulses, nuts and oil
seeds, dark green leafy
vegetables

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 Additional Questions for Practice

1. Read the following passage and draw a tree-diagram that contains the main
points and important supporting details.

In what strange dwellings do people live! On the lakes of Kashmir, there are
people who live, work and die in boats. These boats are large and heavy and are
called houseboats. In Africa, some tribes live in houses in the tops of trees, or even
in houses perched on stilts. Far up in the cold north. The Eskimos builds igloos out
of ice blocks. They crawl in and out of them through a small opening which is just
big enough to let a man through. In the burning deserts the nomadic tribes live in
tents which they can quickly take down and put up. And in t he world‟s big cities
men live in tall skyscrapers high above the noise of busy streets.

2. Draw a tree-diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the extract.

In India, the parliament has two houses, viz. the Council of States and the
House of People. Besides, the President is an integral part of it. The Council of
States possesses 250 members who are elected from the States and Union
territories on the basis of population. Among 250 members, there are 238 members
who represent states and 12 members who are nominated by the President of India
from among the distinguished personalities/ contributors in various fields. The
House of the People possesses 552 members who are elected by the people.
Among 552 members, there are 530 members from the states, 20 members from
Union Territories and 2 members nominated by the president from the Anglo
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Indian Community. The Council of States and the House of the people are called
the Upper house of the Parliament respectively.

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 3. Draw a tree-diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the extract.

You probably have some idea as to what Biology is. It is the study of animals
and plants. Biology includes all that is known about any living thing, any plant or
animal of the past or present. But Biology is more than mere accumulated
knowledge of the individual kinds of plants and animals. The known facts about
particular kinds of living things are used to discover the great principles and laws
that govern all life. Biology sees life as a whole as well as living thing one by one.
From this point of view, biology may be defined as the science of life.

Biology is important to all mankind because it helps to solve a variety of

problems. The knowledge that has enabled us to increase our food supply and to
control plant diseases and pests comes from Biology. The improved methods of
growing plants and the production of new varieties of plants are possible because
of the ever-growing science of living things. Those who raise cattle and poultry to
supply our demand for meat, milk and eggs find Biology important in many ways.

Life in a city like Mumbai would be rather difficult without the services of
Biologists. Milk and water must be kept from spreading diseases. Food must be
inspected. Sewage is properly disposed off. Contagious diseases must be kept from
spreading. Citizens must be treated so that they will not contact small pox,
diphtheria, typhoid, rabies and many other preventable diseases. Every person who
lives in a city depends on Biology for continued good health. Dentists, druggists,
doctors, nurses, museum workers, zoo keepers all these use the findings of Biology
in their everyday work.
Note-Making

4. Read the passage and draw a tree diagram showing the main points and
important supporting details.

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 Matter is classified under three parts, namely, elements, compounds and
mixtures. We are familiar with iron bars, aluminum utensils, copper wires, gold
ornaments, oxygen and hydrogen. We try to break up iron or copper particles into
very minute. In particles we don‟t get any other substance but that substance only.
These substances are called elements. Elements are classified into metals and non-
metals. Gold, silver, iron, copper etc. are examples of metals. Oxygen, Hydrogen,
Sulphur and carbon are example of non-metals. In some elements like Antimony
and Silicon properties of both metals and non-metals are observed. Water,
Common Salts and sugar are examples of compounds. The air we breathe is made
of gases. Tea we drink is made up of Water, sugar extract of tea leaves and milk.
Wood is composed of cellulose, lignin, gum and resins. These are all mixtures.

5. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the text about man’s dependence on plants.

Man is dependent upon plants for his very existence on Earth. From plants he
secures food, shelter and materials for clothing. Some plants yield drugs of
medicinal value, other yield products such as rubber, oils, gums, dyes, cork and
turpentine, and still others are used to adorn our homes and gardens. All our fuel is
of plant origin, including coal, kerosene and petroleum. The most significant
feature of green plants is that they have the unique power of strong energy from
sunlight. Therefore, the food of all animal is derived directly or indirectly from
plants.

Is it any wonder that man has been interested in plants since the dawn of
history? Primitive man soon learned that some wild plants would bountifully
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supply his needs. He collected seeds and planted them and gradually brought the
domestication of few plants which were useful to him. Similarly, he took special
interest in which have curative properties. Amongst the earlier records of the study
of plants are those which are concerned with medical properties.
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 Plants occur everywhere on or near the surface of our planet. Wherever man
has gone, even in the Polar Regions and on the summits of mountains, plants are
found. Besides the familiar green trees and herbs there are countless small plants,
many of them microscopic which occur in water, deep in the soil and in the air.
Many kinds of bacteria live on and within the bodies of human beings, animals and
larger plants. Such small plants may be of immense use to human beings, or they
may very harmful effects. The thousands of different kinds which make up the vast
population of plants fall into different groups the study of which is called the
classification of the plant kingdom.

6. Draw a tree diagram that contains the main points and important supporting
details from the text about zoology.

Zoology is the science that deals with animals. It is an old, old science, almost
as old as man himself. Some modern scientists say that man has been living on this
planet for about a million years. The science of zoology began with man‟s
curiosity about life. Pictures on the walls of rock shelters are show the life of
people who lived in the Sahara desert between 8000 and 4000 B.C. like many
prehistoric people, these early artists showed an interest in animal life drawing
pictures of various birds and mammals which they used to eat.

Whatever your work in the world may be, your life will be enriched by
knowledge of living things, and this information will also help you in
understanding some of the most important problems of our times such as
population growth, diseases, the effect of radiation on life and man‟s survival in
our space.
Note-Making

Everyone is familiar with many of the common animals and knows something
about where and how they live, but few people realize how many different kinds of
animals there are and how different they are from each other in size, shape,

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 structure and habits. It is easy to observe larger types, such as cats, birds, frogs,
and even some similar ones, such as earthworms and flies; but many members of
the animal kingdom are so small that they can be seen only with the aid of the
microscope. Then there are forms that live in the soil, in the ocean, and in the air
where we do not ordinarily see them.

No one knows exactly how many different kinds of animals there are now in
existence, but we do know that more than one million have been described by
zoologists. Fortunately for us, although they differ from each other they possess
characteristics in common and can be arranged in groups. The principal groups are
called “phyla” (singular “phylum”). Zoologists do not agree about the number of
phyla into which the animal kingdom should be divided, but usually eleven are
studied in some detail in a zoology course for beginners. Besides these, there are
few groups of animals of more or less uncertain relationships.

7. Read the following extract and make a note of important points:

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver, which leads to jaundice. The

common causes of hepatitis are viral hepatitis (especially A and C followed by B)
and alcoholic hepatitis. In rare cases one encounters hepatitis due to parasites,
chemicals, drugs and malignant deposits.

Hepatitis A and C are transmitted by contaminated water food whereas.

Hepatitis B is transmitted by injections, injuries, surgery and blood transfusion
with patients suffering from these diseases.

The symptoms of hepatitis differ from virus to virus but generally in the initial
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stages the patient gets fever without a septic focus i.e. sore throat, cold etc. the
fever is associated with body ache, headache and loss of appetite and is moderate
to high grade and generally doesn‟t responds.

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 8. Read the following extract and make a note of following points:

Open University is different from other Universities like University of Puna

or University of Mumbai. But like all Universities, it also gives degrees like
B.A. and B.Com. Many of us cannot go to colleges and Universities. Many of us
are employed and have to work for the whole day. We do not have time to go to
colleges. The advantages of Open University are that we can study at home. We do
not have to go to colleges. The Open University sends us books. We can study
these books and go for examination. Thus, in Open University, there is no teacher.
The books are teachers. If we have difficulties, we can go to our study centre. We
can also listen to audio cassettes at the study centre. Another advantage of Open
University is that we can learn at our own speed, we can learn according to our
convenience. We must develop good habits and good studying habits when we
study at Open University.

9. Read the following passage and put the information in tabular form.

The original material from which soil has been formed through long ages are
the rocks of the earth‟s crust. There are three kinds of rocks, made in three
different ways. Igneous rocks were made when the molten materials of which the
earth consisted long ago become cooler and solidified, granite, is one of these.
Another kind of rock is sedimentary rock, formed when rivers brought down small
pieces of materials with them fell to the bottom of the sea, and this sediment was
slowing press and cemented together by another substances into rock. Shale,

Limestone and chalks are sedimentary rocks. This was formed, for instance, when
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the lava thrown out by volcanoes affected the material over which it flowed. The
heat changed the surface underneath and produced different kinds of rocks, of
which slate and marble are two examples.

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