Literature
http://awinlanguage.blogspot.com/2012/03/ps
ychological-approach-to-analyze.html
The aim of psychological study folds in three natures. Foremost, the objective of understanding
behavior, that is by defining factors that combine the development and expression of behavior.
Secondly, the psychologist striving to develop procedure for the accurate prediction of behavior.
Thirdly, psychology aims at developing techniques that will permit the control of behavior that
is, way of “ shaping” or course of psychological development through manipulating
those basic factors to the growth and the expression of behavior.
The psychological approach leads most directly to a substantial amplification of the meaning of a
literary work. When we discuss psychology and its place in a literary work, we are primarily
studying the author’s imagination. As all literary works are based on some kind of experience,
and as all authors are human, we are necessarily caught up in the wide spectrum of emotional
problems (caused by experience). Not all recourse of psychology in the analysis of literary work
is undertaken to arrive at the understanding of the literary work, to a certain extent, we must be
willing to use psychology to discuss probability.
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The subjective approach to a literary work begins with personal interest in it. That is, when one
has read a literary work he has encountered the statement of a certain experience. Then he wants
to respond to that experience through a consideration of his own experience.
In the Frost poem, for example, one might, for subjective reasons, concludes that the speaker is
an tired old man or a young man who feels tired when he considers how many years remained
for him. A girl might, for subjective reasons, feels enough kinship to the speaker to decide it is a
woman, rather than a man. Therefore, subjective approach in a literary work is an approach to
analyze a literary work from the point of view of the reader. So the interpretation is based on
what is in reader’s mind or according to the experience felt by the reader.
Take an example in the field of poetry study, to begin with the critic should try to present the
basic information which concerns with the elements of physic of the poem going to be analyzed,
such as, rhythm, foot, rhyme scheme, stanza and etc. There should be a description of the basic
versification of the poem; what kind of and how many feet in each line does it have? how is the
rhyme scheme: abab or aaba or else? By using what kinds of stanza do the lines arrange? How is
the meaning of the poem conveyed through the use of those technical devices? etc.
After presenting the basic versification of the poem, then it goes to analysis of the content
elements, what the poem tells about? where and when do the story take place? who are the
characters? what kinds of point of view that the author used? what kinds of figurative languages
which are in there to beautify the literary work? and etc.
But what must be payed attention closely is that, all of the analysis must be done in objective
way, it means that the critic should give their comment based on what are there in the literary
work without involving his personal interest, experience, and feeling. So it is purely the
description of the work based on what are stated in it.
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One of the most basic approach used in the analysis of literary work refers to the historical
method of literary criticism. In line with this, (Russell 1966: 52) assures that the critic interprets
the poem within the history, or contemporary frame of reference, behind the poem. In other
words, Historical approach is one of the method to analysis literary work in which the author and
the reader comprehend the message of the literary work by remembering the moment/historic
moment a long with the literary work written.
It means that if one takes historical approach, he/she have to be willing to do the basic exclusion
of all other approaches or at least he must not use any of the other approaches until this historical
approach has exhausted.While those using the historical approach admit that a poem can mean
something different to the readers of a later century, he still maintains that the original meaning
is the only true one, and that it can be discovered only through historical analysis. Put simply,
this approach sees a literary work chiefly, if not exclusively, as a reflection of its author's life and
times or the life and times of the characters in the work.
Interesting fact can be spelled out through a literary work. The literary work which fits best using
this approach in the attempt to gain better and deeper understanding of the content is that the
song 'Wind of Change' by Scorpion which presents the history of the Cold War's ending. You'll
never know the meaning of this song without knowing the history of Cold War.
1. Discovering the time when the poem was made, what happened to the author in that time, or is
there any special moment in that time which is recorded by historian.
2. Analyzing at glance whether it is connected or not between the content of the literary work
and the certain historical moments after finding out the basic information of it concerning the
"when".
3. Finding the clues left by the author, usually in the forms of special terms, symbols, or
figurative language which are strongly related to the moment of the past which become the
inspiration of the literary work was being made. Take the example of the song 'Wind of Change'
by Scorpion, terms like, Moskva, Gorky Park, August summer night, balalaika, freedom bell, and
etc. Through those terms the readers are given clues of what the song tells about.
4. Interpreting the literary work based on the moment underlying the creation of it by
comprehending and analyzing the content related to its historical moment.
Biographical approach examines the literary work in relation to the author’s life. And often a
particular poem or song is subject to this kind of analysis simply by nature of its material in
relation to the background of the author's personal experience. Or simply we can say,
Biographical approach is an approach used to understand and comprehend a literary work by
studying deeper about the life of the author.
The good example of analysis by using this approach is the study of Emily's Chariot, since
almost the whole contents of the poem tell about Emily's personal life.
This approach emphasizes “the recurrent universal patterns underlying most literary works.”
Combining the insights from anthropology, psychology, history, and comparative religion,
mythological criticism “explores the artist’s common humanity by tracing how the individual
imagination uses myths and symbols common to different cultures and epochs.” One key concept
in mythological criticism is the archetype, “a symbol, character, situation, or image that evokes a
deep universal response,” which entered literary criticism from Swiss psychologist Carl Jung.
According to Jung, all individuals share a “‘collective unconscious,’ a set of primal memories
common to the human race, existing below each person’s conscious mind”, often deriving from
primordial phenomena such as the sun, moon, fire, night, and blood, archetypes according to
Jung “trigger the collective unconscious”.