Energy

BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Topic 5. BIOMASS
OBJECTIVES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biomass resources: agricultural waste, urban solid waste
and aquatic waste
1. Solid form, need for making into pellets
2. Combustion, direct & thermo chemical conversion
3. Conversion of biomass into liquid fuel & gas
4. Aerobic and anaerobic digestion process, digester types
5. Applications of biofuel, cooking, lighting, pumping water
6. Energy requirements of society in remote places
Topic 5. Biomass
5.1 Introduction
Topic 5. Biomass
5.1 Introduction
Carbon Cycle
3
Topic 5. Biomass
5.1 Introduction
4
Topic 5. Biomass
5.2 Biomass Resources
Global Energy Sources 2002
5
Topic 5. Biomass
Renewable Energy Use – 2001
6
Topic 5. Biomass
Biomass Classification
Topic 5. Biomass
Organic Waste and Residues
Topic 5. Biomass Energy
Forest residues
▪ Switchgrass, found in remnant prairies, along
roadsides, pastures and as wind breakers
around farms.
▪ Hardy, perennial grass can grow up to 1.8-2.2 m
▪ Either as forage for livestock, in wildlife areas,
or as a ground cover, to control erosion.
▪ Has potential for production of up to 1000
gallons of ethanol per acre.
▪ Currently not viable alternative, requiring 45%
fossil energy than the fuel produced.
▪ More research for more efficient conversion
process Switchgrass
9
Topic 5. Biomass
Forest residues
Wood Chips & Sawdust 10

Topic 5. Biomass
Agricultural crop residues
The total energy content of the annual residues of the world's two main
tropical food crops, sugar and rice, is estimated as about 18 EJ - similar to
the total for temperate crops. Significant quantities are already being
used as fuels.
❑ Bagasse, the fibrous residue of sugar cane, is used in sugar factories
as a fuel for raising steam, and to produce electricity for use in the
plant. Facts:-
i. Transporting the bagasse may not be economic.
ii. Increased recovery of wastes, combined with improved efficiency
of conversion to electricity, could result in up to 50 GW of
generating capacity from the sugar industry world-wide.
Topic 5. Biomass
iii. The use of bagasse to produce ethanol is another possibility.
❑ Rice husks are among the most common agricultural residues in the
world, accounting for about one-fifth of unmilled rice dry weight.
Although they have a high silica (ash) content compared with other
biomass fuels, their uniform texture makes them suitable for
technologies such as gasification. Rice husk gasifiers have been
successfully operated in Indonesia, China and Mali (Manurung, 1990).
Topic 5. Biomass
Sugar Cane Bagasse 13

Topic 5. Biomass
Soybeans
http://agproducts.unl.edu/ 14
Topic 5. Biomass
Sorghum
15
Topic 5. Biomass
Corn Stover
16
Topic 5. Biomass
Corn 17
Topic 5. Biomass
Energy Crops
Hybrid Poplar
▪ Fastest-growing trees in North America ,
well suited for the production of
bioenergy (e.g., heat, power,
transportation fuels), fiber (e.g., paper,
pulp, particle board, etc.) and other
biobased products (e.g., organic
chemicals, adhesives). With the
exception of the more arid regions,
hybrid poplars can be produced
throughout most of the continental U.S.
▪ Poplars were used as windbreaks
19
Topic 5. Biomass
Vegetable oil crops
Jatropha (Pokok Jarak)
❑Abundance as succulent plants, shrubs and trees

❑Produce male/female flowers containing highly toxic compounds
❑Use as oil and reclamation plants
❑One of the best candidates for future biodiesel production
❑Resistant to drought and pests,
❑Produces seeds containing 27-40% oil, averaging 34.4%
❑Jatropha seeds press cake recycled for energy production
❑Currently properly domesticated and their productivity is
variable
Topic 5. Biomass
Topic 5. Biomass
Topic 5. Biomass
Municipal Solid Waste
23
5.2 Energy Resources
MSW Power Plant
24
Topic 5. Biomass
Biomass Energy Conversion Technologies
25
Topic 5. Biomass
5.3 Promise of Bioenergy
Topic 5. Biomass
5.3 Promise of Bioenergy
27
REFERENCES
1. Renewable Energy Resources
John Twidell and Tony Weir
E & F.N.Spon
2. Solar Energy – Principles of Thermal Collection and storage
S.P.Sukhatme,
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1996.
3. Renewable Energy Resources - Basic Principles and
Understandings
G.N.Tiwari and M.K.Ghosal
Narosa
4. Renewable Energy Sources and Conversion Technology
N.K.Bansal et al
Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1990.

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BMM 4753 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

Wood Chips & Sawdust 10

Sugar Cane Bagasse 13

❑Abundance as succulent plants, shrubs and trees

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