Rainwater Harvesting at S.I.T. Bhubaneswar: Department of Civil Engineering

Rainwater harvesting at S.I.T.
Bhubaneswar 2019
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 1

Rainwater harvesting at S.I.T. Bhubaneswar 2019
INTRODUCTION
1.1. RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS AND ITS FEATURES

Rainwater Harvesting is a simple technique of catching and holding rainwater where
its falls. Either, we can store it in tanks or we can use it to recharge groundwater
depending upon the situation.
1.1.1. Features of Rainwater Harvesting are:

 Reduces urban flooding.
 Ease in constructing system in less time.
 Economically cheaper in construction compared to other sources, i.e. dams,
diversion, etc.
 Rainwater harvesting is the ideal situation for those areas where there is
inadequate groundwater supply or surface resources.
 Helps in utilizing the primary source of water and prevent the runoff from going
into sewer or storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants.
 Recharging water into the aquifers which help in improving the quality of existing
groundwater through dilution.

1.2. Why RWH is required ?
 The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collection of water from

surfaces on which rain falls, and subsequently storing this water for later
use.
 Normally water is collected from the roofs of buildings and stored in
rainwater tanks. This is very common in rural Australia.
 Water can also be collected in dams from rain falling on the ground and
producing runoff.
 To conserve & augment the storage of ground water.
 Top reduce water table depletion.
 To improve the quality of ground water.
 To arrest sea water intrusion in coastal areas.
 To avoid flood and water stagnation in urban areas.
1.3. COMPONENTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

A rainwater harvesting system comprises of components for - transporting rainwater
through pipes or drains, filtration, and tanks for storage of harvested water. The common
components of a rainwater harvesting system are:-
1.3.1. Catchments: The surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to the
system is called catchment area. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a
building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof made of reinforced cement
concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.
1.3.2. Gutters: Channels which surrounds edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater
to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and mostly made locally
from plain galvanized iron sheet. Gutters need to be supported so they do not sag or fall off
when loaded with water. The way in which gutters are fixed mainly depends on the
construction of the house, mostly iron or timber brackets are fixed into the walls.
1.3.3. Conduits: Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or
rooftop area to the harvesting system. Commonly available conduits are made up of
material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI).
1.3.4. Storage facility: There are various options available for the construction of these tanks
with respect to the shape, size, material of construction and the position of tank and they
are:- Shape: Cylindrical, square and rectangular.

1.4. OBJECTIVE OF RWH.
 To meet the increasing demand of water.

 To reduce the run-off which chokes the drains?
 To avoid the flooding of roads.
 To raise the underground water table.
 To reduce groundwater pollution.
 To reduce soils erosion.
 Supplement domestic water needs.
 Rain water is the ultimate source of fresh water
 Potential of rain to meet water demand is tremendous.
 Rain water harvesting helps to overcome water scarcity.
 To conserve ground water the aquifers must be recharged with rain water.

CHAPTER - 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Jebamalar and Ravikumar, carried out a comparative analysis of hydrologic responses to
rainwater harvesting. They analyzed and investigated the implementation of rainwater
harvesting (RWH) structures. They also analyzed its hydrologic responses in two hydro-
geologically different localities of Chennai city in Tamil Nadu state, India. They
observed that the recharge and quality have improved due to the implementation of
RWH.
2. Dwivedi et.al, carried out an investigation on rainwater harvesting at roof top of
educational complex.[2] Their work was aimed at studying rainwater harvesting for all
buildings, planning and designing the rooftop rain water harvesting system. They
proposed integrated rainwater harvesting for all the educational complexes together. The
cost for 100 percent usable and 40 percent water usable systems were almost same. The
environmental and water conservation aspects call for use recycled water to maximum
potential.
3. Khilare et.al, studied rainwater harvesting for Dahivadi college building and campus in
Man Tahsil of Satara district. [3] They made an attempt to examine the present status of
water requirement. They proposed rooftop RWH potential in the college campus.
According to these studies it was possible to mitigate about 70 percent of annual drinking
water demand. Also 43 percent of the domestic water demand can be mitigated by
rainwater harvesting.
4. Farreny et.al, carried out comprehensive studies on selection of roof top for rainwater
harvesting. [4] They monitored clay tiles, metal sheet and polycarbonate plastic and one
flat gravel roof for two years. They offered a model for the estimation of the runoff
volume and the initial abstraction of each roof. It was also possible to check
physicochemical contamination of roof runoff. They found that selection of smooth roof
can provide 50 percent better results than rough roofs or surfaces.
5. Ariyananda explored the rainwater harvesting for water supply in Shrilanka. [5] They
carried out study on domestic water supply situation in Shrilanka. According to his
studies, rainwater harvesting has increased the use of water per ca [pita 28 lpcd (liters per
capita per day) in non-beneficiary households to 43 lpcd in beneficiary households.
Requirement of capital investment is limiting factor in rainwater harvesting. According
to him the use of an appropriate tank size and use of less and cheaper materials, less labor
and simple construction aids are important factor in rainwater harvesting.
6. Pande and Telang carried out investigation on rainwater harvesting potential by surface
runoff and catchment area and mean annual rainfall. [6] According to their estimates, 26,
36,374 Liters of water can be harvested by Indira Paryavaran Bhawan.
7. Shittu et.al carried out an investigation on rainwater harvesting in Ibadan, Nigeria. [7]
According to them, because of deep digging, the groundwater table would have been
falling, causing hydrological imbalance. They analyzed water samples from the RWH
system and shallow well. They observed that the value of parameters like hardness,
alkalinity, chloride, iron and nitrate were well below the WHO norms. They concluded
that RWH technology was a viable and reliable water supply option in both urban and
rural areas for domestic purposes.
8. Khan, carried out a case study on rainwater harvesting in Gujarat. [8] She discussed
various aspects of rainwater harvesting like check on the declining water table, avoids
flooding, improvement in the quality of groundwater through the dilution of fluoride and
prevents soil erosion etc. For collection of data, they carried out the primary survey using
the schedule technique and focused group discussions.

9. Lade and Oloke carried out an investigation on rainwater harvesting potential in Ibadan,
Nigeria. [9] According to them, the increase of population, social and economic activities
has led to increase in water demand. They conducted a desk to review of various RWH
technologies locally, regionally and globally. They carried out hydrological analysis by
analyzing data for last 30 years. According to them, it is important to treat rainwater
properly before using it, as it passes over rooftops.
10. Kimani et.al, carried out an investigation on rainwater harvesting in Makueni County,
Kenya. [10] In their studies, they evaluated drain water harvesting technologies and the
factors contributing to adoption of the technologies. They used statistical package for
social scientists (SPSS) for analyzing the data. According to their studies, the major
rainwater harvesting technologies used in the region are macro-catchment (earth dams,
sand/sub-surface dams), micro-catchment (Zai pits, strip catchment, tillage, contour and
semi-circular bunds) and rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies with rooftop
catchment.
11. Saleem et.al, analyzed groundwater quality improvement using rainwater harvesting.
[11] According to him, the extraction of excessive qualities of ground water has resulted
in drying up of wells. They made an attempt to analyze the impact of rain water
harvesting on ground water quality. They carried out case study of Jamia Millia Islamia
campus rainwater harvesting. According to them, the rainwater recharge improves the
quality of groundwater.
12. Patel et.al studied rainwater harvesting in educational campus. [12] They analyzed
present water use at Sankalchand Patel Sahakar Vidhyadham (S.P.S.V.) Campus,
Visnagar, and S.P.S.V. campus. They also carried out feasibility study for rainwater
collection. With the same rainfall data they analyzed rainwater harvesting capacity of
different buildings.
13. Dwivedi and Bhadauria carried out case study on rooftop rainwater harvesting. [13] In
their paper, they presented the development of the framework for domestic rooftop
harvesting for drinking water. They also developed a mathematical equation expressing
the relationship between the required size of water tank and different rooftop areas.
14. Esguerra et.al studied rainwater harvesting for quality assessment and utilization. [14] In
their project, they also assessed system’s technical soundness, environmental
dimensions, economic feasibility as well as its social and political acceptability.
According to them, rainwater harvesting is capable of fulfilling 6 month requirement of
water for household of 6-10 people family. The RWH for household system includes
rooftops, gutters, down spouts, filter and storage tank. According to these studies, the
cost of the rainwater harvesting system could be recovered in two years at most.
15. Julius et.al carried out review on rainwater harvesting. [15] They discussed issue of water
scarcity and importance of rainwater harvesting. The research and studies on RWH in
the globe and India were discussed.
16. The studies carried out by Kumar et.al revealed the study of low cost traditional water
harvesting structures. [16] They carried out studies in North Western Himalayan Region.
According to their estimates, 40 per cent of the total geographical area of Himachal
Pradesh, Uttrakhand and Jammu and Kashmir is degraded very badly. In- situ runoff
management, according to them was best method of rainwater harvesting for the farms.
They achieved excellent results by using ferro-cement water storage structures of
different dimensions.

CHAPTER – 3
STUDY AREA & DATA

COLLECTION

3.1. STUDY AREAS
As discussed earlier in the section of introduction – importance of rainwater harvesting at

SIT BBSR, we clearly came to know the all the advantages which we can draw out by
implementing this small but highly efficient technique in the campus. Thus to increase the
potential, benefits of this system and draw maximum advantages from it, we need to have large
rooftop areas which will be going to act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more
will be the surface runoff and thus more will be the amount of harvested water.
Therefore as much as possible, we have included and considered all the major buildings having
large rooftop areas. Hence, study areas includes two buildings ( Block-C). Given below a satellite
picture, showing majority of the buildings considered for rainwater harvesting system at
SIT,BBSR.
Fig :- 3.1.
SIT BBSR CAMPUS { Google Earth, Date:- 26/03/2019}

3.1.1. DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT AREA
D=
(6.3×3)m
D=(6.3×3)m 61m
15m
Total Area of Block-C = (61×15)-2×(6.3×3)

= 877.2 𝑚2
Total Catchment Area = Total Roof Area of Block-C

= 877.2 𝑚2
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
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3.2. RAINFALL DATA COLLECTION
The average monthly rainfall data are being taken from the Orissa premier Science and
Technology organization, National Informatics Centre (NIC), Bhubaneswar. Again its
followed that, „Bhubaneswar‟ is a small city and thus has a uniform average rainfall through
out the city in all location. Thus monthly rainfall data of the Bhubaneswar city is given below
in the table no.1 which is assumed to be same for the station of SIT, BBSR campus.
Table 3.1 Monthly Rainfall data of SIT, BBSR.
SL. NO. Month Rainfall (mm) Discharge (𝑚3 )
1 January 12 10.526
2 February 25 21.93
3 March 26 22.807
4 April 26 22.807
5 May 62 54.386
6 June 190 166.668
7 July 350 307.2
8 August 340 298.248
9 September 257 225.440
10 October 168 147.369
11 November 38 33.334
12 December 4 3.508
TOTAL 1498 1314.0456
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Graph 3.1
Rainfall(mm)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Fig.3.1: Showing Amount of Rainfall Collected in throughout the year
Graph 3.2
Volume(𝑚^3)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Fig.3.2 : Showing Volume of water collected from rainfall throughout the year
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CHAPTER – 4
METHODOLOGY
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4.1. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
On the basis of experimental evidence, Mr. H. Darcy, a French scientist enunciated in

1865, a law governing the rate of flow (i.e. the discharge) through the soils. According to him, this
discharge was directly proportional to head loss (H) and the area of cross-section (A) of the soil,
and inversely proportional to the length of the soil sample (L). In other words,
𝑯
Q α 𝑳 ×A
Q = Runoff
Here, H/L represents the head loss or hydraulic gradient (I), K is the co-efficient of permeability
Hence, finally,
Q = K.I.A
Similarly, based on the above principle, water harvesting
potential of the catchment area was calculated.
The total amount of water that is received from rainfall over an area is called the rainwater
legacy of that area. And the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water
harvesting potential. The formula for calculation for harvesting potential or volume of water
received or runoff produced or harvesting capacity is given as:-
Harvesting potential or Volume of water Received (m3)

= Area of Catchment (m2) X Amount of rainfall (mm) X Runoff coefficient
Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume of water that runs off a
surface to the volume of rainfall that falls on the surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses
due to spillage, leakage, infiltration, catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all
contribute to reducing the amount of runoff. Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.0. In present
problem statement, runoff coefficient is equal to 1 as the rooftop area is totally impervious. Eco-
Climatic condition (i.e. Rainfall quantity & Rainfall pattern) and the catchment characteristics are
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considered to be most important factors affecting rainwater Potential. Given below the table
showing the value of runoff coefficient with respect to types of surface areas:-
Table 4.1 VALUE OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (K)

Sl no. Types of area Value of K
Flat land 0-5 % Rolling land 5%- Hilly land 10%-
slope 10% slope 30% slope
1. Urban areas 0.55 0.65 0
2. Single family 0.3

residence
3. Cultivated Areas 0.5 0.6 0.72
4. Pastures 0.30 0.36 0.42
5. Wooden land or 0.3 0.35 0.5

forested areas
Reference : Table 7.31, Chaper Hydrology and runoff computation, Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structure, by Garg,
S.K.
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4.2. METHODS FOR STORAGE OF HARVESTED RAINWATER IN

TANK
Finally, we need to store the water which is obtained from the rooftop areas of the
different buildings. The volume of tank which stores the harvested water will be directly
proportional to the total volume of water harvested.
Technically, there are two types of methods for distributing the harvested rainwater:-
 RATIONING METHOD (RM)

 RAPID DEPLETION METHOD (RDM)
4.2.1. RATIONING METHOD (RM):

The Rationing method (RM) distributes stored rainwater to target public in such a way
that the rainwater tank is able to service water requirement to maximum period of time. This
can be done by limiting the amount of use of water demand per person.
4.2.2. RAPID DEPLETION METHOD (RDM):
In Rapid Depletion method, there is no restriction on the use of harvested rainwater by

consumer. Consumer is allowed to use the preserved rain water up to their maximum
requirement, resulting in less number of days of utilization of preserved water. The rainwater
tank in this method is considered to be only source of water for the consumer, and alternate
source of water has to be used till next rains, if it runs dries.
4.3. ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING.
4.4. SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING.
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4.3. ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING

It is a system of catching rainwater where it falls. In rooftop harvesting, the roof
becomes the catchments, and the rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It
can either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system. This method is less
expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the ground
water level of the area.
Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting is the technique through which rain water is captured
from the roof catchments and stored in reservoirs. Harvested rain water can be stored in sub-
surface ground water reservoir by adopting artificial recharge techniques to meet the household
needs through storage in tanks. The Main Objective of rooftop rain water harvesting is to make
water available for future use. Capturing and storing rain water for use is particularly important
in dry land, hilly, urban and coastal areas. In alluvial areas energy saving for 1m. rise in ground
water level is around 0.40 kilo watt per hour.
4.3.1. Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting

The illustrative design of the basic components of roof top rainwater harvesting system
is given in the typical schematic diagram.
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4.3.1.1. Catchment
The surface that receives rainfall directly is the catchment of rainwater harvesting
system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open ground. The
terrace may be flat RCC/stone roof or sloping roof. Therefore the catchment is the
area, which actually contributes rainwater to the harvesting system.
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4.3.1.2Transportation
Rainwater from rooftop should be carried through down take water pipes or drains to
storage/harvesting system. Water pipes should be UV resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of
required capacity. Water from sloping roofs could be caught through gutters and down take
pipe. At terraces, mouth of the each drain should have wire mesh to restrict floating material.
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4.3.1.3 First flush

 First flush is a device used to flush off the water received in first shower.
 The first shower of rains needs to be flushed-off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by the probable contaminants of the atmosphere and
the catchment roof.
 It will also help in cleaning of silt and other material deposited on roof during dry
seasons Provisions of first rain separator should be made at outlet of each drainpipe.
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4.3.1.4. Filter
There is always some skepticism regarding Roof Top Rainwater harvesting

since doubts are raised that rainwater may contaminate groundwater. There is remote
possibility of this fear coming true if proper filter mechanism is not adopted. Secondly
all care must be taken to see that underground sewer drains are not punctured and
no leakage is taking place in close vicinity. Filters are used fro treatment of water to
effectively remove turbidity, colour and microorganisms. After first flushing of rainfall,
water should pass through filters. A gravel, sand and ‘netlon’ mesh filter is designed
and placed on top of the storage tank. This filter is very important in keeping the
rainwater in the storage tank Clean. It removes silt, dust, leaves and other organic
matter from entering the storage tank. The filter media should be cleaned daily after
every rainfall event. Clogged filters prevent rainwater from easily entering the storage
tank and the filter may overflow. The sand or gravel media should be taken out and
washed before it is replaced in the filter.
 Screening
A screen filter is a type of [filtration of water] using a rigid or flexible screen to
separate sand and other fine particles out of water for irrigation or industrial
applications.[1] These are generally not recommended for filtering out organic matter such
as algae, since these types of contaminants can be extruded into spaghetti-like strings
through the filter if enough pressure drop occurs across the filter surface. Typical screen
materials include stainless steel (mesh), polypropylene, nylon and polyester.
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 Rapid Sand Filter

The rapid sand filter or rapid gravity filter is a type of filter used in water
purification and is commonly used in municipal drinking water facilities as
part of a multiple-stage treatment system.
4.4 SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING
In this method of collecting rainwater for irrigation, water flowing along the
ground during the rains will be collected to a tank below the surface of the ground.
The tank is constructed using bricks, which are coated with cement. During
storage, it is important to incorporate efficient and effective water conservation
methods – by reducing evaporation and also by adopting efficient irrigation
techniques. It is a very ‘easy to adopt’ technology proven with many communities
in the country that if used properly can be very profitable.
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CHAPTER – 5
PROJECT WORK
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Prepare of mud for control of soil and sand erosion
To digging bore well
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Filling gravel outside of bore well Excavation for recharge pit
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Preparation of cement mortar Brick joint for recharge pit
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Pipe joint for discharge of rain water
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Tee section pipe joining Distribution pipe jointing
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Closing the catchment area
Recharge pit.
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CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
3
1
RWH is a small-scale catchment development tool with a long tradition in many

countries, including Iran, and has been regarded as a method to reduce the magnitude of runoff
volume and supply of household water. In this study, with the hypothetic scenario that all the
residential buildings in the study area use RWH system, its effect on runoff volume magnitude
and household consumption was assessed. The effect of RWH system on reduction of the
magnitude of runoff volume for various return periods in all junction locations of the case
study. In a specific return period, the amount of RWH for every junction depends on the
upslope area, land use type and percent of connected areas. In marginal areas, the percent of
impervious and unconnected areas is more than central areas. These factors will make less
runoff and RWH volume than the central areas. On the other hand, in a more general view for
total return periods, with increasing return periods, the amount of runoff and RWH volume will
increase, but the percent of reduction runoff or RWH volume will reduce with increasing return
period. The reason for this study is concealed behind the equation, since in this equation the
only parameter that changes is amount of rainfall. Other parameters such as the area of land
use and its CN are constant. According to the results of Table 4, the amount of RWH system
can meet household consumption, varying from 202.50 to 462.11% for rainfall with 2 to 100
years return period. In other words, it can save 10008.98 to 22840.65 USD. These amounts can
be spent on other economic sectors. This topic is a fundamental issue, particularly in
developing areas having economic problems. There are many ways which when used will
enhance the purposes of this study. These ways can be categorized into three sections.
Increasing the roof top area: this is suitable for rural, sub urban or marginal parts of
urban areas, since in these areas, the land used such as densely urban areas is not completely
rigid and changing their area will be almost impossible. 2: Increasing the curve number of roof
top area in roof tops covered with high impermeability materials. 3: RWH is not only confined
to buildings, there are other land use such as roads and streets on which the RWH system can
be implemented. Finally, the result of this study can be useful for decision-makers to carry out
future urban planning with low development impacts.
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6.1. REFERENCE
1. A.Jebamalar And G. Ravikumar, “A Comparative Analysis Of Hydrologic Responses
To Rainwater Harvesting - A Case Study”, Indian Journal Of Science And
Technology, 2011
2. Dr. Arun Kumar Dwivedi, Virendra B. Patil, Amol B. Karankal, “Rooftop Rain Water
Harvesting For Groundwater Recharge In An Educational Complex”, Global Journal
Of Researches In Engineering Civil And Structural Engineering, 2013
3. C. J. Khilare, S. N. Pawar, D. D. Namdas And V. P. Gaikwad, “Rooftop Rain Water

Harvesting Potential: A Case Study Of Dahivadi College Building And Campus In
Man Tahsil Of Satara District”, Proceeding Of International Conference Swrdm-2012,
Department Of Environmental Science , Shivaji University, Kolhapur
4. Ramon Farreny A.B, Tito Morales-Pinzo´N A, C, Albert Guisasola D, Carlota

Taya,Joan Rieradevall A,D, Xavier Gabarrell, “Roof Selection For Rainwater
Harvesting: Quantity And Quality Assessments In Spain”, Water Research, 2011
5. Tanuja Ariyananda, “Domestic Rainwater Harvesting As A Water Supply Option In

Sri Lanka”, Hydro Nepal, 2010
6. Puskar Pande, And Shailesh Telang, “Calculation Of Rainwater Harvesting Potential

By Using Mean Annual Rainfall, Surface Runoff And Catchment Area”, Global
Advanced Research Journal Of Agricultural Science, 2014
7. Shittu O.I, Okareh O. T And Coker A.O., “Development Of Rainwater Harvesting

Technology For Securing Domestic Water Supply In Ibadan”, Nigeria, International
Research Journal Of Engineering Science, Technology And Innovation, 2015
8. Nilu Khan, “Contribution Of Rainwater Harvesting In Agriculture Of Gujarat: A Case

Study Of Ahmadabad District”, Iosr Journal Of Economics And Finance, 2014
9. Omolara Lade, David Oloke, “Assessment Of Rainwater Harvesting Potential In

Ibadan, Nigeria”, Environ. Eng. Res., 2013
10. M. W. Kimani, A. N. Gitau and. Ndunge, “Rainwater Harvesting Technologies In

Makueni County, Kenya”, Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering
And Science, 2015
11. Mohd. Saleem, Muqeem Ahmed, Professor Gauhar Mahmood, Dr. S.A.M. Rizvi,
“Analysis Of Groundwater Quality Improvement Using Rainwater Harvesting: A
Case Study Of Jamia Millia Islamia”, International Journal Of Modern Engineering
Research, 2012
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12. Utsav R. Patel, Vikrant A. Patel, Manjurali I. Balya, Harshad M. Rajgor, “Rooftop
Rainwater Harvesting (Rrwh) At Spsv Campus, Visnagar: Gujarat - A Case Study”,
International Journal Of Research In Engineering And Technology, 2014
13. Arun Kumar Dwivedi and Sudhir Singh Bhadauria, “Domestic Rooftop Water
Harvesting- A Case Study”, Arpn Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2009
14. Adriano T. Esguerra, Antonio E. Madrid And Rodolfo G. Nillo, “Rainwater

Harvesting, Quality Assessment And Utilization In Region I”, E-International
Scientific Research Journal, 2011
15. J.R.Julius, Dr.R.Angeline Prabhavathy, Dr. G.Ravikumar, Rainwater Harvesting

(RWH) - A Review”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research,
2013
16. Rohitash w Kumar, Thaman S., Agrawal G. And Sharma Poonam, “Rain Water
Harvesting and Ground Water Recharging In North Western Himalayan Region for
Sustainable Agricultural Productivity”, Universal Journal of Environmental Research
and Technology, 2011
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Rainwater harvesting at S.I.T.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 1

1.1. RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS AND ITS FEATURES

1.1.1. Features of Rainwater Harvesting are:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 2

1.2. Why RWH is required ?

 The harvesting of rainwater simply involves the collection of water from

1.3. COMPONENTS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 3

1.4. OBJECTIVE OF RWH.

 To meet the increasing demand of water.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 4

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 5

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 6

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 7

STUDY AREA & DATA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 8

3.1. STUDY AREAS

As discussed earlier in the section of introduction – importance of rainwater harvesting at

SIT BBSR CAMPUS { Google Earth, Date:- 26/03/2019}

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING. 9

3.1.1. DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT AREA

Total Area of Block-C = (61×15)-2×(6.3×3)

Total Catchment Area = Total Roof Area of Block-C

3.2. RAINFALL DATA COLLECTION

Table 3.1 Monthly Rainfall data of SIT, BBSR.

SL. NO. Month Rainfall (mm) Discharge (𝑚3 )

6 June 190 166.668

7 July 350 307.2

8 August 340 298.248

9 September 257 225.440

10 October 168 147.369

TOTAL 1498 1314.0456

Fig.3.1: Showing Amount of Rainfall Collected in throughout the year

4.1. HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS

On the basis of experimental evidence, Mr. H. Darcy, a French scientist enunciated in

Harvesting potential or Volume of water Received (m3)

Table 4.1 VALUE OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENT (K)

2. Single family 0.3

4. Pastures 0.30 0.36 0.42

5. Wooden land or 0.3 0.35 0.5

4.2. METHODS FOR STORAGE OF HARVESTED RAINWATER IN

 RATIONING METHOD (RM)

4.2.1. RATIONING METHOD (RM):

4.2.2. RAPID DEPLETION METHOD (RDM):

In Rapid Depletion method, there is no restriction on the use of harvested rainwater by

4.3. ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING.

4.4. SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING.

4.3. ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING

4.3.1. Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting

4.3.1.3 First flush

There is always some skepticism regarding Roof Top Rainwater harvesting

 Rapid Sand Filter

4.4 SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING

Prepare of mud for control of soil and sand erosion

To digging bore well

Filling gravel outside of bore well Excavation for recharge pit

Preparation of cement mortar Brick joint for recharge pit

Pipe joint for discharge of rain water

Tee section pipe joining Distribution pipe jointing

Closing the catchment area

RWH is a small-scale catchment development tool with a long tradition in many