TABLE OF CONTENTS

English in history 2

English in medicine 6

English in transport 12

English in the army 19

English in the church 21

English in law 25

English in the media 32

English in business 42

English in technology 61

Keys to the exercices 67

Bibliography 92
 ENGLISH IN HISTORY

I Choose the correct answer:

1 Legend….it that Robin Hood was buried where his last arrow landed.

a) does
b) has
c) says
d) tells

2 Eminescu used to live in that house. A …on the wall commemorates this.

a) badge
b) medal
c) plaque
d) shield

3 The first American ….were frequently attacked by Indians.

a) colonizers
b) discoverers
c) pioneers
d) settlers

4 There is a memorial…..in the church commemorating the soldiers who fell in the war.

a) block
b) grave
c) stone
d) tile

5 The Second World War…..in 1939.

a) broke off
b) broke out
c) broke open
d) broke up

6 The vase is definitely not….; just a very good imitation.

a) factual
b) genuine

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 c) real
d) true

7 Queen Elizabeth II ….her father as reigning monarch in 1952.

a) acceded
b) assumed
c) succeeded
d) superseded

8 There are some beautiful ….glass windows in Canterbury Cathedral.

a) designed
b) drawn
c) marked
d) stained

9 Those columns have no practical purpose. They are purely ….

a) conspicuous
b) decorative
c) gaudy
d) outstanding

10 Through the centuries of burning heat, the old castle walls had gradually ….and little was left of
them now.

a) crumbled
b) crumpled
c) powdered
d) shattered

11 The stone for building the cathedral was obtained from local …..

a) excavations
b) mines
c) pits
d) quarries

12 The castle was surrounded by a ….., which nowadays contains only occasional rainwater.

a) dyke
b) fence
c) hedge
d) moat

13 This kind of pottery is …. to certain tribes in the Pacific islands.

a) characteristic
b) distinctive
c) peculiar
d) uncommon

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14 This book gives a brief ….of the history of the castle and gives details of the art collection in the
main hall.

a) article
b) outline
c) reference
d) research

II Divide the vocabulary listed below into the following five groups:

1. ROYAL FAMILY
2. ROYAL HOUSEHOLD
3. PEERAGE
4. KNIGHT (EQUIPMENT)
5. CASTLE

Armour, banqueting-hall, baron, battlement, bedchamber, consort, courtyard, drawbridge, duke,

dungeon, earl, fortress, gauntlet, herald, jester, king, lady-in-waiting, lance, marquis, minstrel,
moat, page, prince, princess, queen, shield, sword, tower, turret

III Fill in the blanks with the following words, using each word only once: church, death,
defeated, explorer, fought, influence, invasion, invented, monk, paintings, population, printing,
Reformation, Roses, Schism, ships, stake, theses, treaties, victory, voyage, war, writings.

1300 The Renaissance began in Italy with Giotto’s …..and..…by Petrarch and Boccaccio.
1334-1351 The Black….swept across Europe, destroying about a fourth of the ….
1337-1453 France and England….the Hundred Years’.…, a series of wars broken by truces
and….It began with the English…..of Normandy. The English won the battles of Crecy, Poitiers,
and Agincourt, but the French….them at Orleans, and finally drove them out of France.
1378-1417 The Great….divided the Roman Catholic Church. Two popes, one Italian and one
French, claimed control of the….
1429 Joan of Arc led the French to.…over the English in the battle of Orleans. Later, the English
burned her at the ….in Rouen.
1440 Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, ….movable type for ….
1485 England came under the …..of the Renaissance after the wars of the …., which ended in
1485.
1517 Martin Luther, a German…., began the Protestant…..in Germany when he nailed his Ninety-
Five…..to the door of All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg.
1519-1522 Spanish….made the first…..around the world. Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese
navigator and …., commanded the voyage.

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IV What is the difference between the words historic and historical ?

V Give the definitions of the words in capitals:

a) Salt has been a respected COMMODITY for much of recorded time.

b) Do you know the national ANTHEM ?
c) During her husband’s presidency, Jaqueline Kennedy UNDERTOOK the coordination of the
White House restoration.
d) He is applying for a job as a CURATOR.
e) MOUNTING evidence indicates that acid rain is damaging historic sites in Cracow.

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 ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

I. Match the Romanian names of the parts of the body with their English counterparts:

1 bile duct a) intestinul gros

2 bladder b) coloana vertebrala
3 gall bladder c) laringe
4 large intestine d) coasta
5 larynx e) vezica urinara
6 rib f) canalul fierei
7 tonsil g) splina
8 spine h) trahee
9 spleen i) amigdala
10 windpipe j) vezica biliara

II. Fill the gaps with the right word from the list below. You may use each word once only:
antiseptic cleanse disease fester ointment plaster skin wound

Treatment of a Minor Injury

.…the wound thoroughly and apply a(n)…..to counteract germs which spread….
Otherwise the wound may ….. Sticking …. may be applied or the ….. may be bandaged.
……may be smeared over the…… .

III. Fill in the right words:

1 I’ve got hayfever and that’s the reason why I keep on _ _ _ e _ _ _ _ .

2 As far as I know common aspirin is the best _ _ _ _ for your illness.
3 You can’t buy this medicine without a _ _ _ _ _ r _ _ _ _ _ _ from a doctor.
4 The psychiatrist’s _ _ e seems exorbitant considering the short time he spends on each
patient.
5 He was 10 kilos overweight and was advised to go on a _ _ _ _ .

IV. Complete the sentences below with a preposition:

My wife complained that something was wrong…..her. She said she had a pain ….her back
and that she suffered…..bad headaches. As she was getting worse and worse I sent ….a doctor.

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Immediately afterwards she was taken……hospital. Yesterday she was operated…. . Now she feels
much better.

V. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence:

1 The blind man ran the …… of his fingers over the box.

a) points
b) edges
c) tips
d) ends

2 Morphine is sometimes used to ……..severe pain.

a) deaden
b) decimate
c) smother
d) suffocate

3 The nurse put a …….. round Peter’s bleeding knee.

a) bandage
b) belt
c) ribbon
d) scarf

4 If you go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you must expect to get ……

a) blisters
b) b) bruises
c) c) scars
d) d) scratches

5 We’re sorry you are ill and send you our best wishes for a speedy ……..

a) relief
b) health
c) repair
d) survival

6 After your treatment, doc, I feel as …… as a fiddle.

a) fine
b) fit
c) straight
d) well

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7 The dying man said nothing: he only……

a) mumbled
b) sighed
c) stammered
d) whispered

8 Her right eye ……. when she is anxious.

a) twiddles
b) twirls
c) twitches
d) twists

9 The main function of the heart is to ……. blood round the body.

a) push
b) propel
c) pump
d) walk

10 The …..in one of my teeth has come out, so I’m going to the dentist.

a) cover
b) completion
c) filling
d) replacement

11 The little girl had to have four teeth…….because they were so bad.

a) broken
b) pulled
c) taken away
d) taken out

12 After her diet, she looked very …… and healthy.

a) hungry
b) skinny
c) slim
d) thin

13 She has put ….. a lot of weight since last year.

a) down
b) in
c) off
d) on

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14 He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he …. while in Asia.

a) contracted
b) gained
c) infected
d) received

15 The teachers at the school went ….. with flu one after another.

a) down
b) off
c) out
d) under

VI. The following are terms referring to some types of diseases. Match the types with the
definitions:

1 acute a. indicating hypersensitivity to particular foods, pollen, insect stings etc.

2 allergic b. caused by mental stress
3 chronic c. coming sharply to a crisis
4 congenital d. lasting for a long time
5 contagious e. due to disturbances in anabolic and katabolic processes
6 familial f. transmitted genetically from parent to child
7 infectious g. caused by improper diet
8 metabolic h. spread by bacteria or viruses
9 nutritional i. present from or before birth
10 psychosomatic j. spreading by physical contact

VII Which part of the body makes each action? In some cases more than one answer is
possible.

1 blink
2 clench
3 cross
4 fold
5 nod
6 stick out
7 point
8 shrug
9 snap
10 stamp

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VIII Give the English names of the following diseases:

1 apendicita
2 bronsita
3 varicela
4 diabet
5 guturai
6 hepatita
7 gripa
8 leucemie
9 pojar
10 tuberculoza

IX Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct wards or
departments:

1 Intensive care unit

2 Casualty and emergency Department
3 Paedriatic Ward
4 Maternity Unit
5 Orthopaedic Ward
6 Surgical Ward
7 Geriatric Ward
8 Ophthalmic Ward
9 Gynaecological Ward

a. Mary who has just had a baby

b. John who has broken his leg
c. Tom’s grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complications
d. Peter who will have his appendix removed
e. Betty’s mother who is suffering from women’s disease
f. Susan’s father who will be operated on for an eye cataract
g. Samuel who is unconscious
h. Paul who has just been in a car crash
i. Jack’s son who has measles

X Give the name of the persons defined below:

1 a family doctor g _ _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er
2 someone who looks after sick people in hospital ___s_
3 sick person who has to stay in hospital i_ -_______
4 sick person who has to visit hospital regularly for treatment o__ -_______
5 someone who operates on sick people _____o_
6 person badly injured in an accident, fire, war _a______

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7 person who helps at the birth of a baby m______
8 person who specializes in one area of medicine _p________
XI Match the following:

1 Why are you shivering?

2 Why are you shaking?

A. I am very cold
B. I’m terrified by this film.

XII Give the names of the specialists:

1 He/she is specialized in children’s diseases

2 He/she is specialized in interpreting X-rays
3 He/she is specialized in diseases of the skin
4 He/she is specialized in diseases of the old age
5 He/she is specialized in diseases of the eye
6 He/she is specialized in diseases of the nervous system
7 He/she makes your glasses
8 He/she is specialized in women’s diseases
9 He/she corrects deformities of the body
10 He/she straightens crooked teeth
11 He/she treats diseases by electricity
12 He/she brings children into the world

XIII. Translate into English:

In aceste infectii care sunt cauzate de agentii virotici se pare ca manifestarile clinice sunt in
cea mai mare parte acelea ale unei infectii bacteriene care este suprapusa peste leziunea initiala a
mucoasei de catre agentul virotic. O varietate de organisme au fost izolate din infectiile acute ale
bronhiilor, dintre care mai comune sunt stafilococii si bacilii gripali.

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 ENGLISH IN TRANSPORT

I Fill in the blanks with the following words: air vents, cabin, captain, carry, co-pilot, crew,
cruising speed, distances, flight, flight engineer, galley, jet-propelled, passenger, passenger
list, safety belts, seats, size, tourist, stewardesses, take-off, trip.

Airliners, or ….. planes, differ from light planes not only in …. but also in speed and
equipment. They are designed to …. a greater number of people over longer….without stopping to
refuel.
A passenger airliner has a comfortable….with soft carpets, adjustable upholstered….,
washrooms, and individual…..and reading lights. It has a ….for preparing food. Many airlines
offer…., or economy class service, which costs less than first –class travel.
The ….of four-engine airliners range from about 350 mph for propeller-driven planes to
more than 500 mph for …planes.
The ….of an airliner works as a team to make the trip smooth ans pleasant. While the
passengers take their seats, the pilot or…, co-pilot, flight engineer, and stewardesses prepare the
plane for… The pilot, assisted by the…, checks the instruments and tests the controls. The
….controls the other mechanical equipment. The stewardesses check the …., make sure that
passengers fasten their ….for… . Later, the ….distribute magazines, serve meals, and do other
things to make the….enjoyable.

II Which of the words below refer to:

• Kinds of ships
• Parts of a ship
• Things found on a ship
• People found on a ship

(To) board, bow, bunks, cabins, captain, charts, cliffs, coast, compass, cranes, crew, cruise, deck-
chairs, docks, (to) embark, fleet, freighters, galley, gang-way, harbour, hold, knots, latitude, life-
jacket, lighthouses, liner, loaded, mate, moored, (to) navigate, navigator, overboard, rope, rudder,
seamen, seasickness, stern, stewards, stormy, vessels, voyage, waves, warships, wreck.

III What are the following ships or boats usually used for?

a barge
a cargo boat
a ferry
a liner
a rowing boat
a submarine
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a tanker
a yacht
IV Give the Romanian translations for the following parts of the aircraft:

Cockpit
Fin
Fuselage
Hatch
Nose
Rudder
Undercarriage
Wing

V Choose the correct answer:

1 The plane circled over the airport until the …was clear.

a) highway
b) landing
c) runway
d) terminal

2 All flights in and out of the airport came to a …..because of the strike.

a) closure
b) conclusion
c) standstill
d) stoppage

3 If you carry too much luggage, the airline will charge an …luggage fee.

a) additional
b) excess
c) extra
d) over

4 Because of the fog, our flight was ….from Heathrow to York Airport.

a) deflected
b) diverted
c) replaced
d) reverted

5 The air hostess told the passengers to ….their seat belts.

a) attach
b) fasten
c) fix
d) tie

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6 If you want a cheap air ticket you must …..well in advance.

a) book
b) buy
c) engage
d) reserve

7 To fly big passenger airliners ……long training and experience.

a) calls for
b) orders
c) picks up
d) requisitions

8 Much stricter …..must now be taken at all airports against hijacking.

a) alarms
b) precautions
c) protections
d) warnings

9 The plane was ….towards the runway when the fire started.

a) heading
b) landing
c) sailing
d) soaring

10 The …..from Bucharest to New York takes ten hours.

a) flying
b) journey
c) passage
d) voyage

11 I’m afraid your luggage is ten kilos ……; you will have to pay extra.

a) above
b) excess
c) heavy
d) overweight

VI Give the Romanian translations for the following parts of the ship:

Anchor
Bow
Funnel
Mast
Propeller

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Rudder
Stern
VII Where would you be likely to see the following ships or boats?
river canal lake sea underwater
A barge
A cargo boat
A ferry
A liner
A rowing boat
A submarine
An oil tanker
A yacht

VIII Choose the correct answer:

1 In spite of the storm, the captain …..the ship safely into port.

a) directed
b) drove
c) managed
d) steered

2 He stood on the …..of the river, looking down into the water.

a) bank
b) beach
c) border
d) coast

3 There was a terrible storm at sea last night and one of the boats …….

a) dived
b) drowned
c) floated
d) sank

4 There were a number of fishing boats …...in the harbour.

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 a) attached
b) fixed
c) moored
d) roped

5 We’re going to ….a cruise on the river next weekend.

a) go
b) sail
c) take
d) travel
6 I’m always seasick when the sea is ........

a) calm
b) rough
c) stormy
d) violent

7 The “Anna Maria” ….from Constanta at 11:00 tomorrow.

a) embarks
b) leaves
c) sails
d) steams

8 The passengers amused themselves playing games on the upper ……of the ship.

a) deck
b) dock
c) floor
d) platform

9 During the twenty-day cruise, ten will be spent ….sea, and ten in port.

a) at
b) by
c) in
d) over

10 ‘Do you row?’ ‘I used to, but I haven’t used a pair of ……for years.

a) oars
b) paddles
c) poles
d) rows

11 The sea is too far out. We can’t swim till the ….comes in.

a) current
b) stream

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 c) tide
d) water

12 A lot of driftwood was brought to the …….

a) coast
b) coastline
c) seaside
d) shore

13 When we go fishing we always take a lot of worms for ….

a) attraction
b) bait
c) food
d) trap

14 Swimming is dangerous here because of the strong ……across the bay.

a) current
b) jet
c) motion
d) pressure

15 The boat just …..out to sea.

a) drifted
b) slid
c) strayed
d) wandered

16 The ship was not allowed to unload its …..

a) burden
b) cargo
c) freight
d) load

17 I …..with the captain to abandon the ship before it was too late.

a) appealed
b) begged
c) claimed
d) pleaded

18 He had a …..escape when his boat was capsized by a sudden gust of wind.

a) close
b) narrow
c) near

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 d) sudden

IX Translate the following words into English:

1 volan 18 ambreiaj
2 parbriz 19 claxon
3 canistra 20 bara de protectie
4 piese de schimb 21 aripa stanga/dreapta
5 centura de siguranta 22 capota
6 frana 23 cablu de remorcare
7 cheie de contact 24 oglinda retrovizoare
8 cric 25 stergator de parbriz
9 cutie de viteze 26 bujie
10 trusa de scule 27 stropitor de parbriz
11 pompa de benzina 28 cauciuc
12 far 29 rezervor
13 faza lunga 30 pompa de umflat cauciucuri
14 faza scurta 31 antigel
15 pedala de acceleratie 32 lichid de frana
16 stopuri 33 benzina
17 semnalizator 34 a depasi

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 ENGLISH IN THE ARMY

I Complete with the following words (some words may be used more than once and there
may be more than one answer in some sentences): campaign, casualty, ceasefire, conquest,
defeat, losses, surrender, triumph, truce, victory.

1 They suffered heavy …..in the last battle.

2 If Napoleon’s …..at Austerlitz was the high-point of his military career, his ……to take Moscow
was a failure leading to the ……at Waterloo which was his end.
3 Her son is a ……..of the Vietnam war: he lost both his legs.
4 The German unconditional ……was accepted by the Allied Powers.
5 The Norman ……of Britain began in 1066.
6 The commanders agreed on a(n) …….for a period of five hours to allow the removal of the
wounded.

II Divide the following into three groups:

• weapons
• ships
• aircrafts

Aircraft carriers, bazookas, bombers, cruisers, destroyers, fighters, guided missiles,

helicopters, howitzers, machine guns, mine-sweepers, mortars, rifles, submarines, tugs.

III Match the following commands:

1 About turn! a) Atentie!

2 At ease! b) Capul la dreapta!
3 Attention! c) Inainte mars!
4 Eyes right! d) Am inteles!

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5 Fall in! e) Rupeti randurile!
6 Fall out! f) Pe loc repaus!
7 Forward march! g) Stai!
8 Halt! h) La dreapta!
9 Line up! i) Mareste pasul!
10 Right turn! j) Stanga-mprejur!
11 Step out! k) Alinierea!
12 Yes, sir! l) Adunarea!

IV Fill in the blanks with the following words: administrative duties, army post, assignment,
barracks, company sized unit, cooks, dayroom, drill, guard duty, marching, mess hall, perimeter,
recreation, reveille, reviews, roll call, soldier, soldiers, supervises, supply sergeant, training,
troops, unit commander, weapons.

A typical day for a ……depends on his ….. During peacetime at a permanent …….., the
bugler sounds ……at 5:30 or 6 a.m. to waken the …….After ….., the men wash and shave, go to
the …….for breakfast.
Next they form ranks for ….. They practice various ……..routines and the use and care
of……. Other men take care of housekeeping details. The ……begin their work long before
reveille. The first sergeant …..the cooks. The ……cares for and issues clothing and equipment.
Each Saturday, the ……inspects the entire company.
Drill is usually completed by 11 a.m. After dinner at noon, the men return to their jobs
or…… All day and night some officers and men are on …... They are posted at warehouses, motor
pools, storage depots and around the …….
Parades and …….sometimes take place in the afternoon until about 5 p.m. After supper,
…….not assigned special duties may do as they please. Most army posts have ……buildings called
service clubs. Each …….has a clubroom called a ……. Men who do not have permission to stay
out must be in their ……by 11 p.m. and lights must be turned off.

V Fill in the blanks with ONE word:

1 General Brave was placed ….command of the Western Army.

2 The soldier …….his gun at the enemy.
3 The army claimed that during the invasion there was no ……of life.
4 The memorial in the main square ……the soldiers who lost their lives in the war.
5 There is a bomb in the garden, it could …….at any moment.
6 After the campaign a special medal was ………to all combatants.
7 The leaders, sensing that war was ………., prepared their defences.
8 When you fire, keep calm and just squeeze the ……..gently.
9 All members of the armed forces are required to ……..allegiance to the president.
10 Oswald was ………for military service because he had flat feet.
11 The ……..of the soldiers was high before the battle, because they were confident of victory.

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 ENGLISH IN THE CHURCH

I Choose the right answer:

1 The vicar conducted the …….in the church.

a) class
b) lecture
c) meeting
d) service

2 The ……….listened attentively to every word of the preacher.

a) audience
b) congregation
c) sightseers
d) spectators

3 Early man used to ……..the sun, moon, trees and stones as his gods.

a) admire
b) consider
c) serve
d) worship

4 The Hindus are forbidden by their ………to kill cows and eat beef.

a) belief
b) confession
c) doctrine
d) religion

5 In Britain, members of the ……usually wear a special white collar that fastens at the back of the
neck.

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 a) church
b) clergy
c) priests
d) vicarage

6 Do you really believe in the ……..of the evil eye?

a) being
b) existence
c) occurrence
d) realism
7 The early procession to the temple in honour of the local deity was an important religious
…………in that city.

a) activity
b) festival
c) feast
d) habit

8 There are some interesting old ………on the tombstones in St Mary’s churchyard.

a) epigrams
b) epilogues
c) epitaphs
d) epitomes

9 They are so concerned with ………day-to-day problems that they never stop to think about God.

a) agnostic
b) devilish
c) mundane
d) sceptical

10 At the memorial service, the priest paid ………to the actor’s outstanding contribution to the
Romanian theatre.

a) acknowledgement
b) homage
c) recognition
d) tribute

II Complete the sentences with the following words: angels, blessing, cardinals, congregation,
convert, Creation, Devil, diocese, gospels, heaven, hell, mass, paradise, parish, prayers, saints,
sermon, service, sins, worship

1 A bishop is the head of the …….

2 The district in the care of a vicar is a ……..
3 God lives in ……… surrounded by …….. and ……….
4 In the Roman Catholic Church the pope is elected by the……..

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5 A church is a place of ……...
6 You usually go to church to attend a …………., which in the Roman Catholic Church is called a
……..
7 During the mass we say ………, and the priest gives a …….
8 At the end of the service the vicar gives the …….his …….
9 The first book of the Old Testament, Genesis, tells us about the ………
10 Adam and Eve lived in the Garden of Eden or……..
11 The first four books of the New Testament are called the ………
12 The bad things we do are called ……..
13 God’s opponent is the ………and he lives in .……
14 Someone who has become a believer is a ……..

III Which religion is characterized by the following names or expressions? Which is the
odd word?

1. Christ; Gospels, Resurrection; church; reincarnation; Holy Spirit; baptism; Ten

Commandments
2. Muhammad; Koran; Jesus; curate; muezzin; mosque; Muslim; Ramadan
3. Moses; Tora; the Promised Land; Ark of the Covenant; saints; synagogue; the Holocaust
4. Vedas; yoga; Ganges River; church; reincarnation; temple
5. The Buddha; baptism; reincarnation; lama; pagoda; nirvana

IV Fill in the blanks with the following words: Anglican, bishop, cathedral, choirmaster,
clergymen, layman, rectory, vicar

The Clergymen or the Church of England

Here are Church of England, or ……Church, ……., arranged in order of importance: an

archbishop, a ………, a vicar, a curate. A ……. is sometimes called a rector, and his house a
vicarage, or a …….. A dean is the clergyman in charge of a ……. A churchwarden is a …..(not a
clergyman) who shares responsibility for church business matters. The organist plays the organ and
the …………trains the church choir.

V Put into the usual order:

1 absolution
2 confession
3 determination to atone
4 Holy Communion
5 penance
6 sin
7 sorrow for sin
8 temptation

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VI Which religion or church are these figures connected with? In some cases the same
person is connected with more than one faith.

1 archbishop a) church of England (Anglican)

2 bishop b) Buddhism
3 brahmin c) Hinduism
4 curate d) Islam
5 dean e) Judaism
6 elder f) Lutheran Church
7 lama g) Presbyterian Church
8 minister h) Roman Catholic Church
9 mullah i) Russian Orthodox Church
10 priest
11 ayatollah
12 pope
13 rabbi
14 guru
15 vicar

VII Match the names of the objects with their translations:

1 aisle a) potir
2 altar b) amvon
3 candlestick c) culoar
4 chalice d) strana
5 font e) altar
6 pew f) sfesnic
7 pulpit g) cristelnita

24
 ENGLISH IN LAW

I Give the name of the defined law breaker:

1 steals a _____
2 steals purses and pockets a ___k______
3 gets money by threatening to
disclose personal information a ____k______
4 seizes aeroplanes a __j_____
5 takes things from shop without paying a _____i____
6 kills people a __r_____
7 steals from houses or offices a ___g___
8 steals from banks or trains a __b___
9 takes people hostage for a ranson a ___n_____
10 steals government secrets a ___
11 willfully destroys property a v_____
12 marries illegally while being married already a b_______

II If you commit a crime you may be (put these actions in the correct order):

accused
paroled
arrested
sent to prison
charged
suspected
convicted
tried
interrogated

III Match each punishment with its description:

25
1 capital punishment a) a period of time in jail
2 corporal punishment b) being made to do specially hard work while in prison
3 eviction c) death
4 a heavy fine d) a punishment imposed only if you commit a further crime
5 internment e) a large sum of money to pay
6 penal servitude f) whipping or beating
7 a prison sentence g) regular meetings with a social worker
8 probation h) removing a person from a house or land by law
9 solitary confinement i) limiting the freedom of movement esp. for political reasons
10 a suspended sentence j) being imprisoned completely alone
IV Complete with the following words: accused, acquit, civil suits, counsel, court, cross-
examinations, fault, guilty, judge, jurors, jury, legal disputes, legislature, list, money,
officer, panel, sentence, swear, testimony, trial, witnesses

Trial by Jury

A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the …… in ….. and decides the facts. A
courtroom trial in which a …… decides the facts is called a …… by jury.
Before each ….. term, a jury commissioner or another public ….. prepares a
panel, or large initial ….. of qualified jurors. For each trial, ….. are selected by lot from this …..
Before the trial begins , the jurors ….. to decide the facts fairly. They hear the …. given by
witnesses for both sides, including …... Then ….. for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and
the ….. explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury.
In …. for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at …. and must determine the
amount of ….. to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the ….. is guilty
‘beyond a reasonable doubt’, and then either return a verdict of guilty, or ….. the defendant by a
verdict of not guilty. If the verdict is …. the judge imposes the ….., or punishment, within limits
that have been fixed by the ….

V Match the criminal with the definition:

1 an arsonist a) tries to enforce his political demands by carrying out or

threatening acts of violence
2 an assassin b) pretends or claims to be what he is not
3 a deserter c) makes money by dishonest business methods, e.g. by
selling worthless goods
4 an embezzler d) steals from his own company
5 a forger e) attacks and robs people especially in public spaces
6 a fraud or con man f) sets fire to property
7 a hooligan g) kills for political reasons or reward
8 a mugger h) brings goods into one country from another illegally
9 a poacher i) hunts illegally on somebody else’s land
10 a racketeer j) makes false money or documents
11 a smuggler k) a soldier who leaves the armed forces without
permission

26
12 a terrorist l) causes damage or disturbance in public places

VI Complete with the following words: bigamy, civil, classes, community, countries,
crimes, criminal law, felony, fine, forgery, laws, life imprisonment,
misdemeanour, offences, penalty, person, prison, state, term, treason

Crime

Crime violates the laws of a community, …… or nation. It is punishable in accordance with

these ….. The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most …..
consider as crimes such …… as arson, ……, burglary, ……., murder and …….
Not all offences against the law are …… The laws that set down the punishments for crimes
form the …… This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the …… On
the other hand, a …… may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the …… law.
The common law recognizes three ……. of crime: treason, …….. and misdemeanour.
Death or ….. is the usual ……. for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony
as a crime that is punishable by a ….. of one year or more in a state or
federal ……. A person who commits a ….. may be punished by a ….. or a jail term of less than
one year.

VII Choose the right answer:

1 The police car raced down the street with the ….. blaring.

a) alarm
b) bell
c) gong
d) siren

2 The tourist’s camera was ….. because he had brought it into the country illegally.

a) bereaved
b) confiscated
c) deprived
d) extorted

3 Look, Officer. I’m not drunk. I’m as …... as a judge.

a) calm
b) clear
c) sober
d) steady

27
4 The police caught the thief ……

a) in black and white

b) in the red
c) red-handed
d) true blue

5 He offered me $ 500 to break my contract. That’s ……

a) blackmail
b) bribery
c) compensation
d) reward
6 When the police examined the house they found that the lock had been …… with.

a) broken
b) hindered
c) tampered
d) touched

7 The policeman asked the suspect to make a(n) ……

a) account
b) declaration
c) deposition
d) statement

8 The policeman was a very ….. man and he rechecked the evidence several times.

a) attentive
b) complete
c) thorough
d) thoughtful

9 The police are …… the town for the stolen car.

a) combing
b) investigating
c) looking
d) seeking

10 The police have not yet found a possible …… for the murder.

a) example
b) motive
c) principle
d) understanding

11 As he was caught in …… of a gun, he was immediately a suspect.

a) control
b) handling

28
 c) ownership
d) possession

12 As the result of the police ….. on the disco, ten people were arrested.

a) entry
b) invasion
c) raid
d) storm

13 I was informed by the police constable that he would be inforced to take me into ……

a) confinement
b) custody
c) detection
d) guardianship

14 It is the responsibility of the police to …. the law, not to take it into their own hands.

a) compel
b) enforce
c) force
d) press

15 His comments ….. little or no relation to the facts of the case.

a) bear
b) give
c) possess
d) reflect

16 They all thought he was guilty, but no one could ……. anything against him.

a) accuse
b) ensure
c) point
d) prove

17 The case against Mary Wrongdoer was …… for lack of evidence.

a) discarded
b) dismissed
c) refused
d) resigned

18 The new law comes into ….. on May 15.

a) condition
b) date

29
 c) force
d) power

19 In the legal profession, men ……. women by five to one.

a) outclass
b) outnumber
c) overcome
d) supersede

20 The judge will hear the next ….. after lunch.

a) case
b) charge
c) lawsuit
d) trial

21 I wish you’d let me speak for myself and not …… the words out of my mouth.

a) grab
b) pull
c) snatch
d) take

22 The suspect is ….. to have been in the neighbourhood at the time of the crime.

a) accused
b) affirmed
c) alleged
d) announced

23 The high court judge will pass …… next week.

a) justice
b) punishment
c) sentence
d) verdict

24 Mr Tipsy was ….. twenty pounds for drinking and driving.

a) charged
b) fined
c) ordered
d) penalized

25 The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was ……

a) absolved
b) acquitted

30
 c) forgiven
d) pardoned

26 The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile …….

a) convicts
b) delinquents
c) sinners
d) villains

27 He found some squatters living in his house so he asked the court for a speedy …order

a) discharge
b) ejection
c) eviction
d) expulsion

28 A prominent local figure was …… as co-respondent in a divorce case.

a) accused
b) cited
c) nominated
d) quoted

29 He was arrested for trying to pass ……. notes at the bank.

a) camouflaged
b) counterfeit
c) fake
d) fraudulent

31
 ENGLISH IN THE MEDIA

The newspaper article

The main parts of an article

Headline:

Every news article has a headline to attract the attention of the reader. The headline must state the
topic of the news in a strong, short phrase or statement.

Byline:

The line is called the "By" line because it tells BY whom the article is written. Write the word "By"
followed by your first and last name.

Lead Paragraph:

A lead paragraph offers the reader information in a few short sentences which answer the
questions:
Who? What? Where? When? Why?

Supportive Paragraphs:

Supportive paragraphs tell the reader HOW the news occurred.This section will include several
brief paragraphs explaining events leading up to the event, related national stories, etc.

How to write an article:

32
• Narrate the event including interesting details.
• Eyewitness accounts to this news may be very interesting to your reader.
Write some of the comments from people who actually saw this news
happen. Tell what THEY saw happen (Be sure to use quotation marks).
• What others think of this news is also important. Tell what the eyewitness thought about this
news.
• This section can include several sentences explaining events leading up to the event, related
national stories, etc.
• As a reporter, you may also state what effect this news may have on others.
• What might this news event do to the people in the neighbourhood?

Re-Read and Edit:

• Re-read what you have written. Are all of your sentences complete? Do they say what you
want them to say? Rewrite your sentences where you need to and put them into paragraphs.
• Check for correct spelling.
• Does your headline accurately describe your news story? If not, make up a new headline.
• Don’t forget that it is important to write concisely.

Basic organizational concepts:

• The most important information should be placed at the top of the story; related elements
should be grouped together; information should be organized logically so that the reader can
easily understand it.
• The use of colourful or compelling details and good quotes can enhance a story.
• The importance of balance and objectivity in news stories.
• Editors should select headlines/titles for each article that are short, pertinent, and eye-
catching.
• Try to hook the reader by beginning with a funny, clever, or surprising statement. Go for
variety: try beginning your article with a question or a provocative statement.
• Don't write "In conclusion…" or "To finish..." Try ending with a quote or a catchy phrase.
• Use active words (verbs that show what's really happening.)
• Newspaper articles generally contain sentences and paragraphs that are short and direct.
Most articles contain about five paragraphs.

Evaluation:

! Does your article have a catchy title that would encourage people to read the article?
!Is the most important information in the first paragraph?
33
!If your article is long, have you included appropriate sub-headings for the different sections?
!Have you written in a style that is appropriate for the audience? If it is aimed at teenagers, for
example, have you used language teenagers can relate to?

Criteria for selecting a newsworthy story:

TIMELINESS - events that are happening right now, or news that is of interest to readers right now
PROXIMITY - events or situations that occur near the reader
UNIQUENESS - very unusual events or situations
IMPACT - news that will affect a large number of readers
PROMINENCE - well-known people or groups of people
SUSPENSE - events, such as disasters, where the outcome is not known
CONFLICT - people or groups opposing a situation or other groups of people
EMOTIONS - love, hate, fear, jealousy, horror, pity
PROGRESS - advances in science, medicine, or technology
IMPORTANCE - important to the reader's life, family, education, health, or well-being

Write a newspaper article about the main incident in the poem:

MATILDA

Matilda told such dreadful lies, It happened that a few weeks later
It made one gasp and stretch one’s eyes; Her aunt was off to the theatre
Her aunt, who, from her earliest youth, To see that interesting play
Had kept a strict regard for truth, “The Second Mrs Tanqueray”
Attempted to believe Matilda: She had refused to take her niece
The effort very nearly killed her, To hear this entertaining piece:
And would have done so, had not she A deprivation just and wise
Discovered this infirmity. To punish her for telling lies
For once, towards the close of day, That night a fire did break out -
Matilda, growing tired of play, You should have heard Matilda shout!
And finding she was left alone, You should have heard her scream and bawl,
Went tiptoe to the telephone And throw the window up and call
And summoned the Immediate Aid To people passing in the street -
Of London’s noble Firebrigade (The rapidly increasing heat
Within an hour the Gallant Band Encouraging her to obtain
Were pouring in on every hand, Their confidence) – but all in vain!
From Putney, Hackney Downs and Bow*, For every time she shouted “Fire!”
With courage high and hearts a-glow They only answered “Little liar!”
They galloped, roaring through the town, And therefore when her aunt returned,

34
“Matilda’s house is burning down!” Matilda, and the house, were burnt.
Inspired by British Cheers and Loud
Proceeding from the Frenzied Crowd,
They ran their ladders through a score
Of windows on the Ball Room floor;
And took peculair pains to souse * Putney, Hackney Downs, and Bow -
The pictures up and down the house - places in the extreme south-west,
Until Matilda’d aunt succeeded north, and east of London
In showing them they were not needed
And even then she had to pay
To get the men to go away!

Feature Stories

Features are interesting stories about people, places, and events. They aren’t as concerned
with conveying basic facts as with conveying a mood, feeling, or theme. Unlike writing news
articles, there are no strict “rules” for composing features. Features, common in newspapers, are
even more common in magazines.

Many feature stories are biographical sketches of individuals. Often interviews with public
figures (athletes or entertainers) or compelling people (such as a homeless person) can make for
interesting feature stories.
Unlike in a news article, the feature writer is allowed much creativity in the story’s
composition. The order of presentation is based solely on the criteria of what makes for the most
interesting read.
Metaphors and comparisons can be used in feature stories.

Columns

A column, or opinion-editorial (op-ed), is the most open-ended of newspaper articles. It is a

chance to express your opinion. There are not many rules to writing this type of article. The most
important point is to have all your facts straight. Other than that, simply follow the rules for writing
a persuasive paper. Always keep in mind that it is difficult to persuade readers by offending or
insulting them. A final piece of advice is to become a vigorous reader of newspapers. Read pure
news articles, features, and columns, and note what makes them effective. Good writers are always
good readers.
The topic should be something about which you have (or can develop) a personal opinion.
Remember, you are sharing your personal insights with your audience. You can do this in almost
any style you like: funny, serious, by comparisons, etc. Make your points as simply and straight-
forwardly as you can.
35
 There is no right or wrong when it comes to personal opinions. However, you do need to
explain something about why you feel the way you do.

How to write columns

The steps:

1. Choose a topic of interest to you and your audience. Very often the columnist comments on
current events – exploring a different perspective or finding humor in everyday events. The topic
need not be of international importance. Give life to a common experience. Unlike a reporter, a
columnist may write in first person.
2. Collect the facts. Research the topic until you have an understanding of the event.
3. Organize your thoughts. Here the columnist may differ from the traditional editorial structure.
The columnist may find telling a story or personal narrative is more effective than the formal
ordering of arguments.
4. Write the first draft. Don't worry about spelling, punctuation, or grammar. Look for your
personal voice and your insight into the event. Be careful not to hide your voice in formal,
unnatural prose.
5.Revise. Read you work aloud. Correct the spelling, punctuation or grammar mistakes.

Newspaper Workers

Reporter Researcher
Typist Cartoonist
Copy Writer Sales person
Meteorologist Advertiser
Lawyer Delivery
Editor
Designer
Collator
Writer

Leadership Positions:

Editor in Chief

Supervises and coordinates the entire newspaper production system and every phase of production.
Has final say on job assignments, editorial policy, news content and layout.

Managing Editor

Organizes the journalists to cover particular stories and feature items. Responsible for seeing that
the reports are finished. Also oversees the assembly, printing and distribution of the paper.

Editorial Writer

Writes statements of editorial opinion for the newspaper. The comments should reflect the attitude
of the majority of the class or group involved in producing the paper.

Copy Editor

36
Checks each story for accuracy, style, and grammatical errors. Also indicates how corrections can
be carried out.

News Editor

Assemble the stories and prepares the pattern of layout for each page. Also responsible for writing
headlines for each article.

Art Staff

Responsible for the graphics on the page. Also design or arrange the heading for the paper.

Reporters

Gather information and write the articles and stories. Usually they have a specific area or topic to
cover, e.g., world news, current affairs, politics, human interest, sports, etc.
Feature Writers

Research and write special features and articles. These can cover a wide range of topics.

I Choose the right answer:

1 Did you see that ..... about wildlife in Africa on television last week?

a) documentary
b) history
c) slapstick
d) soap opera

2 All three TV channels provide extensive ..... of sporting events.

a) broadcast
b) coverage
c) network
d) vision

3 We hope to bring you further news of this in our next ..... at midnight.

a) article
b) bulletin
c) episode
d) piece

4 We covered a wide ...... of topics in the interview.

a) collection
b) extend
c) number
d) range

5 TVR Channel One tries to ....... for all tastes.

37
 a) cater
b) furnish
c) regard
d) suit

6 We are interrupting this programme for a news .......

a) alarm
b) alert
c) flash
d) signal

7 I must remember to ....... my TV licence next week.

a) regain
b) renew
c) replace
d) retain

8 The ..... comedy in the silent films was especially funny.

a) clownish
b) mocking
c) slapstick
d) witty

9 The programme was so successful that a ..... series is being made.

a) after-effect
b) backup
c) by-product
d) follow-up

10 There are more TV ..... in Romania, and all of them allow advertising.

a) broadcasts
b) canals
c) channels
d) screens

11 Violent programmes on TV may have bad ...... on children.

a) control
b) influence
c) power
d) pressure

12 There is a fault at our television station. Please do not ......... your set.

a) adjust
b) change
c) repair

38
 d) switch

13 The laughter on many comedies on TV isn’t real laughter, it’s ..... laughter.

a) bottled
b) canned
c) corked
d) wrapped

14 There are many ...... on television where a team of people have to answer questions.

a) inquiries
b) puzzles
c) quizzes
d) riddles

15 The poor reception on your TV is probably due to outside ......

a) interception
b) interference
c) interruption
d) intervention

II Read the newspaper contents list. Which pages would you look at if you wanted to read
about the following:

1 articles for sale

2 clothes
3 the editor’s comments on the news
4 films being shown locally
5 houses for sale
6 news from abroad
7 people who have died recently
8 recently published books
9 second-hand cars
10 duties performed by the Queen yesterday

INDEX

Appointments
Arts, Reviews
Business
Classified Ads
Court and Social
Editorial
Entertainment
Fashion

39
Home News
House Hunter’s Guide
Obituaries
Overseas News

III Choose the right answer:

1 I don’t think this newspaper cartoon is very funny, but I like the ..... under it.

a) caption
b) label
c) message
d) antet

2 When you go out, will you get me ..... of ”Newsweek”?

a) a copy
b) an edition
c) a paper
d) a publication

3 A ....... from the local newspaper asked for details of the accident.

a) broadcaster
b) newsagent
c) reporter
d) salesman

4 The press couldn’t speak to the Ministry employees: they had to wait for a statement from the
Government ........

a) messenger
b) reporter
c) speaker
d) spokesman

5 Although there is no official censorship in our country, the press is still ..... the laws of the land.

a) accountable to
b) controlled by
c) restrained by
d) subject to

6 I read a newspaper every day to keep ...... with current affairs.

a) contemporary
b) modern
c) present-day
d) up-to-date

40
7 There is a very interesting .... in the paper about cancer.

a) article
b) documentary
c) news
d) programme

8 A newspaper .... normally makes the final decision about the paper’s contents.

a) editor
b) journalist
c) reporter
d) publisher

9 Dear Sirs, I am writing in response to your ...... for a sales clerk in yesterday’s ”Business Man”.

a) advertisement
b) announcement
c) propaganda
d) publicity

10 Our newspaper increased its .... by eight thousand copies.

a) amount
b) circulation
c) numbers
d) quantity

11 Could I have a copy of the …. issue of the “National Geographic”, please?

a) actual
b) circulating
c) latest
d) recent

12 He took out a(n) ……. to “The Times”.

a) conscription
b) inscription
c) prescription
d) subscription

13 You must look in the …… section of the newspaper to find what films are showing.

a) diversion
b) entertainment
c) recreation
d) variety

14 Every morning I do the crossword ……. in the newspaper.

41
 a) problem
b) puzzle
c) question
d) test

15 Many newspapers are holding lotteries to …… sales.

a) advertise
b) progress
c) promote
d) publicise

English in business

I Give the names for the defined money expressions:

1. a fixed amount which is paid, usually monthly, to workers of higher rank a s_____
2. an amount of money which you lend to someone a l___
3. an amount of money which is owed to someone a d___
4. money which is in the form of coins and notes, not cheques c___
5. an amount of money you receive, usually weekly, in return for labour or
service a w___
6. money paid by divorced father to his former wife to upkeep his children a_____y
7. tax on imported articles paid to the customs ___y
8. paid at a restaurant after eating a ___l
9. extra percentage paid on a loan i_______
10. money paid for professional services, e.g. to a doctor a f__
11. money paid by the state, usually to students a g____
12. money paid by a company or the state on your retirement a p______
13. paid as a punishment for breaking the law a f___
14. paid to the government for services that the state provides ____s
15. paid while travelling, especially on public transport, buses, trains, etc. a f___

II Match the definitions with the correct money words:

1. an allowance

42
2. a bonus
3. commission
4. a deposit
5. a dividend
6. an investment
7. a legacy
8. maintenance
9. an overdraft
10. a premium
11. royalties
12. a share
13. a mortgage

a) money paid to authors or investors according to the sales of their work

b) a sum of money used to make more money from something that will increase in value
c) the money which a building society or bank lends to someone to buy a house
d) the money that a person pays to an insurance company to protect against loss or damage
e) money, usually from a relative, to live on
f) an additional payment which is a reward to those who work for a company for their extra work
g) the amount of money borrowed from a bank, greater than that which is in your account
h) money received from someone in his or her will
i) the amount of money which goes to a shareholder
j) money paid by divorced or separated people to support the former husband or wife
k) part of the value of a company that you may buy
l) part-payment of money which you make to stop the seller from selling his goods to others
m) an amount of money, related to the values of goods sold, which is paid to a salesman for his
services

III Complete. Each ( _ ) represents one letter:

1. I spend about $ 1.5 a week on bus _ _ _ e s.

2. I had to pay _ _ _ _ on the Turkish carpet I brought in through the Customs today.
3. Now that Mr Old has retired, he lives partly on his _ _ _ s _ _ _ and partly on the
_ _ t _ _ _ _ _ from his post office savings account.
4. In spite of its size his family was quite _ _ _ _ off, because he brought in a good _ _ l _ _ _.
5. Gold would be a good _ _ v _ _ _ _ _ _ t; it’s bound to increase in value.
6. Due to inflation the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of living went down by fifteen _ _ _ c _ _ _.
7. I couldn’t buy the house because the bank refused to let me have a m _ _ _ _ _ g _.
8. If you borrowed money from him, you’re under an _ _ l _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to give it back.
9. You must stop wasting your money on silly things and start _ _ v _ _ _ . This is the only
solution to your _ _ n _ _ _ _ _ _ troubles.
10. One dollar is _ _ u _ _ to over 30,000 lei.
11. The main advantage of a _ _ _ _ u _ book or _ _ _ d _ _ card is that you don’t have
to carry cash around with you.
12. I carry loose change in my pocket and _ _ _ _ s in my leather _ _ l _ _ _ .

43
IV Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the text below:

account bank bank income credited creditor

debtor deposit depositors funds hide
interest loan paid pocket record
safekeeping save spend withdraw

People …………… money in banks for future use. A man may be …………… each week
for his work. He probably will not want to …………… all his pay the day he receives it. It may be
risky for him to carry all his unspent money in his ……………, or to …………… it at home. So he
may decide to put some of his money in a bank for …………… The money he puts in the bank is
called a …………… This money is ……………, or added, to his …………… Am account is a
…………… of the money a depositor has in the bank. When the depositor wants to ……………, or
take out, part of his deposit, the …………… must be ready to pay him.
Banks use the money of …………… for loans to those who need …………… The bank
that makes the loan is called a lender, or …………… The bank charges the borrower, or
……………, interest for the use of the …………… Charging ……………for the use of money is
the chief source of ……………

V Choose the right answer:

1. When you retire at the age of sixty-five, you receive a(n) ……… from the government.

a) allowance
b) fine
c) grant
d) pension

2. If production in that factory exceeds the target, the workers get a ………

a) bonus
b) donation
c) gratuity
d) premium

3. Income tax is ……… to one’s annual income.

a) associated
b) based
c) dependent
d) related

4. The ……… of living has risen by 25% in the last six months.

a) cost
b) expenditure
c) expense

44
d) price

5. The kidnappers demanded a ……… of $ 1.000.000.

a) fine
b) penalty
c) ransom
d) reward

6. The World Bank has criticised the United States for not giving enough financial ……… to the
East European countries.

a) aid
b) allowance
c) loan
d) premium

7. A salesman is paid a ……… on the goods he sells.

a) commission
b) percentage
c) provision
d) salary

8. Mr Rich earns $ 8.000 a month ……… and $ 5.000 a month net.

a) bulk
b) gross
c) mass
d) wholesale

9. If you are not more careful with their accounts, they will go ………

a) bankrupt
b) broken
c) penniless
d) poor

10. If I had another $ 25.000 a year, I would consider myself ………

a) well deserved
b) well done
c) well-made
d) well off

11. Our company made a record ……… last year.

a) benefit
b) earn
c) profit
d) winning

45
12. His bank manager decided to give him financial ……… for the new shop.

a) backing
b) footing
c) lifting
d) standing

13. Reminders must be sent out to all customers whose accounts are more than a month ………

a) indebted
b) overdue
c) unbalanced
d) unpaid

14. The ……… of the pound has fallen recently.

a) expense
b) price
c) value
d) worth

15. The bank will require three ……… signatures when you open an account.
a) natural
b) sample
c) specimen
d) trial

16. Mr Royce had to ……… all his savings from the bank to pay for a new car.

a) exchange
b) retire
c) subtract
d) withdraw

17. At the bank you can get 14% ……… for your savings.

a) interest
b) rate
c) rent
d) salary

18. I want $ 500 worth of French francs. What is the ……… rate please?

a) currency
b) exchange
c) market
d) money

46
19. I have just ……… an account in this bank.

a) entered
b) made
c) opened
d) registered

20. Miss Thrifty ……… only $15 out of the bank every week.

a) draws
b) extracts
c) pulls
d) removes

21. $1 is ……… to 1.6 German marks.

a) comparable
b) changeable
c) equivalent
d) variable

22. We cannot give you the money until you show us some form of ………: a passport or a driving
license will do.

a) identification
b) identity
c) paper
d) surety

The application letter

Read the following application letter:

111 Avenue du Roule,

92 Neuilly-sur-Seine
17th April 2003

Dear Sir,

I am the ideal candidate for the job you have been advertising and I am very anxious to get
it because my wife is expecting her fourth child (the first three were triplets).
I was brought up in France so it isn’t necessary to say how well I speak French, while my
knowledge of other languages is excellent, too. You can see from this letter that I know English
perfect. I won’t waste your time with a long list of my many qualifications and vast experience, as I
shall be able to tell you all about these at the interview.

47
 When I inform you that I am working for Atlantis Radio Ltd. (or was, until last week), you
may wonder why I am anxious to change my job. First, they were not paying me enough (I expect,
and I am entitled to, a minimum of £2,000 per annum or its equivalent, by the way, and an annual
holiday of ten weeks). Second, the head of my department can only be described as a mentally
unbalanced stick-in-the-mud and insisted on absolute punctuality. Third, I was victimised because I
am an active trade unionist and a strong advocate of worker participation in management.
If you are wise and have the welfare of your business at heart, you will take me on at once
so that I can make things a bit more efficient over there (I have heard that your technical translating
is rather slipshod). Remember, too, that I have a wife and three and a half children!
Looking forward to coming to an interview.

Yours very faithfully,

Jacques Dupont

PS You will be interested to know that my hobby is underwater fishing.

Identify the mistakes in the application letter above.

The parts of the application letter

The application letter has four main sections, each of which has a paragraph:

1. Introduction stating how the post came to the notice of the applicant.
2. Statement of all relevant information about the applicant: age, education, qualifications,
career to date, names of referees. As these details often take up a lot of space, they can be
typed in a separate CV
3. Mention of any special qualifications or experience and an expression of interest and
enthusiasm. It is in this section that one would probably give reasons for wanting to change
one’s job, if already working.
4. The last paragraph would deal with the writer’s availability for interview.

Rules for writing an application letter

• It is inadvisable in this kind of letter to ask for further details of the post in question or to
state the wages and the conditions which would be acceptable.
• One must never give a personal reason for needing the job; apointments are made on
grounds of ability, suitability, personality etc
• One must not hop about from one point to another just as ideas come into one’s head. This
gives the impression of being disorderly and casual
• Information essential to the prospective employer must be set out clearly and anything
irrelevant omitted
• Above all one must not criticise one’s present or former employer, even when he is a
competitor of the one to whom aplication is being made
• If the letter begins with ‘Dear Sir / Madam’ it has to be ended with ‘Yours faithfully’ and if
it begins with ‘Dear Mr X / Mrs Y’, it has to end with ‘Yours sincerely’.

48
Application letter to be sent without a CV:

…………………….

………………… 17 September 2002

Dear Mrs Dryden,

I have seen your advertisement for a personal assistant / secretary in the Guardian and would like to
apply for the post.

I am 28 years old and was educated at Redhill Comprehensible School and the South Surrey
College. I have a diploma in Business Studies and have also passed the Pitman examination (Stage
111) in shorthand and typing. I studied French to ‘A’ level and can speak it fluently.

For the last six years I have been working as the personal assistant to Mr Mares, the Finance
Director of E.M.F. of Croydon. Unfortunately the company is moving its main offices to Bristol
and I have therefore decided to look for a new position in the London area.

Before joining E.M.F. I worked for one year as the personal secretary to Mr Handley, Marketing
Manager of Universal toys in Reading.

Both Mr Mares and Mr Handley are willing to give me references.

I am on holiday until 21 September but will be available for an interview on any day after that. I
would be able to take up a new post on any date from 1 October.

I look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,
Edith Roberts

Application letter to accompany a typed CV:

6 Carlswood Street
Redhill
Surrey
Tel: 28736455
Mrs Cynthia Dryden
44 Randolph Square
London EC1 4BE 17 September 2002

49
 Dear Mrs Dryden,

I would like to apply for the post of personal assistant / secretary advertised in today’s Guardian.

As you can see from my curriculum vitae, I have had six years’ experience as a personal secretary.
Five of these have been in films and television and I am particularly keen to continue working in
this industry.

I enclose my curriculum vitae and will be available for interview any day after 21 September and
able to take up a new appointment from 1 October.

I look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,
Edith Roberts

Another application letter

Your address
(No, str.,town)

The firm’s address Date

Dear Sir / Madam

I am writing to you concerning the Medical Representative Position, advertised in

yesterday’s ‘the Time’.
I am interested in working within your company especially as my skills and knowledge
acquired in the last year within the Romanian pharmaceutical field allow me to suitably fill in the
above mentioned position. In addition, I would like to mention that the company sales increased
with 200 % in the last year.
My language skills and communication abilities, that have proved to be efficient in my
previous activities, could also be an asset for your company.

Being an energetic person, highly motivated, who enjoys working both individually and
within a well-organized team, I consider myself to be the appropriate person for this position.
Challenge is one of my favourite topics and that’s why I would like to take up work within
your company.

I look forward to hearing from you.

However, if there is any further information you require in the meantime, please contact me.

50
 Yours faithfully,

…………..

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name:
Address:
Telephone number:
E-mail:

51
Personal • Name:
• Date of birth:
data
• Marital status: single

• 199_-199_: The Economic Highschool…

Education • 199_-200_: The ‘Petru Maior’ University…

• 200_ - 200_ teacher at...

Experience
• 200_ - ........

Qualifications • June 2001: Cambridge CAE Diploma, grade A

• Advanced knowledge of English

Foreign
• Medium knowledge of French
languages
• Medium knowledge of Italian
• Flexibility, resourcefulness, communication
Abilities
abilities

Driving
• Category ‘B’ - obtained in 20__
licence

• „Office 2000”: Word, PowerPoint

PC

Interests • PC, foreign languages, reading, travelling.

52
 Business letters

1 Business enquiries
2 Replies to business enquiries
3 Business orders
4 Replies to orders
5 Business complaints
6 Replies to business complaints
7 First debt collection letter
8 Second debt collection letter
9 Third debt collection letter
10 Asking a favour

Business enquiries

These are usually requests for information about goods or services which one firm
addresses to another. They should be short, businesslike and polite. as the writer is a
prospective buyer, and thus in a privileged position, he does not need to be excessively
courteous and humble.

Dear Sirs,

As one of the largest importers of cloth in Switzerland, we are interested in the

men’s suitings you displayed at the recent Zurich trade fair. There is considerable
demand in this country for English tweeds, particularly the high quality ranges and
fashionable designs, and we should like to see your pattern books.
Please let us have your latest export prices, together with your terms of payment,
and state whether you would be able to deliver within three weeks of receipt of order. We
should also like to know if you allow a quantity rebate for regular purchases of large
quantities.
We look forward to receiving your reply.

Yours faithfully,
David Smith

53
Replies to business enquiries

Paragraph 1

1 acknowledgement of enquiry and principal point of reply, in this case a reference to the
enclosure of the price quotation
2 reference to despatch of pattern books
3 delivery guarantee
4 invitation to order soon

Paragraph 2

5 terms of payment
6 discount
7 polite conclusion

Dear Sirs,

In reply to your enquiry of 8th May, we enclose our detailed quotation. A complete
range of patterns was sent to you by post yesterday, and we are happy to inform you that
we can guarantee delivery of any of these within three weeks of receipt of your order.
Owing to the heavy demand for these materials, however, we would ask you to order
without delay
After receiving the usual references, we should be pleased to offer the following
terms: payment against bill of exchange at 60 days, less 2 ½ per cent. We are willing to
allow a 5 per cent reduction in price on all orders over 400 pieces.
You can rely on us to give your order immediate attention.

Yours faithfully,
Roger Davidson

Notice that:

• the request for references is mentioned in passing as if it were a mere formality

• ‘We are happy to inform you’ is preferred instead of ‘We inform you’ or ‘We
must inform you’
• ‘We would ask you’ is more polite than ‘We ask you’

In the letter above the enquirer seems determined to buy from this company
If it seems that the enquirer has not yet decided whether to buy from this firm or from
another, the reply will also have to persuade him to buy from your company and to

54
convince him of the superior quality of your products. You can mention successful sales
and convincing reasons for them.
You can begin with: ’We were very pleased to receive your enquiry of 14th March
and thank you for your interest in our products’

Useful concluding sentences:

We should appreciate the opportunity of showing how efficiently we can supply

your needs.
Our whole experience is at your service and we shall spare no effort to give you
full satisfaction
If we have not covered all the points in your enquiry, please do not hesitate to
write to us again.
We are certain that our products will meet your requirements and we look
forward to receiving your order.

Business orders

A business order should be written in a polite style and the goods ordered must be
described precisely and exhaustively, to avoid misunderstandings.

Paragraph 1
Acknowledgement of receipt of reply to enquiry and quotation.

Paragraph 2
The order itself. This should include accurate catalogue references and detailed
specifications. If alternative goods are acceptable, these can be stated here. Delivery date.

Paragraph 3
Type of packing , transport, and insurance desired. Mention of any documents the buyer
may require.

Paragraph 4
Any special conditions attached to the order; advertising on the part of the supplier; terms
of payment etc.

Paragraph 5
Conclusion inviting prompt execution of the order.

55
Dear Sir,

Many thanks for your quotation for jams and marmalades, and also for the
samples which arrived last week.
We are now convinced that some of the lines will find a ready sale here, and
would like you to send us the following quantities at once:

4 dozen gift boxes (containing 5 assorted jams)

6 dozen ‘Strawberry Jam’
As your makes are comparatively unknown in this country, we hope you will go
ahead with the advertising campaign mentioned by your representative on his last visit.
Our order is subject to your acceptance of our usual terms of payment, viz.1, 60
days after date of invoice.
If this first order is executed satisfactorily, we shall be happy to place further
business with you.

Yours faithfully,
Jane Roberts

1
viz. (contraction of Lat. videlicet) = namely; that is to say

Short order:

Dear Sirs,

Will you please supply 2 dozen rubber stamps, mounted on plastics or wood, exactly
as the enclosed sketch. We should be grateful if you could expedite2 delivery.

Yours faithfully,
Susan Moore

2
expedite = deal quickly with

Opening phrases

We are pleased to place the following order with you…

Kindly supply the following materials as soon as possible:
Following our telephone conversation of ….., please supply …..
Thank you for your samples. We should now like to order ….
Please arrange for the immediate supply of …..

56
Concluding sentences

Please advise us as soon as the goods have been sent.

We trust you will give this order your immediate attention.
Prompt despatch of this order will be greatly appreciated.
We shall be grateful if you will give this order your careful attention
We hope the goods will arrive by next …. at the latest.

Replies to orders

When the exporter receives an order, he usually acknowledges it at once,

expresses his satisfaction, and says that it has already been despatched or that it will be
despatched in the near future. Some replies of this kind repeat the order in full as an
additional check, but this is not always considered necessary.

Dear Sir,

We were very glad to receive your order dated 5th June fot our jams.

These have been despatched to you today, and should reach you in 7-9 days,
provided there are no unforeseen delays. The jars have been carefully packed in special
reinforced cases to prevent damage in transit.

You will be pleased to hear that orders already received from your country have
been most encouraging, and we have decided to launch our advertising on a national
scale. The television advertisements have been scheduled to start in the autumn.

The terms of payment you suggested are perfectly satisfactory, and you may rely
on us to give all your orders prompt attention.

Yours faithfully,
Peter Simpson

57
Business complaints

A business complaint should be characterised by restraint in tone combined with

clarity of exposition. An eventual second letter of complaint will become firmer.

Structure

First, the situation is outlined and evidence of the damage is provided. Secondly, a
suggestion about insurance is made and then the firm is invited to send replacements.

Dear Sirs,
Our Order No. 6235

We regret to inform you that two cases of records in your consignment were in a
badly damaged state on arrival, and that the entire contents are unsaleable. It looks as
though they have been roughly handled or crushed by somrthing heavy. The external
damage is very noticeable and we indicated this on our receipt when accepting delivery.
Presumably you will take the matter up at your end as insurance was effected by
you.
As stated in our order, these goods are required urgently, and we feel sure that in
the circumstances you will want to send replacements as soon as possible.

Yours faithfully,
Doris Lewis

Notice how neatly the replacements are asked for (‘we feel sure that…you will want to
send replacements’) instead of ‘we insist that replacements are sent as soon as possible’

Useful opening sentences

We regret to inform you that your recent delivery was definitely below your usual
standard.
Your consignment was delivered today and was in order with the exception of …
We are very surprised that we have not yet received our Order No…

58
Useful concluding sentences

Perhaps you would let us know without delay how you propose to remedy this.
We are confident you will send replacements as soon as possible.
Unfortunately this is not the first time we have had to complain and if the matter is not
dealt with satisfactorily, we shall not place any further orders with you.
Unless we hear from you by return we shall be compelled to place the matter in the hands
of our solicitors.

Replies to business complaints

Principles:

1 Promptitude
2 Courtesy
3 Brevity of the explanation
4 Redress

Dear Sirs,
Your order No. 6235

Thank you for your letter dated 3rd July. We are very sorry to hear about the two
damaged cases of records, and since they were packed with the utmost care we can only
conclude, as you suggest, that they were carelessly handled in transit.
The matter has been reported to our insurers, and we shall be obliged if you will
keep the cases at our disposal.
Replacements were despatched to you today, and we shall be grateful to hear
when they have arrived safely.
Please accept our sincere apologies for the inconvenience caused, which was due
to circumstances quite beyond our control. We shall take all possible steps to ensure that
such a situation does not arise again.

Yours faithfully,
Jonathan Reeds

Useful sentences

We were very sorry to learn that the material was inferior in quality.
We very much regret the loss of business which the delay has entailed.
We are extremely sorry that you have been put to this inconvenience.

59
 In the circumstances we can only ask you to accept our sincere apologies for the
trouble caused.
While we greatly regret the inconvenience, we feel sure you will understand it was due
to circumstances quite beyond our control.
Though we are in no way responsible for this unfortunate situation, we will naturally
do everything in our power to remedy it.

First debt collection letter

Dear Sirs,

May we draw your attention to the fact that our last quarterly statement amounting to
£116.90 is overdue.
We look forward to receiving your cheque at your earliest convenience.

Yours faithfully,
John Dean

Second debt collection letter

Dear Sirs,

It is now almost three weeks since you were reminded of the overdue balance of your
account, and payment has not yet been received. We have not even had a reply to our
letter of 3rd November.
We must now insist on settlement by the end of this month at the latest.

Yours faithfully,
Sidney Bloom

Third debt collection letter

Dear Sirs,

In spite of the two reminders your account is still outstanding and we have received no
explanation of the delay or indeed any communication at all from you.
We must therefore inform you with regret that we shall be compelled to place the
matter in the hands of our legal advisers unless payment is received within six days.

Yours faithfully,
Laura Ames

60
 Asking a favour

Structure

Four paragraphs:

1 a reference to the subject of the letter (failure to setle an account), and an apology
2 a request for more time in which to pay
3 an explanation of why this is necessary
4 a conclusion stating that any help will be appreciated
Dear Sirs,

The reminder about your quarterly statement reached us yesterday and we very much
regret that delay in payment made it necessary to send this.

Previously, as you know, your account has always been settled promptly, and it is with
the greatest reluctance that we now have to ask you for an extension of several weeks in
which to clear the current liability.

Our difficult situation is fortunately only temporary and has been caused by the recent
transport strike which held up deliveries to all our customers and consequently delayed
their payments to us. We can assure you, however, that within 5-6 weeks at the latest full
settlement will be made.

We shall greatly appreciate it if you will allow us this exceptional concession.

Yours faithfully,
Anne Doris

61
 English in technology

1. _ C _ _ _
2. _ O _ _
3. _ _ N
4. N _ _ _
5. _ _ _ E _ _
6. C _ _ _ _
7. _ _ T
8. _ O _ _
9. _ R _ _ _ _ _
10. S _ _ _ _ _

1. we use a screwdriver to put it on or take it out.

2. mountaineers use it to keep together and avoid falling
3. it is used in dressmaking to hold pieces of cloth together
4. we use hammer to knock it into wood
5. we use needle to sew cloth with it
6. it is made of iron and it is used to keep large ships in port in place
7. it is made of metal and used with 8. to keep different parts of machines together
8. used with 7. to keep different parts of machines together
9. to pin a notice to a notice board we use ……… pins
10. we tie up a parcel with it

II Complete:

1. We cut down trees with an _ _ _

2. We cut paper or cloth with a pair of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. We knock nails into wood with a _ _ _ _ _ _
4. We raise a car to change a wheel with a _ _ _ _
5. We put in and take out screws with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. We tighten or loosen nuts with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7. We saw wood with a _ _ _
8. We bend and cut wire with _ _ _ _ _ _
9. We break up roads, rocks etc. with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. We draw corks out of bottles with a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

62
 III Give the Romanian translations for the following garden tools:

fork
hoe
lawnmower
rake
scythe
shears
sickle
spade

IV Fill the blanks with the nouns of quantity given below:

bunch bundle deck fleet flight heap

lump pile pint plate row string

1 a……………….of flowers
2 a.………………….. of houses
3 a.………………..of stones
4 a ……………..……of ships
5 a………………....of sticks
6 a .……………………of beads
7 a ……………..……of blankets
8 a....…………………..of stairs
9 a …………………of playing cards
10 a…………………..of sandwiches
11 a……...…………...of beer
12 a……………...……of sugar

V Give the English translations for the following instruments:

1. vioara
2. trompeta
3. tobe
4. chitara
5. tambal
6. cimpoi
7. flaut, fluier
8. harpa

63
VI Complete with the following words:

aperture developing film flashbulbs

holder image indoors lens
light light rays opening picture
shutter shutter release button taking viewfinder
wind

The parts of a camera

A camera is a box with an aperture, or small ………………., at one end. The

………………. lets light into the camera just as a window lets …………… into a room.
A shutter over the opening works like a Venetian blind. When you take a ………….., you
press the ………….. The ……………….. opens, lets light into the camera, and quickly
closes.
Light passes through a glass ……………. when it enters the camera. The lens
bends the ………….. so that they form a sharp image on a section of the film. The
……………. appears on the film only after the film has gone through a complicated
chemical process called ……………….
Before ……………… a picture, you look through the…………….….. of the
camera to make sure that all of your subject will appear in the picture.. After taking the
picture, you ……………….. the ………………. on to get the camera set for the next
picture. Most cameras are equipped with a ……………….. for flashbulbs. The use of
……………. adds extra light to a scene, especially ………………

VII Give the English translations for the following things found in the artist’s
studio:

1. pensula
2. paleta
3. panza, tablou
4. sevalet

VIII Give the Romanian translations for the following:

1. buckle
2. button
3. hook and eye

64
 4. pin
5. press stud
6. snap / popper
7. zipper / zip
8. thimble
9. pin cushion
10. tape measure

IX Give the English translations for the following verbs:

a coase
a tricota
a tese

X Choose the correct answer:

1 When you turn off the TV, please pull out the …………….., too.

a) block
b) plug
c) switch
d) wire

2 When you ……………… this red button, the machine stops.

a) hit
b)lift
c) press
d) pull

3 He ……………….. the tap but could get no water.

a) adjusted
b) controlled
c) opened
d) turned on

4 Where is the book of ……………… for using this washing maschine?

a) directives
b) b) instructions
c) c) orders
d) d) regulations

65
5 Don’t touch that wire or you may get an electric ………………

a) attack
b) current
c) shock
d) surprise

6 There is a lot of water on the floor. I think the washing machine must be ……………

a) dropping
b) leaking
c) oozing
d) seeping

7 We have to use the stairs as the lift is out of ……………….

a) function
b) movement
c) order
d) practice

8 There is something ………….. with my TV. The picture won’t come on.

a) bad
b) missing
c) unusual
d) wrong

9 The central heating doesn’t seem to be ……………… properly.

a) going
b) performing
c) warming
d) working

10 When I turned on the switch, the lights …………….

a) cracked
b) expired
c) fired
d) fused

11 She keeps a supply of candles in the house in case of a power ………………

a) absence
b) cut

66
 c) lack
d) shortage

12 Hang your coat up by the …………………… at the back of the collar.

a) band
b) hole
c) hook
d) loop

13 Please close the window; there’s a terrible ………….

a) breeze
b) current
c) draught
d) headwind

14 Before using the paint, you should …………… it in the tin.

a) roll
b) stir
c) turn
d) twist

67
 KEYS TO THE EXERCISES

ENGLISH IN HISTORY

I
1. b
2. c
3. d
4. c
5. b
6. b
7. c
8. d
9. b
10. a
11. d
12. d
13. c
14. b

II

ROYAL FAMILY: consort, king, prince, princess, queen

ROYAL HOUSEHOLD: herald, jester, lady-in-waiting, minstrel, page

PEERAGE: baron, duke, earl, marquis

KNIGHT (EQUIPMENT): armour, gauntlet, lance, shield, sword

CASTLE: banqueting-hall, battlement, bedchamber, courtyard, drawbridge, dungeon,

fortress, moat, tower, turret

III

1300 The Renaissance began in Italy with Giotto’s PAINTINGS and WRITINGS by
Petrarch and Boccaccio.
1334-1351 The Black DEATH swept across Europe, destroying about a fourth of the
POPULATION.

68
1337-1453 France and England FOUGHT the Hundred Years’ WAR , a series of wars
broken by truces and TREATIES. It began with the English INVASION of Normandy.
The English won the battles of Crecy, Poitiers and Agincourt, but the French
DEFEATED them at Orleans, and finally drove them out of France.
1378-1417 The Great SCHISM divided the Roman Catholic Church. Two popes, one
Italian and one French, claimed control of the CHURCH.
1429 Joan of Arc led the French to VICTORY over the English in the battle of Orleans.
Later, the English burned her at the STAKE in Rouen.
1440 Johannes Gutenberg, a German printer, INVENTED movable type for PRINTING.
1485 England came under the INFLUENCE of the Renaissance after the wars of the
ROSES, which ended in 1485.
1517 Martin Luther, a German MONK, began the Protestant REFORMATION in
Germany when he nailed his Ninety-Five THESES to the door of All Saints’ Church in
Wittenberg.
1519-1522 Spanish SHIPS made the first VOYAGE around the world. Ferdinand
Magellan, the Portuguese navigator and EXPLORER, commanded the voyage.

IV

HISTORIC = famous, or important in history; something that will be remembered as a

significant event in history

e.g.: This is a(n) historic occasion.

HISTORICAL = concerning past events

= based on the study of history
= something that has actually occurred or existed

e.g.: historical novel; historical research; historical evidence

COMMODITY = article, product or material that is exchanged in trade

ANTHEM = song or hymn adopted by a nation, used to express loyalty and patriotism,
Especially on ceremonial occasions

UNDERTOOK = (start to) make oneself responsible for something

CURATOR = person in charge of a museum

MOUNTING = increasing

69
 ENGLISH IN MEDICINE

1. f
2. e
3. j
4. a
5. c
6. d
7. i
8. b
9. g
10. h

II

Treatment of a Minor Injury

CLEANSE the wound thoroughly and apply an ANTISEPTIC to counteract

germs which spread DISEASE.
Otherwise the wound may FESTER. Sticking PLASTER may be applied or the WOUND
may be bandaged.
OINTMENT may be smeared over the SKIN.

III

1. SNEEZING
2. CURE
3. PRESCRIPTION
4. FEE
5. DIET

70
IV

My wife complained that something was wrong WITH her. She said she had a
pain IN her back and that she suffered FROM bad headaches. As she was getting worse
and worse I sent FOR a doctor. Immediately afterwards she was taken TO hospital.
Yesterday she was operated ON. Now she feels much better.
V

1. c
2. a
3. a
4. a
5. c
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. c
10. c
11. d
12. c
13. d
14. a
15. a

VI

1. c
2. a
3. d
4. i
5. j
6. f
7. h
8. e
9. g
10. b

VII

• blink: eyes
• clench: teeth
• cross: arms, legs, fingers
• fold: arms

71
 • nod: head
• stick out: tongue
• point: finger
• shrug: shoulders
• snap: fingers
• stamp: feet

VIII

1. appendicitis
2. bronchitis
3. chicken pox
4. diabetes
5. hay fever
6. hepatitis
7. influenza
8. leukemia (leukaemia)
9. measles
10. tuberculosis

IX

1. g
2. h
3. i
4. a
5. b
6. d
7. c
8. f
9. e

1. GENERAL PRACTITIONER
2. NURSE
3. IN-PATIENT
4. OUT-PATIENT
5. SURGEON
6. CASUALTY
7. MIDWIFE
8. SPECIALIST

72
XI

1. A
2. B

XII

1. Pediatrician (Paediatrician)
2. Radiologist
3. Dermatologist
4. Geriatrician
5. Oculist
6. Neurologist
7. Optician
8. Gynecologist (Gynaecologist)
9. Orthopedist (Orthopaedist)
10. Orthodontist
11. Physiotherapist
12. Obstetrician

XIII

In these infections caused by virus agents it seems that the clinical manifestations
are mostly those of a bacterial infection, which is superimposed over the initial damage
of the mucous membrane by the virus agent. A variety of organisms have been isolated
from the acute infections of the bronchia, among which more common are the
staphylococci and the influenzal bacilli.

ENGLISH IN TRANSPORT

Airliners, or PASSENGER planes, differ from light planes not only in SIZE but also in
speed and equipment. They are designed to CARRY a greater number of people over
longer DISTANCES without stopping to refuel.
A passenger airliner has a comfortable CABIN with soft carpets, adjustable
upholstered SEATS, washrooms, and individual AIR VENTS and reading lights. It has a
GALLEY for preparing food. Many airlines offer TOURIST, or economy class service,
which costs less than first –class travel.

73
 The CRUISING SPEED of four-engine airliners range from about 350 mph for
propeller-driven planes to more than 500 mph for JET-PROPELLED planes.
The CREW of an airliner works as a team to make the trip smooth ans pleasant.
While the passengers take their seats, the pilot or CAPTAIN, co-pilot, flight engineer,
and stewardesses prepare the plane for FLIGHT. The pilot, assisted by the CO-PILOT,
checks the instruments and tests the controls. The FLIGHT ENGINEER controls the
other mechanical equipment. The stewardesses check the PASSENGER LIST, make sure
that passengers fasten their SAFETY BELTS for TAKE OFF. Later, the
STEWARDESSES distribute magazines, serve meals, and do other things to make the
TRIP enjoyable.

II

KINDS OF SHIPS: freighters, liner, warships

PARTS OF A SHIP: bow, cabins, galley, gang-way, hold, rudder, stern

THINGS FOUND ON A SHIP: bunks, compass, deck-chairs, life-jacket, rope, charts

PEOPLE FOUND ON A SHIP: captain, crew, mate, navigator, seamen, stewards

OTHERS: (to) board, cliffs, coast, cranes, cruise, docks, (to) embark, fleet, harbour,
knots, latitude, lighthouses, loaded, moored, (to) navigate, overboard,
seasickness, stormy, vessels, voyage, waves, wreck.

III

• Barge: carrying cargo

• Cargo boat: carrying cargo
• Ferry: carrying cargo and passengers from one side of a lake, river, or short sea to
the other side
• Liner: carrying passengers
• Rowing boat: pleasure
• Submarine: warship
• Tanker: carrying petrol
• Yacht: pleasure

IV

ANCHOR = ancora

MAST = catarg

74
BOW = prora

PROPELLER = elice

FUNNEL = cos de fum

RUDDER = carma
STERN = pupa

1. c
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. a
10. b
11. d

VI

COCKPIT = carlinga

NOSE = prora

FIN = stabilizator

RUDDER = carma

FUSELAGE = fuselaj

UNDERCARRIAGE = tren de aterizare

HATCH = trapa

WING = aripa

75
 river canal lake sea underwater
A barge X X
A cargo boat X
A ferry X X X
A liner X
A rowing boat X X
A submarine X
An oil tanker X
A yacht X X

VII

VIII

1. d
2. a
3. d
4. c
5. c
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. a
10. a
11. c
12. d
13. b
14. a
15. a
16. b
17. d
18. b

76
IX

1. steering wheel
2. windscreen
3. can
4. spare parts
5. safety belt
6. brake
7. ignition switch
8. jack
9. gearbox
10. tool kit
11. fuel pump
12. headlight
13. the main/high beam
14. the dipped beam
15. the accelerator pedal
16. brake-lights
17. turn indicator
18. clutch
19. horn
20. bumper
21. left/right wing
22. top/hood
23. tow cable
24. driving mirror / rear view mirror
25. (wind)screen wiper
26. spark-plug
27. the front screen gun
28. tyre
29. fuel tank
30. inflator
31. antifreeze liquid
32. brake fluid
33. petrol (Br.), gas (Am.)
34. to overtake

77
 ENGLISH IN THE ARMY

1. LOSSES
2. VICTORY, CAMPAIGN, DEFEAT
3. CASUALTY
4. SURRENDER
5. CONQUEST
6. CEASEFIRE / TRUCE

II

WEAPONS: bazookas, guided missiles, howitzers, machine guns, mortars, rifles

SHIPS: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, mine-sweepers, submarines, tugs

AIRCRAFTS: bombers, fighters, helicopters,

III

1 j
2 f
3 a
4 b
5 l
6 e
7 c
8 g
9 k
10 h
11 i
12 d

IV

A typical day for a SOLDIER depends on his ASSIGNMENT. During peacetime at a

permanent ARMY POST, the bugler sounds REVEILLE at 5:30 or 6 a.m. to waken the
TROOPS. After ROLL CALL, the men wash and shave, go to the MESS HALL for
breakfast.

78
 Next they form ranks for DRILL. They practice various MARCHING routines
and the use and care of WEAPONS. Other men take care of housekeeping details. The
COOKS begin their work long before reveille. The first sergeant and the company clerk
handle the ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES and ‘paperwork’ of the unit. The mess sergeant
SUPERVISES the cooks. The SUPPLY SERGEANT cares for and issues clothing and
equipment. Each Saturday, the UNIT COMMANDER inspects the entire company.
Drill is usually completed by 11 a.m. After dinner at noon, the men return to their
jobs or TRAINING. All day and night some officers and men are on GUARD DUTY.
They are posted at warehouses, motor pools, storage depots and around the
PERIMETER.
Parades and REVIEWS sometimes take place in the afternoon until about 5 p.m.
After supper, SOLDIERS not assigned special duties may do as they please. Most army
posts have RECREATION buildings called service clubs. Each COMPANY- SIZED
UNIT has a clubroom called a DAYROOM. Men who do not have permission to stay out
must be in their BARRACKS by 11 p.m. and lights must be turned off.

1. IN
2. FIRED
3. LOSS
4. COMMEMORATES
5. EXPLODE
6. AWARDED
7. IMMINENT
8. TRIGGER
9. SWEAR
10. REJECTED
11. MORALE

79
 ENGLISH IN THE CHURCH

1. d
2. b
3. d
4. d
5. b
6. b
7. b
8. c
9. c
10. d

II

1. DIOCESE
2. PARISH
3. HEAVEN, ANGELS, SAINTS
4. CARDINALS
5. WORSHIP
6. SERVICE, MASS
7. PRAYERS, SERMON
8. CONGREGATION, BLESSING
9. CREATION
10. PARADISE
11. GOSPELS
12. SINS
13. DEVIL, HELL
14. CONVERT

III

1. CHRISTIANITY – reincarnation
2. ISLAM – curate
3. JUDAISM – saints
4. HINDUISM – church
5. BUDDHISM – baptism

80
IV
The Clergymen or the Church of England

Here are Church of England, or ANGLICAN Church, CLERGYMEN, arranged

in order of importance: an archbishop, a BISHOP, a vicar, a curate. A VICAR is
sometimes called a rector, and his house a vicarage, or a RECTORY. A dean is the
clergyman in charge of a CATHEDRAL. A churchwarden is a LAYMAN (not a
clergyman) who shares responsibility for church business matters. The organist plays the
organ and the CHOIRMASTER trains the church choir.

V
• Temptation
• Sin
• Sorrow for sin
• Determination to atone
• Confession
• Penance
• Absolution
• Holy Communion

VI
1. a, h
2. a, h
3. c
4. a
5. a, h
6. g
7. b
8. f, g
9. d
10. h, i
11. d
12. h
13. e
14. c
15. a, h

VII
1. c
2. e
3. f
4. a
5. g
6. d
7. b

81
 ENGLISH IN LAW

1. THIEF
2. PICKPOCKET
3. BLACKMAILER
4. HIJACKER
5. SHOPLIFTER
6. MURDERER
7. BURGLAR
8. ROBBER
9. KIDNAPPER
10. SPY
11. VANDAL
12. BIGAMIST

II

• suspected
• interrogated
• accused
• arrested
• charged
• tried
• convicted
• sent to prison
• paroled

III

1. c
2. f
3. h
4. e
5. i
6. b
7. a
8. g
9. j
10. d

82
IV

Trial by Jury

A jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the WITNESSES in LEGAL

DISPUTES and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a JURY decides the facts is
called a TRIAL by jury.
Before each COURT term, a jury commissioner or another public OFFICER
prepares a panel, or large initial LIST of qualified jurors. For each trial, JURORS are
selected by lot from this PANEL. Before the trial begins, the jurors SWEAR to decide the
facts fairly. They hear the TESTIMONY given by witnesses for both sides, including
CROSS-EXAMINATIONS. Then COUNSEL for each side sum up, or summarize the
case, and the JUDGE explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury.
In CIVIL SUITS for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at FAULT
and must determine the amount of MONEY to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must
decide whether or not the ACCUSED is guilty ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’, and then
either return a verdict of guilty, or ACQUIT the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If
the verdict is GUILTY the judge imposes the SENTENCE, or punishment, within limits
that have been fixed by the LEGISLATURE.

1. f
2. g
3. k
4. d
5. j
6. b
7. l
8. e
9. i
10. c
11. h
12. a

83
VI

Crime
Crime violates the laws of a community, STATE or nation. It is punishable in
accordance with these LAWS. The definition of crime varies according to time and place,
but the laws of most COUNTRIES consider as crimes such OFFENCES as arson,
BIGAMY, burglary, FORGERY, murder and TREASON.
Not all offences against the law are CRIMES. The laws that set down the
punishments for crimes form the CRIMINAL LAW. This law defines as crimes those
offences considered most harmful to the COMMUNITY. On the other hand, a PERSON
may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the CIVIL law.
The common law recognizes three CLASSES of crime: treason, FELONY and
misdemeanour.
Death or LIFE IMPRISONMENT is the usual PENALTY for treason. Laws in the United
States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a TERM of one year
or more in a state or federal PRISON. A person who commits a MISDEMEANOUR may
be punished by a FINE or a jail term of less than one year.

VII
1. d
2. b
3. c
4. c
5. b
6. c
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. b
11. d
12. c
13. b
14. b
15. a
16. d
17. b
18. c
19. b
20. a
21. d
22. c
23. c
24. b
25. b
26. b
27. c

84
 28. b
29. b

ENGLISH IN THE MEDIA

1. a
2. b
3. b
4. d
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. c
9. d
10. c
11. b
12. a
13. b
14. c
15. b

II

Articles for sale – CLASSIFIED ADS

Clothes - FASHION

The editor’s comments on the news - EDITORIAL

Films being shown locally - ENTERTAINMENT

Houses for sale – HOUSE HUNTER’S GUIDE

News from abroad – OVERSEAS NEWS

People who have died recently - OBITUARIES

Recently published books – ARTS, REVIEWS

85
Second-hand cars – CLASSIFIED ADS

Duties performed by the Queen yesterday – COURT AND SOCIAL

III

1. a
2. a
3. c
4. d
5. d
6. d
7. a
8. a
9. a
10. b
11. c
12. d
13. b
14. b
15. c

ENGLISH IN BUSINESS

The Application Letter

Mistakes

• the candidate is too boastful

• he mentions his family and financial problems as reasons for obtaining the job
• he uses colloquial English (‘to get it’, ‘take me on’)
• he criticises his former boss and workplace
• he criticises the company
• he makes demands in the application letter
• sentence number 9 sounds like an order
• he mentions a hobby not connected with the job he applies for

86
I

1. SALARY
2. LOAN
3. DEBT
4. CASH
5. WAGE
6. ALIMONY
7. DUTY
8. BILL
9. INTEREST
10. FEE
11. GRANT
12. PENSION
13. FINE
14. TAXES
15. FARE

II

1. e
2. f
3. m
4. l
5. i
6. b
7. h
8. j
9. g
10. d
11. a
12. k
13. c

III

1. FARES
2. DUTY
3. PENSION, INTEREST
4. WELL OFF, SALARY
5. INVESTMENT
6. STANDARD, PERCENT
7. MORTGAGE
8. OBLIGATION
9. SAVING, FINANCIAL
10. EQUAL

87
 11. CHEQUE BOOK, CREDIT CARD
12. NOTES, WALLET
IV

People SAVE money in banks for future use. A man may be PAID each week for
his work. He probably will not want to SPEND all his pay the day he receives it. It may
be risky for him to carry all his unspent money in his POCKET, or to HIDE it at home.
So he may decide to put some of his money in a bank for SAFEKEEPING. The money he
puts in the bank is called a DEPOSIT. This money is CREDITED, or added, to his
ACCOUNT. Am account is a RECORD of the money a depositor has in the bank. When
the depositor wants to WITHDRAW, or take out, part of his deposit, the BANK must be
ready to pay him.
Banks use the money of DEPOSITORS for loans to those who need FUNDS. The
bank that makes the loan is called a lender, or CREDITOR. The bank charges the
borrower, or DEBTOR, interest for the use of the LOAN. Charging INTEREST for the
use of money is the chief source of BANK INCOME.

1. d
2. a
3. d
4. a
5. c
6. a
7. a
8. b
9. a
10. d
11. c
12. a
13. b
14. c
15. c
16. d
17. a
18. b
19. c
20. a
21. c
22. a

88
 ENGLISH IN TECHNOLOGY

1. SCREW
2. ROPE
3. PIN
4. NAIL
5. THREAD
6. CHAIN
7. NUT
8. BOLT
9. DRAWING
10. STRING
II

1. AXE
2. SCISSORS
3. HAMMER
4. JACK
5. SCREWDRIVER
6. SPANNER
7. SAW
8. PLIERS
9. PICKAXE
10. CORKSCREW

III

• Furca
• Sapa
• Masina de tuns iarba
• Grebla
• Coasa
• Foarfeci mari
• Secera
• Harlet

89
IV

1. BUNCH of flowers
2. ROW of houses
3. PILE of stones
4. FLEET of ships
5. BUNDLE of sticks
6. STRING of beads
7. PILE of blankets
8. FLIGHT of stairs
9. DECK of playing cards
10. PLATE of sandwiches
11. PINT of beer
12. LUMP of sugar

• Violin
• Trumpet
• Drums
• Guitar
• Cymbal (dulcimer)
• Bagpipes
• Flute
• Harp

VI

The parts of a camera

A camera is a box with an aperture, or small OPENING, at one end. The

APERTURE lets light into the camera just as a window lets LIGHT into a room. A
shutter over the opening works like a Venetian blind. When you take a PICTURE, you
press the SHUTTER RELEASE BUTTON. The SHUTTER opens, lets light into the
camera, and quickly closes.
Light passes through a glass LENS when it enters the camera. The lens bends the
LIGHT RAYS so that they form a sharp image on a section of the film. The IMAGE
appears on the film only after the film has gone through a complicated chemical process
called DEVELOPING.

90
 Before TAKING a picture, you look through the VIEWFINDER of the camera to
make sure that all of your subject will appear in the picture. After taking the picture, you
WIND the FILM on to get the camera set for the next picture. Most cameras are equipped
with a HOLDER for flashbulbs. The use of FLASHBULBS adds extra light to a scene,
especially INDOORS.

VII

1. BRUSH
2. PALETTE
3. CANVAS
4. EASEL

VIII

1. catarama
2. nasture
3. mos si baba
4. ac cu gamalie
5. capsa
6. capsa mica
7. fermoar
8. degetar
9. pernita de ace
10. centimetru

IX

• a coase = to sew
• a tricota = to knit
• a tese = to weave

1. b
2. c
3. d
4. b
5. c
6. b
7. c

91
8. d
9. d
10. d
11. b
12. d
13. c
14. b
15. c
16. b

92
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

The British Council, English for Science & Technology, Cavallioti Publishing
House, 1997

The British Council, English for Business and Administration, Cavallioti

Publishing House, 1997

Misztal, M. Test your Vocabulary, Teora, 1998

Brown, P., Scrieciu, I., Stefanescu, C. Business English, Prietenii Cartii,

Bucuresti, 2002

Riley, A. English for Law, Macmillan Publishers, 1995

Dobrovici, V. & Bostaca, I. English in Medicine, Polirom, 1999

Levitchi, L. & Bantas, A. Dictionar englez-roman, Teora, 1999

Levitchi, L. & Bantas, A. Dictionar roman-englez, Teora, 1999

Levitchi, L. Dictionar tehnic englez-roman, Teora, 2000

Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language, Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1993

93