FOREIGN LITERATURE

Cauffman et al (2007) examined the extent to which demographics, psychological,

contextual, and legal factors independently predict dispositional outcomes within the two

juvenile court jurisdictions. The results of this study showed that legal factors have the

strongest influence on disposition in both jurisdictions. The evidence of the popular image

of juvenile court as a flexible and lenient institution was not much accepted in this study

rather the decisions of the court were dependent on the juvenile’s psychological

development and mental health. (Cauffman E. et al (2007). Legal, Individual, and

Environmental Predictors of Court Disposition in a Sample of Serious Adolescent

Offenders.Law Hum Behav (2007)31:519- 535. DOI 10.1007/s 10979-006-9076-2)

http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4634/1/411HS1010.pdf

Comanor and Phillips (2002) observed that fathers play a critical role in the rearing

of boys at a tender age and having a step-father also increases the delinquency among

the children rather than having a step-mother. (Camenor and Phillips (2002).The Impact

of Income and Family Structure on Delinquency.Journal of Applied Economics, Vol. V,

No.2 (Nov 2002), 209-232) http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4634/1/411HS1010.pdf

It is opined Martin (2005) that, there are many theories that have been propounded

to explain regarding the juvenile delinquency among children. These theoretical

perspectives have explained only particular aspects but not all the aspects. He further
explains that there are some factors for deviant behavior which includes dysfunctioning

of the family, substance abuse, low self-esteem, peer pressure, and socio-economic

factors. (Martin (2005).Juvenile Delinquency.Theories of Causation. 03-Martin

(juvenile).qxd 1/19/2005 2:48 PM p.61) http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4634/1/411HS1010.pdf

Tatar et al (2011) examined that the individual’s perception of fair treatment by the

justice system which has an effect on their attitudinal, emotional, and behavioral

outcomes. Many other measures are taken in this study such as demographics and

background variables, depressive symptoms, anger, self-esteem, attitude towards staff

and inmates, institutional offending, and institutional substance abuse. (Tatar II J. et al

(2012). Perception of procedural justice among female offenders: Time does not heal all

wounds. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 2012, Vol.18, No. 2, 268-296)

http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4634/1/411HS1010.pdf

Peiser (2001) studied that the parental discipline style which is considered as a

key variable that helps in examining the contribution of family and personality factors to

delinquency. Self-esteem is considered as an important contributor to the development

of delinquency. A comparative study was conducted between some countries which

measured the levels of self-esteem. Kaplan (1957, 1977, 1978, and 1980) argues that

negative selfesteem results from the situations in which the adolescent is unable to

defend their selfimage, the situations such as school failure, rejection by school, and

parental rejection. Some environmental factors have been identified which leads to

delinquency among youths.( Peiser N. (2001). The impact of family relations and

personality factors on delinquent behavior among youth.University of Wollongong)

http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/4634/1/411HS1010.pdf
 FOREIGN STUDIES

Hossain (2011) claims that juvenile delinquency is almost an outcome of rapid

urbanization and industrialization and has almost become a universal problem is most of

the industrialized countries. No single cause or simple explanation for the development

of delinquent behaviour but there are different causes of delinquency namely: family

aspect of delinquency , physical and biological factor.

An online article entitled Juvenile Delinquency (2009) exposes that “A Youth, for

the sake of being a part of something that could protect him join a gang and throw chaos

to the society that reject him ; a youth, who just wants to prove something will be a rebel

to his family; a youth, who just wants to escape from his miserable life will do foolish

crimes; and innocent youth yet dangerous; a naïve youth yet mature; a youth supposed

to study at school , expected to the next leader , an asset turn liability of our society”.

In additional, another article “ Juvennile Delinquency”, (2003) finds that children

who receive adequate parental supervision are less likely to engage in criminal activities.

On the other hand, dysfunctional family setting characterized by conflict, inadequate

parental control, weak internal linkages and integration and premature autonomy are

closely associated with juvenile delinquency. Further, the articles elaborates that families

involved in criminal activities tend to push their younger members towards violating the

law. More than two-thirds of those interviewed had relatives who were incarcerated; 25%

was a father and another 25% a brother or sister.

 (Hossain, E. (2011). Juvenile delinquency is a problem. Retrieved July 5, 2012,

from http://emonhossain.hubpages.com./hub/Juvenile-Delinquency-is-a-problem)

According to Green (2005), the social science evidence points strongly to the
influence of parents as the chief underlying cause of juvenile crime. A recent survey
found that criminal parents are much more likely to raise criminal offspring; 43% of
prisoners had family members who had been convicted and 35% had a family member
who had been in jail. (Green, D. (2005). The underlying causes of juvenile crime.
Retrieved July 22, 2012, from
http://www.civitas.org.uk/blog/2005/01/the_underlying_causes_of_juven.html

Becroft (2009) has find out that association with anti-social peers become a
training ground for delinquent behavior and increases the chance of the youth to become
delinquent. A juvenile gang member considers his group as his family, such associations,
an individual acquires a sense of safety and security (‘Juvenile Delinquency,” 2003)
On the other hand, The National Academies Press (2000) claims that student’s
commitment to school and learning contributes to their academic success. However,
schools operate in complex social context characterized in many instances by limited
resources. School in urban, poor, disorganized communities experience more disorder
than other schools. The availability of drugs, alcohol or weapon, weak or inattentive
school leadership and poor administration of discipline correlate with school disorder
and a school’s inability to cope with the solve problem.
(Becroft, J.A. (2009). What causes the youth crime, and what can we do about it.
Retrieved July 22, 2012, from http://www.courts.govt. nz/courts/ youth/
publications-and-media/speeches/what-causes-youth-crime-and-what-can-we-do-
about-it

Ngale (2009) emphasizes that monitoring becomes increasingly important as

children move into adolescence and spend less time under the direct supervision of find
that parental conflict and parental aggressiveness predicted violent offending, where as
lack of maternal affection and paternal criminality predicted involvement in property
crimes.
In addition Ngale (2009) says that “juvenile delinquent acts are the direct
conseguences of their family’s economic disempowerment, permissive parenting style,
absence of moral, psychological and financial viability at home, the children forced to
escape from a family system which is neither empowered nor empowering.
(Ngale, F.I. (2009). Family structure and juvenile delinquency: Correctional Centre
Betamba, Centre Province of Cameroon. Retrieved June 26, 2012, from
http://www.internetjournalofcriminology.com/Ngale_Family_Structure_and_Juve
nile_Delinquency.pdf)

Montaldo (1999) finds an analysis from Federal Bureau of Investigation’s National

Incident Based Reporting System data that from 1997-1998 19% of the victims of non-
fatal violent crimes were victimized by a juvenile offender, either a juvenile acting alone,
multiple juvenile , or juvenile or adult offenders acting together. About two- thirds (62%)
of the victims of the nonfatal violence committed by juvenile offenders were themselves
younger than 18, and about one-third (38%) were adults. Most (95%) of the victims of
sexual assault committed by juvenile were ypunger than 18, as were 43% of victims of
robberies by juveniles, 53% of aggravated assaults, and 61% of simple assaults.
(Montaldo, C. (1999). Most juvenile crime victims are other juvenile. Retrieved July 5,
2012, from http://crime.about.com/od/juvenile/a/juvenile_vics.htm)