10/30/2010

University of 
University of Sulaimani
Sulaimani
College of Science
Physics Department

Ionic Conduction in 
Polymers Composite
Polymers Composite
Omed Gh
Omed Gh. Abdullah
. Abdullah

STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND 
FREQUENCY ON THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF 
SOME COMMERCIAL POLYMERS

A THESIS 
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF 
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIREMENTS FOR 
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF 
SCIENCE IN PHYSICS

BY
SHUJAH‐ALDEEN BAKIR AZIZ
B.Sc. IN PHYSICS‐2003
(Sulaimani University)

UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
Prof. Dr. HAMEED MAJID AHMED

September Gelawezh
2007                                              2707

1
 10/30/2010

OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF 
SEMICONDUCTING OXIDE GLASSES

A THESIS
SUBMITTED TO THE COUNCIL OF 
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF SULAIMANI
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 
THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PHYSICS

BY
DANA ABDULLA TAHIR
(M. Sc.) in physics 
Salahaddin University‐1995

UNDER SUPERVISION OF:
MANAF ABD HASSAN                              AHMAD AL‐ANI
Assistant Professor                                         Lecturer

September                                         Galawezh
2007                                                               2707 
2007                                                                2707 

Dielectric analysis of Polystyrene 
polymer film
Dana A. Tahir, Omed Gh. Abdullah, and Shuja‐Aldeen B. Aziz
Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani
D f Ph i C ll fS i S l i i University
U i i

Abstract
In this work an attempt has been made to study the various dielectric
parameters of polystyrene film. The dielectric constant , dielectric loss and
loss tangent have been determined in the frequency range (1‐000)KHz at
different temperatures. The frequency dependent conductivity was also
measured to characterize the polymer. The complex impedance plot (cole‐
cole plot) was used to calculate the static dielectric constant , infinitely large
frequency dielectric constant and relaxation times. Finally the results are
analyzed in terms of different parameters.

Key words: polymer film, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation, activation energy
polymer film, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, relaxation, activation energy

2
 10/30/2010

Optical and Electrical Properties of 
Polyvinyl‐‐chloride (PVC) films
Polyvinyl
Omed Gh. Abdullah, Dana A. Tahir, and Shuja‐Aldeen B. Aziz
Department of Physics, College of Science, Sulaimani
Department of Physics College of Science Sulaimani University

Abstract
The optical properties of the polyvinyl‐chloride thin films were studied which
include their absorbance, transmittance, reflectance spectra, band gap, and refractive
index, before and after annealing at T=75oC for 24hrs. The films were found to exhibit
high transmittance, low absorbance and low reflectance in the visible, and near
infrared region up to 1100nm. However, the absorbance of the films was found to be
high in the ultra violet region with peak around 306nm. The dielectric constant,
dielectric loss, and ac conductivity of polyvinyl‐chloride were obtained at different
f
frequencies
i andd temperatures. Theh experimental
i l results
l show
h h ’’ and
that d ””
decreased with increasing frequency, which indicates that the major contribution to
the polarization comes from orientation polarization. The value of ’ increased with
increasing temperature, which is due to great freedom of movement of the dipole
molecular chains at high temperature.

Key words: thin film, optical properties, electrical properties, complex permittivity.
Key words: thin film, optical properties, electrical properties, complex permittivity.

Debye behavior
0.45
0.4 T=25 C
0.35 T=50 C
Dielectric loss

0.3 T=75 C
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Dielectric constant

Cole‐Cole plot for Polystyrene at different temperatures.

3
 10/30/2010

International Journal of Materials Science
ISSN 0973‐4589 Volume 5, Number 4 (2010), pp. 537–545
© Research India Publications
http://www.ripublication.com/ijoms.htm

Physical Properties of Pure and Copper Oxide Doped
Polystyrene Films
Polystyrene Films
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dana S. Muhammad
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq

Abstract
The UV/VIS optical absorption for difference compositions copper oxide doped
polystyrene thin films were studied in the wavelength 200‐1000 nm. It was found that
the optical absorption is due to direct allowed transitions, and the energy gaps shows
nonlinear behavior with copper oxide concentration, optical energy gap showed a
decreasing trend with increased dopant concentration up to 10% of the dopant, for
further increase in dopant concentration this value started increasing again due to
segregation effects. The annealing of the samples at temperature 90oC for 4 hr, caused
the decrease in energy gaps. The studies of the real and imaginary parts of the
dielectric constants showed that they are also affected by copper oxide concentration.

Key words: optical properties, polymer composite, doping, complex dielectric constant.

4
 10/30/2010

Absorption Spectrum
0.5
0.45 PS--0%CuO
PS
Absorbance 0.4 PS--5%CuO
PS
0.35 PS--10%CuO
PS
0.3
PS--15%CuO
PS
0.25
PS--20
PS 20%CuO
%CuO
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
265 285 305 325 345 365

Wavelength (nm)

Optical absorption for PS with different CuO content, as a 
function of wavelength.

Optical Band Gaps
4.49 0.25

02
0.2

4.48
0.15
Eopt

Et

0.1
4.47

0.05

4.46 0
0 5 10 15 20 25
CuO concentration %

Optical energy gap  of direct allowed transition, and tail localized 
state energy  against copper oxide concentration, of pure and 
doped polymer film before (solid line), and after annealing 
(dashed line).

5
 10/30/2010

Effect of Zirconia concentration on optical 
properties of Polystyrene films
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Dlear R. Saber
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq

Abstract
Optical properties of prepared Polystyrene (PS) films with different filling levels of
Zirconia have been investigated in the visible and ultraviolent wavelength regions. It
was found that the optical absorption is due to direct‐allowed transitions, and the
energy gaps decrease with increasing Zirconia content for all transitions, while the
width of the tail localized states increase with increasing Zirconia content. The band
gap of all films shows to be decrease after thermal treatment. The optical constants
refractive index n, extinction coefficient K, have been also calculated. The refractive
index increased in the composite
p samples
p as compared
p with the ppure PS sample p
prepared by the same method.

Key words: polymer, optical properties, filler, extinction coefficient, annealing. 
PACS: 78.20.Ci

Refractive index
3

PS‐‐20% ZrO2
PS
ex)
n (Refrective Inde

25
2.5
PS‐‐15% ZrO2
PS

PS‐‐10% ZrO2
PS
2

PS‐‐5% ZrO2
PS
1.5
PS‐‐0% ZrO2
PS

1
250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050

Wavelength (nm)

Refractive index as a function of wavelength for PS for different 
Zirconia content.

6
 10/30/2010

Refractive index Since the 
refractive 
index of this 
3 composite 
was 
PS‐‐20% ZrO2
PS controllable 
ex)
n (Refrective Inde 25
2.5
b
it can be 
PS‐‐15% ZrO2
PS
used to 
2
PS‐‐10% ZrO2
PS fabricate 
waveguides  
PS‐‐5% ZrO2
PS with the 
1.5 desired 
PS‐‐0% ZrO2
PS
refractive 
1
index 
250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 contrast 
contrast
between 
Wavelength (nm)
the core and 
the cladding

Refractive index as a function of wavelength for PS for different 
Zirconia content.

Optical band Gap
4.48 0.4

0.35
4.46
0.3
4.44
0.25
Eopt (eV)

Et (eV)

4.42 0.2

0.15
4.4
0.1
4.38
0.05

4 36
4.36 0
0 5 10 15 20 25

ZrO2 %

The optical gap, and tail localized state as a function of Zirconia
content, before (solid line) and after annealing (dashed line).

7
 10/30/2010

Variation of Optical Band Gap Width of PVA films 
Doped with Aluminum Iodide
Omed Gh. Abdullah and Sarkawt Abubakr Hussen
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq

Abstract
Polymer composite of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Aluminum Iodide have been prepared by solution cast
method for different doping concentrations.
concentrations The absorption of pure and doped films have been
investigated in the visible and ultraviolent wavelength regions. It was found that the optical absorption
is due to direct and indirect transitions, and the optical energy gaps values shifted to lower energies on
Aluminum Iodide doping concentration for all transitions, while the band edge width of the tail localized
states increase with increasing Aluminum Iodide concentration. The band gap of all films shows to be
decrease after thermal treatment. The optical constants refractive index n, extinction coefficient K, the
complex dielectric constant have been also calculated. The dielectric constant increased in the
composite samples as compared with the pure PVA sample prepared by the same method.

Key words: polymer composite, optical properties, doping, complex dielectric constant.

Absorption Spectrum
0.45
PVA-0%AlI
PVA‐‐0%AlI3
PVA
a.u.)

0.4

PVA‐
PVA
PVA ‐5%AlI
5%AlI
PVA-5%AlI
Absorbance (a

0 35
0.35
3
0.3 PVA‐‐10%AlI
PVA
PVA-10%AlI
3
0.25 PVA‐‐15%AlI3
PVA
PVA-15%AlI
0.2 PVA‐‐20%AlI3
PVA
PVA-20%AlI
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
200 220 240 260 280 300

Wavelength (nm)

Optical absorption as a function of wavelength for PVA at 
different Aluminum Iodide content.

8
 10/30/2010

Direct Optical Band Gaps
100
hv2 (1004) 90 PVA--0%AlI
PVA
80
PVA-5%AlI
PVA-
70
60 PVA--10%AlI
PVA

50 PVA--15%AlI
PVA
40
PVA--20%AlI
PVA
30
20
10
0
5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5

hv (eV)

Direct optical band gaps for PVA with Aluminum Iodide content.

Indirect Optical Band Gaps
40
PVA--0%AlI
PVA
35
PVA--5%AlI
PVA
30 PVA--10
PVA 10%AlI
%AlI
hv1/2

25 PVA--15%AlI
PVA

20 PVA--20%AlI
PVA

15

10

0
5 5.25 5.5 5.75 6 6.25 6.5

hv (eV)

Indirect optical band gaps of PVA with Aluminum Iodide content.

9
 10/30/2010

Band tails of localized states
Band tails  of localized states
6
PVA-0%AlI4
PVA-
5.5
PVA--5%AlI
PVA %AlI44
5
PVA--10%AlI4
PVA
4.5 PVA--15%AlI4
PVA
4
ln

PVA--20%AlI4
PVA
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
5.1 5.15 5.2 5.25 5.3 5.35 5.4

hv (eV)

Natural logarithm of absorption coefficient as a function of 
photon energy.

Dielectric properties of Polyester 
reinforced with Carbon black particles
Omed Gh. Abdullah, Gelas M. Jamal, Dana A. Tahir, and Salah Raza Saeed
D
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani
t t f Ph i C ll fS i U i it f S l i i ‐ Iraq
I

Abstract
Dielectric constant and conductivity of Polyester doped with carbon black
are investigated in the frequency range (0.5‐1000) KHz and within the
temperature range (28‐80)oC. Dielectric permittivity and loss tangent are
found to be decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing
temperature. The ac conductivity is found to be frequency‐independent for
q
low frequency y however varyy with frequency
q y as ws, beyond
y a critical value. The
frequency exponential factor was estimated and it was found to vary between
0.63 and 0.77, indicating a dominant hopping process at low temperatures.
From the temperature dependence of dc conductivity, the increase of
activation energy was observed with carbon black concentrations.

Key words: ac conductivity, polyester, carbon black, dielectric constant.

10
 10/30/2010

Complex Dielectric Constant
At high frequencies
dipoles cannot return
Permittivity rapidly enough - charging
cannot occur/dielectric
or ’ At low frequencies constant is low
Dielectric dipoles can align --
dielectric constant
Constant is high Frequency at
which dipoles
log f respond to
the field
At high
frequencies, dipoles
Losses ” cannot move rapidly
fmax enough to respond –
losses
are low

log f
Permanent dipoles FOLLOW
variations in the AC field – ’ and ” as a function
hence current and voltage of frequency – at constant
out of phase – losses low temperature

Frequency at which permittivity drops and losses increase is where the polymer is said to show dispersion

ac conductivity virus concentration
70
t=26 C
60 t=40 C
t 60 C
t=60 C
50
t=80 C
ac   (s/m 10‐6)

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20
BC % Concentration

ac conductivity dependence on black carbon concentration at 
different temperatures

11
 10/30/2010

ac conductivity virus frequency
-4

T=26 C
-4.5
4.5 T=40 C
T=60 C
log(ac)

T=80 C
-5

-5.5

-6

,
-6.5
3.25 3.75 4.25 4.75 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75

log(w)

Dependence of frequency on the ac conductivity at different 
temperatures of Polyester film doped with  of Carbon black

12
 10/30/2010

ac conductivity virus frequency
,  

The variation of the exponent with temperature gives

information on the specific mechanism involved. The exponential
factor was calculated from slope of Fig. at high frequency, and it
was found to be . , . , . , and . for the temperature
, , ,    respectively; indicating that is weakly
decreasingg function of temperature.
p This could be attributed that
at higher temperature, high mobility of free charges make them
more frequency independent conductivity which as a result
increases conductivity. 

ac conductivity virus temperature
‐5.00

‐5.50

‐6.00
log(dc)

‐6.50

‐7.00

‐7.50 0%CB

6%CB
‐8.00
12%CB
 
‐8.50
18%CB

‐9.00
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

1000/T  (1/K)

Semilogarithmic plots of dc conductivity against reciprocal of 
temperature at different Carbon black concentrations

13
 10/30/2010

ac conductivity virus temperature
 

From the slope of parallel straight line with negative slope,

the activation energy is calculated. The values of is
essentially dependent of black carbon concentrations and of a
value . , . , . , .   for the , , , %
CB, respectively. It was clear that activation energy value
increases with increasing the CB content. The addition of CB
to Polyester host enhances the electrical conduction of
Polyester host due to the electronic and impurity contributions
arising from the CB. 
OCH2CH2OC(CH2)CO CH2CH2CO
O O n O
n

Conclusion
The main observation in this study worth to
be mentioned relates to the relative value of
electrical conductivity versus the carbon black
contents; it was observed that even low
amount of carbon black able to maximize the
conductivity of the composite up to three
orders of magnitude, we conclude that
polyester carbon black composite is a good
candidate and alternative way for obtaining
conducting organic composites at low cost.

14
 10/30/2010

Optical absorption of polyvinyl alcohol films 
doped with Nickel Chloride
Omed Gh. Abdullah, and Dlear R. Saber
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq

Abstract
Films of pure and doped Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different concentration of
Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) were prepared using the casting technique, in order to
investigate effect of NiCl2 additions on the optical properties of PVA host. The
dispersion studies of pure PVA film and PVA films doped with NiCl2 were investigated
using complex refractive index in the wavelength range 190‐1100 nm. The absorption
spectral analysis showed that the optical band was from the direct and indirect
allowed optical transitions. The optical band gap of the films decreases with
increasing NiCl2 contents, while the Urbach energy called the width of localized states
in the optical band gap decreases from 0.7414 to 0.1891 eV. Consequently, the optical
constants and optical band gap of the samples change with the annealing
temperatures.

Key words: absorbance, PVA, dopand, optical band gap.

UV/VIS Optical Absorption Spectra
0.05
PVA-0%NiCl2
PVA‐0%NiCl 2
0 04
0.04 PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA‐5%NiCl
PVA-5%NiCl2
Absorbance (a.u.)

PVA‐10%NiCl2
PVA-10%NiCl2
0.03 PVA‐15%NiCl2
PVA-15%NiCl2

0.02

0.01

0
190 240 290 340 390 440 490

Wavelength (nm)

The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of PVA‐NiCl2
composites

15
 10/30/2010

UV/VIS Optical Absorption Spectra
0.05
PVA-0%NiCl2
PVA‐0%NiCl 2
Absorbance (a.u.) 0 04
0.04 PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA‐5%NiCl
PVA-5%NiCl2
PVA‐10%NiCl2
PVA-10%NiCl2
0.03 PVA‐15%NiCl2
PVA-15%NiCl2

0.02

0.01

0
190 240 290 340 390 440 490

Wavelength (nm)

The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of PVA‐NiCl2
composites

UV/VIS Optical Absorption Spectra
0.05
PVA-0%NiCl2
PVA‐0%NiCl 2
0 04
0.04 PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA 5%NiCl2
PVA‐5%NiCl
PVA-5%NiCl2
Absorbance (a.u.)

PVA‐10%NiCl2
PVA-10%NiCl2
0.03 PVA‐15%NiCl2
PVA-15%NiCl2

0.02

0.01

0
190 240 290 340 390 440 490

Wavelength (nm)

The optical absorption coefficient spectrum of PVA‐NiCl2
composites

16
 10/30/2010

Two conditions to become conductive:

conductive:
1‐The first condition for this is that the polymer consists of 
alternating single and double bonds, called conjugated double
bonds.

In conjugation, the bonds between the carbon atoms are 

alternately single and double. Every bond contains a localised
“sigma” (σ) bond which forms a strong chemical bond. In 
addition, every double bond also contains a less strongly
localised “pi” (π) bond which is weaker.

17
 10/30/2010

Two conditions to become conductive:

conductive:
2-The second condition is that the plastic has to be disturbed -
either by removing electrons from (oxidation), or inserting
(reduction) the material.
them into (reduction), material The process is known as
Doping.
There are two types of doping:
1-oxidation with halogen (or p-doping).

CH n   3x I  CH n   I 3
2
2- Reduction with alkali metal (called n-doping).

CH n   xNa  CH n x  xNa 

Factors that affect the conductivity

1‐Denesity of charge
Denesity of charge carriers
carriers..
2‐ Thier mobility.
mobility.
3‐The 
The direction
direction..
4‐ Presence of doping materials
of doping materials (additives that
facilitate the polymer conductivity)
conductivity)
5‐Temperature.

18
 10/30/2010

Electrical characterization of polyvinyl alcohol 
films doped with sodium iodide
Omed Gh. Abdullah
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani ‐ Iraq

Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with sodium iodide up to (30wt%) were
prepared in order to investigate the effect of sodium iodide additions on the electrical
properties of PVA host. The dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, electric modulus and
ac conductivity were studied in the frequency range 20KHZ‐1MHz and in temperature
range 300‐350 K. Upon increasing the contents of sodium iodide an increase in the
dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of PVA host are observed. The
ac conductivity is found to obey power law Bws. The frequency exponential factor s
was estimated and it was found to vary between 0.92 and 0.34, dependence on
sodium iodide contents. From the temperature dependence of ac conductivity, the
increase of activation energy was observed with dopant concentration.

Key words: ac conductivity, electric modulus, complex dielectric constants, doping.

ac conductivity virus frequency
100
90
80
H H
ac s/m (10-6)

70
PVA-0%NaI
60
50
PVA-10%NaI C C
PVA-20%NaI
40 PVA-30%NaI H OH
30
20
n
10
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
f (KHz)

Variation of ac conductivity   with frequency for PVA‐NaI
composites

19
 10/30/2010

Activation Energy
0
PVA-0%NaI
-1 PVA-10%NaI
PVA 10%NaI
log(dc) PVA-20%NaI
-2
PVA-30%NaI
-3

-4

-5
 
-6
2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
1000/T (K-1)

Semilogarithmic plots of dc conductivity against reciprocal of 
temperature at different NaI concentrations

Activation Energy
 

Table(1): Values of activation energy (Ea) and the exponential 
factor (s) for PVA‐NaI composites.

Samples ( )
0% . 0.92
10% . 0.87
20% . 0.63
30% . 0.34
 

20
 10/30/2010

Electric Modulus
0.05 0.05
0.045 (a) 0.045 (b)
0.04 0.04
0.035 0.035
M"

M"
0.03 0.03
0 025
0.025 0 025
0.025
T=300 K
0.02 0.02 T=300 K
T=310 K
T=310 K
0.015 T=320 K 0.015 T=320 K
0.01 T=330 K 0.01 T=330 K
T=340 K T=340 K
0.005 T=350 K
0.005 T=350 K
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
M' M'

0.07 0.12
(c) (d)
0.06 0.1

0.05
0.08
M"

M"
0.04
0.06
0.03 T=300
T 300 K
T=300 K
T=310 K
T=310 K 0.04 T=320 K
0.02 T=320 K
T=330 K
T=330 K
0.02 T=340 K
0.01 T=340 K
T=350 K
T=350 K
0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
M' M'

Argand plots of (a) pure PVA, (b) 10 wt%, (c) 20 wt% and
(d) 30 wt% NaI‐PVA composites.

21
10/30/2010

22