NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY:

A CASE STUDY INTO THE OPINIONS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

Bhekuthando Sibanda, Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies Academy

Ranjith Kingston Gladstone, Research Advisor

ABSTRACT: Nuclear power has been around for over 80 years and it has advanced tremendously
through all this time although mostly for military motives. It has been a source of great potentially
untapped power but also a source of massive destruction. This paper explores the opinions of high
school students on the topic and provides insight into what they make of the phenomenon. Nuclear
energy may be the energy source of the future, therefore, it is something that must concern us in terms
of how safe it is for us as humans at such a relatively early stage. China, one of the world’s great
powers has already started some very ambitious nuclear power plant projects that they hope will pay
in the future (Ma, 2017). This is a case study that delves into the issue of nuclear energy. The study
was conducted in an international academy, as it is the perfect setting to gather international opinions,
with the subjects being the high school students of that particular academy. The results of the paper
provide very valuable insight and are quite different from what one would expect.

Keywords: Nuclear Energy, Energy, Engineering, International, Phenomenological, High School

Introduction: Nuclear technology has been
the cause of more worry than hope. Since its
very beginning humankind has exploited it for
purposes of war rather than for the progress of
humankind, but how plausible is nuclear
power for the human race and the
environment?
By definition of the Merriam-Webster
dictionary (2019) nuclear means “of, relating
to, or powered by nuclear energy” and energy
means “usable power (such as heat or
electricity)”, therefore nuclear energy means
usable power powered by nuclear energy”.
The reasons behind my choice of this
topic are because few people know how
nuclear energy really works and/or how viable
it is as an alternate energy source
Nuclear energy may be the source of
energy for the future, therefore, it is something
that must concern us in terms of how viable it
may be. Nations like China already have
started very ambitious nuclear power plant
projects(Ma, 2017) that they hope can give
them an advantage in the future. In the near
future, it will not be just the major global
powers that possess this technology but the
world as a whole. The more time that passes
the more the world seems to lean closer to
greener energy with nuclear energy being part
of the mentioned group.

nuclear energy is usually among politicians,

Problem Statement scientists, and the elderly with the voices of
the youth being inaudible.

The importance of Energy is very much

evident in our daily lives. As we approach a
fossil-less future we begin the search for
alternative energies such as nuclear energy.
Nuclear energy is one of the alternative
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is to address the
aforementioned problem, which is to find the
voices of the youth which are often left out in
these debates and to voice them through this
paper.

sources being considered and it is a very

divisive topic. The problem is that debate over

1
Literature Review
The sources that contributed to this paper were
chosen using the following criterion:
Credibility, Recentness,
Accuracy/Unbiasedness, Target Audience.
The reason for the first factor was that a source
that I cite has to be credible and be of good
standing when it comes to being a source of
trusted news and having little to no political
influence.
The Discovery of Nuclear Energy
One of the core elements in nuclear energy,
uranium, was discovered by Martin Heinrich
Klaproth in 1789 (Monaghan, 2016). Key
events that succeeded the discovery of
uranium energy include: The discovery of
ionizing radiation by William Rontgen in
1895; Henri Becquerel’s finding that
pitchblende makes a photographic plate
obscure and continuing to exhibit this was
because of electrons and helium cores being
transmitted in.
Samuel Prescott demonstrates that radiation
destroys bacteria in nourishment in the year
1898; James Chadwick discovers the
neutron in the year 1932; around the same
time, Cockroft and Walton produce atomic
changes by besieging particles with quickened
protons; The biggest breakthrough is when the
Italian scientist Enrico Fermi manages to
The second factor was considered because the
research paper has to contain information that
is as updated as possible as I am handling a
topic that is constantly changing. As it is a
scientific area that means it is being
continually developed making it very
inconstant.
The third factor of my criteria was selected
because in this research the author would like
to have information that is as accurate as
possible in the source of facts and not biased
opinions. The author tried as much as possible
to cite from sources that had as accurate
information as possible
achieve nuclear fission in 1934. (Murray &
Holbert, 2014)
Early uses of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy actually started being used in
the 2nd World War, it’s development and
research progress was at its peak during the
years 1939-1945.
Due to the ongoing war, nuclear energy was
being developed for military purposes and its
first recorded use was the nuclear bomb test by
the United States Army’s Manhattan Engineer
District at Alamogordo, New Mexico, under
the code name Manhattan Project. (Murray &
Holbert, 2014)
After the 2nd World War, the United States
attempted to find more peaceful uses of
nuclear energy by creating the Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) whose responsibility was
“to explore peaceful opportunities for the same
nuclear materials the U.S. used in Japan at the
end of the war”. (“Nuclear Power History:
2
Timeline from Inception to Fukushima”,
2012).
The Soviet Union was the first to build a
nuclear power plant that produced power for a
power grid (“ Timeline of Nuclear Power
History”, n.d). This was a major breakthrough
as it proved that nuclear energy could be used
for purposes that would directly benefit the
average civilian.
The UK however, in 1956, was the first to
open a nuclear power plant for commercial
purposes, it was named Calder Hall at
Windscale, England. At first it generated
50MW (later upgraded to 200 MW) which is
enough to power 8200 homes today(“History
of Nuclear Power”, 2013).
Other early uses of nuclear power include the
Naval use of the technology for propelling
submarine and aircraft carrier turbines(“A
brief history of nuclear power in the
U.S.”,2012).
Common applications of Nuclear Energy
The single most widely known use of nuclear
energy in our age is, of course, Nuclear
weapons. These come in different sizes and
shapes which include can be categorized into
two groups: Atomic and Hydrogen or
Thermonuclear. Atomic energy is produced
through nuclear fission and
Hydrogen/Thermonuclear energy is produced
through nuclear fusion (“Military
Applications”, n.d).
Nuclear weapons have developed alongside
the technology's advancement and have
become smaller and lighter. The very first
nuclear weapons were delivered by aircraft,
but as time progressed, so did the methods of
which the payload could be delivered and now
the list includes smaller strategic atomic
weapons, including ones for guns, mines,
depth charges, torpedoes, and rockets
(“Tactical Nuclear Weapons”, 2018).
The second most common application of
nuclear energy is in the field of nuclear power.
As elaborated earlier, nuclear power is not
something new, it was one of the first
discovered applications of nuclear power. The
industry of nuclear energy emerged in the
1950s as a new force in the electric power
industry(“The many uses of nuclear
technology”, 2017).
Nuclear power did not receive much support
from the public worldwide. Local oppositions
to this new type of power emerged as early as
the 1960s. The situation was then worsened by
the Three-mile island accident and the
Chernobyl disaster. Furthermore, the dropping
prices of oil made nuclear energy even less
attractive than it already was, this led to more
than ⅔ of all the nuclear plants ordered after
1970 to be cancelled.
The term nuclear renaissance has been used
since about 2001 to refer to a possible revival
of the nuclear power industry due to multiple
factors which include the rising prices of fossil
fuels and new concerns about reaching
greenhouse gas emission limits (Garb Paula,
1999).
Following the serious quake in Japan in 2011,
a 15-meter tidal wave crippled the power and
cooling supply of the Fukushima Daiichi
reactors which had been worked during the
60s. Every one of the three centres to a great
extent liquefied in the initial three days and
accordingly, it provoked a reconsideration of
nuclear safety and nuclear energy strategy in
numerous nations and brought up issues
among some the overall population over the
eventual fate of the Renaissance.
Germany endorsed plans to close the entirety
of its reactors by 2022, and Italy re-asserted its
prohibition on atomic power in a choice. The
countries China, Switzerland, Israel, Malaysia,
Thailand, the Assembled Kingdom, and the
Philippines checked on their atomic power
programs (“Fukushima Accident”, 2018).
Other less common applications of nuclear
energy can be found in the fields of
agriculture, consumer products, food, industry,
medicine, transport, water resources and the
environment (“The many uses of nuclear
technology”, 2017).
3
The Advantages of Nuclear
Energy
Eco-friendliness of nuclear energy
Nuclear energy is relatively eco-friendly as it
releases little greenhouse gases and is
renewable energy, therefore, it does not
require much exploitation of the natural world
unlike the other forms of power. Nuclear
energy also requires very little fuel for it to
operate, as such, it lessens the environmental
impact(Dillon & Schmidt, 2013).
Renewability of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is regarded as a renewable
form of power although this is still an area of
major debate in the scientific world because of
its multiple different setbacks such as
radioactive waste, finiteness of uranium, etc.
(Chowdhury, 2012)
Nuclear energy is still genuinely renewable, to
some extent.
Sustainability of Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Power is a sustainable form of energy
as it is generated through a process that does
not need much intervention as it can go up to a
year without much interaction. It also is a very
uncostly source of energy since the costs of
running a power plant are not high, although
setting it up can be moderately expensive.
Nuclear power plants can last for 40-60 years
depending on how they are used(Rinkesh, n.d).
The Downsides of Nuclear
Energy
Weaponizability of Nuclear Energy
The uranium and plutonium used in the
making of nuclear energy are, according to an
article, the same as military grade uranium and
plutonium with the only difference being that
one is used for producing weapons and the
other is used for producing energy. This means
that nations that pursue ‘peaceful’ use of
nuclear energy can easily start creating nuclear
weapons(“The Link Between Nuclear Power
and Nuclear Weapons”, 1999).
Radioactive Waste
Nuclear waste is one of the big factors
preventing nations from considering using
nuclear energy. According to the Merriam-
Webster dictionary(2019), nuclear waste is
“radioactive waste material, for example from
the use or reprocessing of nuclear fuel".
The reason nuclear waste is such an issue is
that high-level radioactive chemicals such as
plutonium and uranium act as nuclear fuel for
reactors in a nuclear power station but after
they have been used they will produce high
levels of radiation that is dangerous when
exposed to (Rinkesh, n.d).
Nuclear waste is a problem not only for
countries thinking about using nuclear energy
but those that already do. Nations like the US
and its allies foresaw this problem early on
and have been making deals with smaller
nations to pay them for storing their nuclear
waste. Other methods of taking care of nuclear
waste include encasing it in glass and putting
it deep underground and also storing it in
specially made storage facilities for nuclear
waste. High-level nuclear waste usually takes
40 to 50 years before its radiation levels have
gone down to low (“The Link Between
Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons”, 1999).
The Fragility of Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power plants are highly ‘fragile’ and
this cannot be expressed better than when you
look at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear
Disaster. The disaster was caused by a tsunami
which was caused by the famed earthquake in
northern Japan in 2011. All three cores melted
within the first three days. (“Fukushima
Accident”, 2018)
Other possible scenarios that can be used as
examples of a nuclear powerplant’s fragility
include terrorism, human error, etc.
Nuclear energy and climate change
4
The 2016 Paris Agreement that was signed by
over 175 countries was a turning point when it
comes to the future of nuclear power and that
of climate change. The agreement required its
signers to cut down on their carbon emissions,
nuclear energy was proposed to be the optimal
energy alternative and the nations that signed
the agreement were expected to switch over
‘green’ alternatives by the end of the 21st
century. (Nuclear power and Climate Change,
n.d)
Nuclear Energy and Fossil Fuels
As fossil fuel reserves are on a decline, nuclear
energy is gaining popularity. According to one
article (Sen, 2018) nuclear energy is better
than traditional fossil fuels since: it emits less
greenhouse, is more efficient, it is cheaper,
Methodology
Research Design
This research seeks to study the case of how
nuclear energy will persevere in the 21st
century and therefore qualifies as a case study.
The researcher does this by interviewing
participants either face-to-face or through
online surveys which require brief essay-like
answers.
Research Setting
The research was conducted in an international
academy located in an international institute of
higher studies in Silang, Cavite, Philippines.
The reasoning behind the choice of the setting
was that: First, as the researcher is a student in
the aforementioned academy, he finds it most
convenient to conduct the research there.
Second, the location was a choice selection as
it boasts a diverse pool
and is one of the most viable futures of energy
in the future, unlike the depleting fossil fuels.
Literature Gap
The literature on this topic is lacking or
insufficient in the areas of public opinion,
especially with the younger generation. The
literature tends to focus much on the nature of
nuclear energy rather than whether the public
is ready to accept it or not.
The author has attempted to find adequate
literature on public opinion about nuclear
energy but has achieved little success. He
would like to make a call for future research to
be centred on this area as it will ultimately be
the deciding variable if whether or not nuclear
energy has a foreseeable future.
of potential participants representing more
than 15 different nations from all 6 inhabited
continents of the world.
Sampling
The researcher will seeked participants that
share a lot with the general population while at
the same time being familiar with nuclear
energy, in other words, the researcher
attempted to find people who were as
“normal” as possible as this would attempt to
ensure as much as possible that the research
finds the opinions of the population as a whole
while at the same time the participants
wouldn’t be unfamiliar with the topic as that
might render their responses of little value.
All of the respondents were high school
students with the reason being that the high
school had the younger generation which was
required for the addressing of the problem and
they were in the perfect age range to provide
answers that voiced out the opinions of the
average private citizen while not sounding too
childish at the same time.
The researcher tried as much as possible to
have a diverse pool of respondents that was
spread throughout grades 8-12 and also tried to
have two representatives from each class one
male and one female but failed to locate a
5
male in grade 8 and a female in grade 9 that
had adequate familiarity with the topic.
Data Collection
The methods used for collecting data were, as
aforementioned, through face-to-face
interviews and online surveys that required
participants to write brief essays in their
responses.
Half the data was collected in face-to-face
interviews with the other half collected online
in order to be perfectly balanced, as all things
should be.
The data collected through face-to-face
interviews was collected in a closed setting
that ensured the privacy of the information that
the interviewee provided. The interviews
would last no longer than 15 minutes and they
would be recorded using two audio recording
devices.
The other half of the data was collected online
through google forms and this proved to be a
convenient method of collecting data as the
participant would have all the time to answer
the interview which meant they would sit
down and put answers that they had very
deeply thought of. The respondents also
seemed to be very much more open on the
online survey rather than they would be face-
to-face; the author believes this might be due
to the fact that they might have felt more alone
and therefore secure and comfortable without
anyone taking their answers in front of them.
In the online survey, the respondents would
answer the questions with essays with the
length depending on how much the respondent
wished to express.
The data collection occurred over a period of
about one month and involved collecting data
from 7 participants.
Data Analysis
Researcher’s Reflexivity
Data analysis was done over a prolonged
period of time which was around 3-4 weeks.
The encoding of the data was done as soon as
possible in order to give time for revision that
would limit room for error.
As with most research papers, this paper was
also written using the method of coding.
The first level coding method applied was In-
Vivo coding. The reasoning behind this choice
of coding method was that it is a beginner-
friendly method of coding which proved to be
convenient for the author as he is an amateur
researcher himself.
There was no selected second level coding
method as the author went directly into the
categorizing of the codes from which there
emerged 7 different categories: Biohazard,
Military, Process, Public, Futurism, Alternate
Energy Sources, and Waste.
From these 7 categories, the author went on to
draw 8 themes which are: Prolonged
Environmental Threat, Futurism, Public
Dissent, Unparalleled Efficiency, More Harm
Than Good, Toxic Process and Public
Misinformation.
The final 2 phases of the Data analysis were
done over one week.
Ethical Considerations
The researcher behind this paper made effort
to ensure the minimization of harm, mental or
physical, that this study may inflict. The
methods used for ensuring a participant’s
safety include, but are not limited to: gathering
consent through the signing of forms from the
participants parents of the participants, if
underage; background checks to determine
whether or not one is mentally stable to handle
the questions that they will face; and ensuring
the privacy of the data collected by using
encrypted web services for recording and
storing all data collected.
In the writing of this paper, the author always
took an objective view and attempted as much
as possible not to let any bias to be smeared
into the study and ultimately the paper by
6
using various methods such as, a) writing the
paper only
when clear-headed and awake as not to make
leave room for error and distorted writing. b)
The author attempted as much as possible to
stay true to facts and not add or remove certain
aspects of a point in order to make it more
appealing or other similar reasons. c) the
author peer-reviewed their writings multiple
times before putting them on paper to make
sure that it was good.
Results
The results of this study were quite surprising
and different from what the author had been
expecting and anticipating.
Prolonged Environmental Threat
This was the first theme observed by the
author, most of the participants touched on this
particular point stating that Nuclear Energy is
not only a threat to the environment but a
prolonged one at that.
The selected quotation for this particular point
was “even though human causes destruction
toward to environment, nuclear
energy is one of [the] destruction factor[s]
from human[s]”
-Line 33
This quotation represented the opinions of the
majority of the research participants when they
were asked whether or not nuclear energy is a
viable energy source for the 21st century?
Rose Kivi from sciencing.com also agrees on
this point by writing that although nuclear
power plants emit little greenhouse gases, the
nuclear waste from the powerplants is very
dangerous as it will continue to emit a harmful
dose of radiation for thousands of years (Kivi,
2019)
Weaponization
This second theme is one to come naturally
when one thinks of anything nuclear and it is
concerned with the weaponizable-ness of
nuclear energy.
The author decided to highlight two quotations
for this theme as he felt that it was necessary.
The quotations chosen were:
“Nuclear bomb”
-Line 67
“Instead of using it for weapons, they should
use it for hydropower and other renewable
energy.”
-Line 80
The first quotation was chosen because it has a
very symbolic meaning as it represents the
public stigma invoked through the memory of
how nuclear energy was introduced to the
world.
The second quotation stood solely significant
among a pool of diverse responses. The reason
being that it was the only one that took a less
extreme stance when responding to the I.Q.4
How do you think nuclear energy can be made
more practical?
Physicist Ted Taylor says that the best way to
stop the weaponization of nuclear energy is to
7
ban nuclear technology itself, although, he
says there are multiple arguments against such
a move with the one being that nuclear
Futuristic
The third theme which the author found was
Futuristic or Futurism, in the sense that
nuclear energy is not meant for our time as we
have neither the answers nor the technology to
answer the many questions that nuclear energy
poses.
The quote selected for this theme is:
“Should exist in the 22nd century”
-Line 59
This quote was one among many others to be
chosen. The reason the author picked this
particular quote is that it was the most direct
and it pretty much summed up all the other
potential quotations while also summing up all
the responses on this particular theme
Public Stigma
The fourth theme is public stigma which has
been generated by a number of factors.
This theme can be represented by the quote:
“[People] are going to know about the
[danger] of [Nuclear Energy] in an appropriate
way so I think they will not accept [Nuclear
Energy] generally.”
-Line 23
The public is the one that ultimately decides
whether or not nuclear energy will be used.
Thus, their matters the most when it comes to
the viability of nuclear energy in the 21st
century.
Unparalleled Efficiency
Nuclear energy, is one of the most efficient
technology is already too widespread to be
possible to ban.
(Nuclear Power and Nuclear Weapons, 2013)
energy forms available, according to the
website of the company Energy Services
Group International, beating natural gas coal,
and wind power.(“Nuclear Power Efficiency”,
2017)
The quote selected for this theme was:
“Far more efficient and clean compared to
other sources”
-Line 39
Most of the participants did not show much in
depth knowledge about nuclear energy but
those who did tried as much as possible to
stress on the point of the unparalleled
efficiency of Nuclear Energy.
More Harm Than Good
This theme was another which was
particularly stressed by most of the
participants and they talked heavily about how
the bad outweighs the good when it comes to
nuclear energy.
The quote that was chosen is this:
“No matter how helpful it is, [Nuclear Energy]
won’t outweigh its environmental setbacks.”
-Line 31
This is another quote that represented the
general consensus on whether or not the good
outweighed the bad or vice versa.
The New York Times reporter Bob Herbert
seems to agree with the general consensus of
the participants as he writes that nuclear
energy seems to be not a very economical
decision addressed to energy demands due to
its shortcomings and it is a price too high for
any nation to pay.(Herbert, 2011)
Toxic Process
This theme means toxic process in the sense
that the process that nuclear energy goes
through is not very clean/safe.
8
The author chose this quotation for the theme:
“Dangerous because of use of chemicals”
-Line 56
This theme is very irrational as there is no
chemicals used during the process of making
nuclear energy. (“How a Nuclear Reactor
Works”, n.d.)
Public Misinformation
Nuclear energy is a fairly advanced concept
that most people may not have the interest nor
time to understand it in-depth. It is therefore,
to the average layman, shrouded in mystery
and its most well known application is in the
military through the making of nuclear
weapons.
The quote for this particular theme is:
“A good amount people who might oppose
nuclear energy might not even be properly
informed”
-Line 19
The participant from whom this quote was
drawn continued on to say that most private
citizens who opposed nuclear energy were
usually victims of negligence.
In an article on the Princeton University
website, an author that goes by the alias
“admin” writes that most of the American
public has been influenced by media that
oftenly does not portray the topic in a just
way. (“Nuclear Energy and the Power of
Misinformation in American Policy | Nuclear
Futures Laboratory”, n.d. )
In summary, most of the responses weren’t too
apart from each other. The participants all
would have answers that were fairly when
answering the interview questions.
Conclusion
This study set out to answer 3 research
questions and in the next few paragraphs the
author shall reason and deem as to whether or
not each of the research questions have been
answered.
What do high school students think of
nuclear power as an energy source in
the 21st century?
On this research question there was a lot of
material that provided adequate insight into
what high school students make of the
question.
It turns out that the outlook for nuclear as
perceived by high school students is mostly
negative with some of the participants stating
that they don’t feel comfortable and one even
going as far as saying “I think it might
explode”(Line 11).
A slightly larger portion of the participants
believed that nuclear energy will never be
generally accepted stating that it is dangerous
and it is a threat to health and it is therefore
not safe for use. Those participants who so a
future of general acceptance for nuclear
energy defended their position by stating that
nations which use nuclear energy will continue
using and promoting nuclear energy “As they
have seen it very effective”(Line 25). Other
points raised were that a way to make it safer
will eventually come by and also that most
people can agree that nuclear energy is a great
form of energy.
Most of the participants agreed that the
benefits nuclear energy brings does not
outweigh the cost that has to be paid with one
of the participants going as far as to say that
“It is a destruction factor toward the
environment by humans”(Line 34). Those
participants that were on the contrary were
divided with one saying that the benefits of
nuclear energy were “Absolutely”(Line 28)
worth the cost and the other saying that it can
but the risks it came with might be a bit too
much.
9
The participants were very much divided when
they were asked to compare nuclear to other
energy forms. The responses were a mix of “I
don’t know”, “Have no preference”,
“Absolutely”, and “No”.
Many of the participants were surprisingly
okay with nuclear power plants but they
stressed a bit on its dangers and hazards.
The author believes that the first research
question was answered.
Among high school students there seems to be
a negative attitude toward nuclear energy
about how it will fare in the 21st century and it
seems to have been driven in by lack of
adequate information to understand and the
topic.
It is quite alarming to see how little
tomorrow's leaders know about this topic and
how much misconception is associated with it.

Further Research
What is the level of awareness among high
school students about nuclear The author would like to make a call for
energy? further research into the opinions of the public
about nuclear energy in the 21st century as this
seems to be an area that is under-researched
Most of the participants showed some level of and therefore is lacking information.
familiarity with nuclear energy but the rest
were more familiar with nuclear weapons.
The level of awareness was generally low with
a lot of misconceptions into how nuclear
energy actually worked.

What are some ways in which students

think nuclear energy could be made a more
popular energy source?

The participants also had vastly different

opinions when asked some ways in which
nuclear energy could be made a more practical
form of energy.

One response of significance found stated that

mastering fusion would be the next phase in
the evolution of nuclear energy. Other
responses included less weaponization and
having advanced technology.

The participants also pointed out that some

issues which would have to be dealt with to
further the use and advancement of nuclear
technology are the costs of researching,
building, and running nuclear technology;
Public stigma toward nuclear technology; The
overwhelming dangers that come with nuclear
technology and public misinformation.

Major Findings

10
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