3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

Chapter 14 Homework
Due: 1:59pm on Monday, March 25, 2019
You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy

Video Tutor: Some Virulence Factors

Watch the Video Tutor on Some Virulence Factors and then answer the questions below.

Part A
Hyaluronidase and collagenase both allow bacteria to _____.

Hint 1. Enzymes

Hyaluronidase and collagenase are both named for the substrates they break down.

ANSWER:

escape detection by a host

interfere with complement

invade a host's tissues

adhere to body cells

Correct
Hyaluronidase allows bacteria to pass between cells, and collagenase degrades connective tissue.

Part B
Which type of toxin, when secreted, may lead to the disruption of the cells within the gastrointestinal tract?

Hint 1. Tissue Damage

The name of the toxin translates as "intestinal toxin."

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

enterotoxin

endotoxin

neurotoxin

cytotoxin

Correct
Enterotoxins are responsible for the disruption and possible destruction of host cells and tissues within the
digestive tract. Enteron is Greek for "intestine."

Part C
A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____.

Hint 1. LPS
Endotoxins are associated with the lipopolysaccharide layer.

ANSWER:

physically part of the bacterial structure

secreted by bacteria

able to kill cells directly

not actually toxic

Correct
Endotoxins are derived from the lipopolysaccharide layer that makes up the outermost membrane of Gram-
negative cells.

Part D
The release of lipid A may lead to _____.

Hint 1. Infection
The symptoms are the same as the body's general response to any infection.

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

seizures, anemia, inflammation, and shock

hypothermia, blood clotting, pus formation, and shock

fever, blood clotting, inflammation, and shock

fever, blood clotting, muscle contraction, and anemia

Correct
All four of these symptoms can be associated with the release of lipid A.

Part E
Bacterial capsules work by _____.

Hint 1. Phagocytes
Capsules are sometimes composed of chemicals like hyaluronic acid.

ANSWER:

preventing synthesis of digestive chemicals by phagocytes

protecting the bacterium from engulfment

preventing the action of complement

killing the phagocyte

Correct
Capsules composed of chemicals normally found in the body may hide bacteria from phagocytes.

Part F
Some bacteria secrete chemicals that prevent the phagocytic digestion of a bacterium by interfering with the fusion of _____
to the phagosome.

Hint 1. Organelles

Recall which organelles are involved in phagocytosis.

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

the bacterium

pseudopods

a lysosome

a lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)

Correct
Chemicals that prevent lysosomes from fusing to phagosomes essentially prevent the lytic enzymes of the
phagocyte from destroying the bacterium.

Part G
Virulence factors allow microbes to be pathogens. This means that a bacterium with more virulence factors _____.

Hint 1. Virulence
Imagine the result if a pathogen had more ways of being pathogenic.

ANSWER:

can more easily infect hosts and cause disease

can infect a greater variety of hosts

will be more deadly

cause a more severe immune response by the host

Correct
Pathogens are microbes that infect hosts and cause disease. Virulence factors enable bacteria to infect and
persist within a host more effectively.

Part H
Why may some bacteria use extracellular enzymes to form blood clots?

Hint 1. Clots

Blood clots are made from clotting proteins, natural products found in blood. Think of what advantage it may confer
to the pathogen to be within a blood clot.

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

The blood clots cause disease, which is the intended purpose of the bacteria.

The blood clots are a necessary food source for the bacteria.

Blood clot can hide bacteria from the immune system.

A blood clot leads to tissue necrosis or death, a necessary condition for infection.

Correct
A blood clot, being formed from normal components of the body, acts as camouflage and can prevent defensive
cells from recognizing the contents as foreign.

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Overview

Click here to complete this activity.

Then answer the questions.

Part A
Epidemiology is defined as the study of

ANSWER:

how a disease is transmitted.

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

where a disease occurs.

when a disease occurs.

Correct

Part B
What is the role of epidemiology?
ANSWER:
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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens.

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

To learn which organisms cause disease.

To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens.

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease

Click here to complete this activity.

Then answer the questions.

Part A
Which of the following would be considered a fomite?
ANSWER:

A tick

Contaminated water

An infected toy

A fly

Correct

Part B
Which of the following would be considered a vector?

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual

Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing

Water containing bacteria from fecal matter

Correct

Part C
When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered
ANSWER:

waterborne transmission.

vector transmission.

contact transmission.

airborne transmission.

Correct

Part D
Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?

ANSWER:

Vehicle transmission

Vector transmission

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

Contact transmission

Correct

Part E
Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

ANSWER:

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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact

The bite of a mosquito containing malaria

Correct

Microbiology Animation: Nosocomial Infections: Overview

Click here to complete this activity.

Then answer the questions.

Part A
What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?
ANSWER:

Lower respiratory

Cutaneous

Urinary tract

Surgical

Bacteremia

Correct

Part B
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3/31/2019 Chapter 14 Homework

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?

ANSWER:

Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient.

Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient.

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.

Correct

Part C
Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?
ANSWER:

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the
patient.

These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes.

Invasive procedures must use antibiotics.

Correct

Part D
How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?

ANSWER:

Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

Administer all medications orally instead of through injections

Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient

Reduce the number of times they visit a patient

Correct

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 100%.
You received 2 out of a possible total of 2 points.

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