EXPERTICIA
militar NÚMERO 6 - DICIEMBRE 2018 - MARZO 2019 - BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA
ISSN 2590-8782
EXPERTICIA
militar NÚMERO 6 - DICIEMBRE 2018 - MARZO 2019 - BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA
ISSN 2590-8782
Mayor General
Nicacio de Jesús Martínez Espinel
Comandante Ejército Nacional de Colombia
Mayor General
Adelmo Orlando Fajardo Hernández
8
Operaciones de mantenimiento de Paz. Aportes de Colombia
Segundo Comandante del Ejército
en las Naciones Unidas
Coronel Juan Carlos Galán Galán (q.e.p.d.) / Mayor General
Capitán Edwin Adolfo Cañas Avellaneda Jorge Enrique Navarrete Jadeth
Jefe de la Jefatura de Estado Mayor
Generador de Fuerza
16
La transformación militar frente al dilema del tiempo: Comité editorial
encontrando respuestas en las ciencias de la complejidad
Teniente Coronel Giovanni Alberto Gómez Rodríguez / Brigadier General
Vivian Marcela Zamora Zamora Robinson Alexander Ramírez Cedeño
Comandante del Comando de Educación y Doctrina
24
Editor
El Comando Estratégico de Transición y su participación en Coronel Pedro Javier Rojas Guevara
la estabilidad de Colombia Director Centro de Doctrina del Ejército
Coronel Carlos Javier Soler Parra
Coronel Farid Chaux Nieto
Subdirector Centro de Doctrina del Ejército
Introducción a la lógica institucional en las relaciones civiles Mayor Leonardo Gómez Parrado
y militares: caso colombiano
Coronel (FAC) Eliot Gerardo Benavides González 30 Director de la Dirección de Gestión,
Estandarización y Difusión de Doctrina - DIGED
Asesora en comunicación
estratégica:
40
Primer Seminario Taller Internacional de Arte y Diseño Luz Martha Melo Rodrigues
Operacional
El Centro de Doctrina del Ejército continúa generando Diseño, diagramación y conceptualización:
espacios para el pensamiento militar de la Fuerza Luz Marina Betancourt Marulanda
Colaboradores
Corrección de estilo: Capitán Diego Esmeral
46
La combinación de la pluma y la espada como fórmula de Madrid - Marcela Labrador - Tatiana Fadul
transformación cultural del Ejército Nacional – Nancy Tatiana Lagos. Traducción: Escuela de
Mayor Juan Manuel Devia Arias Idiomas del Ejército - Mayor Diego Arteaga.
Fotografía: Archivo fotográfico Ejército
Nacional, CEDOE, ESMAI.
52
La transformación de las Fuerzas Armadas en un mundo
complejo
Teniente coronel del Cuerpo de Infantería de Marina Samuel Morales Morales Correo Electrónico (E-Mail):
experticia.militar@cedoc.edu.co
CEDOE
CENTRO DE DOCTRINA
DEL EJÉRCITO
medida que de ella derivan los métodos eso las utilizamos con frecuencia, pero
desafortunadamente con excesiva con-
y procedimientos a emplear fianza, al punto que se dejan fuera pro-
cedimientos necesarios para no caer en
la trampa del pensamiento lineal “inten-
tar prever y dictar los acontecimientos
con demasiada antelación. Esto puede
dar como resultado creer que un plan peraba tener y más aún, sí es el reque-
puede controlar el futuro” (Mayor Zweibel- rido para enfrentar con éxito los retos y
son, Ejército de EUA, 2013, p. 54). Es necesa- amenazas existentes.
rio precisar que el pensamiento lineal
opera bajo la lógica del determinismo Se considera entonces, que dada la
y la mecánica clásica; mientras que el complejidad de la evaluación y la natu-
pensamiento no lineal se ubica “en la raleza misma del problema, este ha sido El pensamiento
otra cara de la luna”, el indeterminismo tratado por lo general en los ejércitos
y la complejidad. occidentales con poca eficacia práctica, tradicional sugiere
El Ejército de Colombia en la fase de
aunque con bastante intensidad teórica.
la necesidad
implementación de los planes de trans- Tales investigaciones de manera común de identificar
formación actuales emplea el pensa- exploran conceptos y nociones afines al
miento y la planeación lineal, confiando indeterminismo y los sistemas no linea- las variables y
en adquirir las capacidades que fueron
previstas como requeridas para un futu-
les, por ello problematizan respecto a la
lógica de la causalidad y sus métodos
definir su control,
ro hipotético que ahora ha llegado; esto correspondientes que siguen un camino parametrizar y
implica que en el pasado se dio inicio a rígido ligado a la estructura de la plani-
proyectos que comprometieron recur- ficación secuencial; en cualquier caso, operacionalizar
sos y sobre los cuales se apostó a costa
de dejar de lado otros.
estos estudios no desconocen la incon-
gruencia evidente entre una realidad que
un sistema,
se manifiesta caótica, volátil, ambigua y descomponiéndolo
Si estamos de acuerdo con que la tram- compleja y la necesidad de operar con
pa del pensamiento lineal tiene senti- planes coherentes, ordenados, sistemá- por completo
do, nos vemos obligados a constatar la ticos y progresivos tendientes a contro-
coherencia entre el escenario configu- larla.
rado en el momento de dar vida a los
proyectos y la realidad objetiva presen- Las metodologías de diseño desarrolla-
te cuando estos fueron materializados, das por el Ejército de los Estados Unidos
preguntando además si el Ejército que y aplicaciones similares en otros ejérci-
ha emergido es en efecto, el que se es- tos de vanguardia, son aproximaciones o
1 El Ejército de Estados Unidos cambió su término del sencillo “diseño” a la “metodología de diseño del Ejército”, El Ejército de Colombia entiende la
mientras las Fuerzas de Defensa Israelíes experimentaron con el “diseño operacional sistémico”, previo a la guerra
con Hezbolá en 2005. Las Fuerzas Armadas de Australia acuñaron el término “Campañas Adaptables, mientras los
transformación militar como un proyec-
británicos prefieren “La toma de decisiones y resolución de problemas” en su más reciente doctrina de planifica- to estructurado, una sucesión planeada
ción conceptual; diferentes nombres y enfoques que aluden a la metodología para la aplicación del pensamiento
crítico y creativo para comprender, visualizar y describir problemas complejos o mal estructurados y desarrollar
de trabajos, esfuerzos e iniciativas ten-
aproximaciones para solucionarlos (U.S. Army, 2010). dientes a preparar la fuerza para afron-
tar los retos del futuro en los ambientes
2 “Estas ciencias son un conjunto de disciplinas, teorías, enfoques, lenguajes y métodos que se dedican al estudio, operacionales complejos.
por decirlo de manera fuerte y por vía de contraste, de todo aquello que no estudia la ciencia normal. - Notable-
mente, se trata de las ciencias y disciplinas que incluyen a la ciencia del caos, la geometría de fractales, la teoría
de catástrofes, la termodinámica del no equilibrio, lógicas no clásicas, la vida artificial, y la ciencia de las redes Así, los proyectos de transformación
complejas. Por consiguiente, se trata de los fenómenos que son impredecibles, incontrolables, no parametrizables, en curso son actualmente el resultado
y que no se explican en términos de causalidad” (Maldonado, 2013, p. 21).
de trabajos como el CETI 2012 (Comité
Estratégico de Transformación e Inno-
3 La lógica clásica, formal, matemática o simbólica, pretende ser axiomática; entre tanto, las lógicas no-clásicas, vación) y el CEDEF 2013 (Comité Estra-
son sistemas de pensamiento que se dan a la tarea de explicar fenómenos del mundo y la naturaleza que no son
susceptibles de ser explicados en términos binarios, 1 o 0. Las lógicas no-clásicas trabajan sistemas trivalen- tégico de Diseño del Ejército del Futuro);
tes, pentavalentes y así hasta infinitivalentes – y el mundo nuestro es un mundo de más de uno o dos valores; en este último, pese a las exigencias de
ciertamente, sistemas en los que el tiempo es un problema que no se puede descontar, lógicas que trabajan con
inconsistencias, contradicciones y vacíos, en lugar de resolverlos o dejarlos de lado; fenómenos en los que los con- la planificación tradicional ya menciona-
textos de relevancia son móviles y diversos; situaciones en las que existen diferencias sutiles y matices variados das, se realizó un esfuerzo por incorpo-
y móviles, entre muchos otros. Estas son: la lógica polivalente, la lógica del tiempo (o lógica temporal), las lógicas
para consistentes, la lógica de la relevancia, o la lógica difusa, respectivamente (Maldonado, 2013). rar herramientas no lineales a través del
Herramientas de las
ciencias de la complejidad
La intención en este escrito es plantear,
al menos teóricamente, algunas herra-
mientas de las ciencias de la compleji-
dad que pueden servir a los propósitos
requeridos de evaluación en la imple-
mentación de proyectos; en concreto la
Metaheurística, las transiciones de fase
y la dinámica de redes complejas. De
igual forma, mencionaremos la metodo-
logía de diseño del Ejército de Estados
Unidos, que tiene actualmente varios
años de evolución.
Metaheurística
Constituye una herramienta reciente de-
sarrollada en el marco de las ciencias de
la complejidad en general, y de los pro- Fuente:curiosantes.blogspot.com
otra categoría, pues está orientada a la tión del tiempo se sitúa en la encrucijada
Las transiciones comprensión y solución de problemas a del problema de todo conocimiento. El
nivel conceptual. “La ADM pretende ser tiempo es la dimensión fundamental de
de fase son flexible, adaptable, creativa, emergente nuestra existencia” (Prigogine, 1996).
especialmente y sensible a un problema y entorno par-
ticular” (Grome, 2012). En la medida que la transformación mi-
adecuadas para litar es un fenómeno vital que ocurre y
Conclusiones discurre a través del tiempo y, por cuan-
entender los to, los fenómenos de máxima compleji-
Coronel
Carlos Javier Soler Parra
Oficial del arma de infantería del Ejército. en Derecho (PHD) de la Universidad Libre.
Profesional en Ciencias Militares, abogado de Dentro de su trayectoria se ha desempeñado
la Universidad San Buenaventura, especialista como instructor invitado de DD.HH. y DIH
en Derecho Administrativo de la Universidad en el Centro Hemisférico de Seguridad en el
Pontificia Bolivariana, Derecho Penal de la Comando Sur del Ejército de Estados Unidos
Universidad Externado de Colombia, DIDH en Columbus, Georgia; exdirector de DD.HH.
y DIH de la Escuela de Derechos Humanos y DIH del Ministerio de Defensa Nacional
del Ejército, graduado de los Cursos Básico de Colombia y autor de textos doctrinales
y Avanzado del Instituto Internacional de relacionados con el derecho operacional.
Derecho Humanitario en San Remo, Italia. Actualmente se desempeña como jefe de
Además es Magister en Derecho Público Estado Mayor del Comando Operativo de
de la Universidad Externado de Colombia, Estabilización y Consolidación “Aquiles”.
Derechos Humanos y Construcción de Paz de
la Universidad Javeriana, candidato a doctor
No cabe duda de que el estudio de las re- Igualmente, Colin S. Gray al referirse a Por su parte, Rafael Pardo Rueda en su
laciones civiles militares ha sido un as- la guerra expone que sus motivaciones, libro La historia de las guerras al referir-
pecto de interés desde el ámbito político los elementos materiales y psicológicos se a estas últimas, indica que “han ocu-
y sociológico, tratado por académicos y de los actores, sean tomadores de deci- pado un papel preponderante en la his-
estudiosos del tema como en el caso de siones, ejecutores y/o sujetos expuestos toria y en el desarrollo de la humanidad”,
Morris Janowitz The Professional Sol- a estas decisiones y mandatos políticos, por lo cual es posible afirmar que la gue-
dier: a Social and Political Portrait (1960, no cambian. En su lugar, se trata del rra comprende dinámicas e interaccio-
1988), Gwyn Harries-Jenkis & Charles cambio en las formas y características, nes que obedecen a intereses políticos
C. Moskos Jr Las fuerzas armadas y la así como las manifestaciones de la vio- y demandas sociales en determinadas
sociedad (1984), John Keegan, Gerhard lencia y reclamos desde el punto de vis- direcciones o fuerzas (Pardo, 2015, p. 29).
Ritter, Eliot Cohen (2002), Herbert C. Hu- ta económico, social y cultural (Gray, 1999,
ser (2002), José Manuel Ugarte (2016) y, pp. ix, 1). Cabe decir que si se acepta el papel po-
quizás el mayor exponente en el siglo lítico y social de la guerra a lo largo de
XX, Samuel P. Huntington The Soldier la historia de la humanidad, al tiempo
and the State: the Theory and Politics of que se reconoce la pertinencia de las
Civil-Military Relations (1957,1985), para La dinamización del teorías clásicas de la naturaleza de la
explicar las relaciones y equilibrios de la guerra en un mundo posmoderno, esto
estructura militar en función con la au- objetivo político y los daría paso a buscar una dimensión ac-
toridad política y con la población o so-
ciedad civil (agentes nacionales).
objetivos militares, tiva del relacionamiento civil y militar en
el contexto estratégico actual, en el cual
especialmente en no solo sigue la situación tradicional de
Estos teóricos han aportado elementos, la amenaza de otro Estado y de una gue-
conceptos y análisis sobre el rol e im- la concepción del rra, sino también un contexto en el que
portancia de la institucionalidad militar
en el marco de la misión constitucional
control territorial se manifiestan otro tipo de amenazas no
tradicionales, entre las que sobresale el
y así, en la estabilidad o inestabilidad y posterior control terrorismo, el crimen organizado trans-
de los regímenes democráticos en el nacional, el ciberdelito, el cambio climá-
mundo occidental, al tenor de la segu- institucional del tico, la pobreza, entre otros (Organización
ridad nacional (intereses nacionales), el
grado de legitimidad que se ostenta y el
terreno, ha sido de Estados Americanos, 2003).
Antes de continuar conviene enunciar los estamentos de Gobierno e instituciones democráticas en forma de autoridad y
una breve evolución conceptual de las poder soberano sobre sus fuerzas militares que implican el monopolio de la violencia
relaciones civiles y militares, en lo que legítima (Weber, 1968) en procura de mantener libre de interferencias a los intereses
Clausewitz acuñó como la incertidumbre nacionales, los cuales le dan sentido a la seguridad y la defensa nacional. En este
de la guerra y la remarcable trinidad, sentido, la sociedad civil está sujeta al cumplimiento de deberes, al goce de liber-
considerando que este relacionamiento tades y derechos para el bien de los más altos intereses generales, en los que el
se desarrolla en función de la guerra. Estado actúa y tiene mayor expresión a través de sus fuerzas militares (Weber, 1968).
establecer las condiciones del objetivo profesionalización de En gran medida para hacer realidad esta
político” (Smith, 2005). teoría normal de relaciones civiles-mili-
las fuerzas militares, tares existe un componente denominado
Como se observa en torno a la políti-
ca de seguridad, el Estado colombia-
como bien se ha profesionalización de las Fuerzas Milita-
res, como bien se ha logrado en térmi-
no empezó a reconocer las diferencias logrado en términos nos de educación técnica y de educación
culturales de la población civil y los di- profesional, constituidos como institutos
ferentes grados de vulnerabilidad por de educación técnica de educación superior IES avalados por
regiones o zonas (carácter focalizado y el Ministerio de Educación de Colombia;
diferenciado), así como las caracterís-
y de educación dentro de esta profesionalización se en-
ticas topográficas y su dinámica social profesional cuentra transversal la Política Integral
y económica específica que marcan las de Derechos Humanos para prevenir y
raíces y expresiones de violencia. proteger activamente la vida y el bien-
estar de la población en los territorios,
Conclusiones
En el mismo aspecto de la lógica
La trilogía de Clausewitz sumada a los
institucional y alineación de objetivos es conceptos vistos de Jomini y Sun Tzu,
necesario abordar el control territorial, el resulta necesaria para explicar las in-
terdependencias institucionales entre el
cual migró a convertirse en la condición estamento político, sus fuerzas armadas
y la población civil bajo una lógica con-
esencial para la protección de la población tractual y de legitimidad, en función de
COLOMBIA. (2017 de febrero de 2017). Co- Pardo, R. (2015). La historia de las gue- Weber, M. (1968). Economy and Society
mando General de las Fuerzas Militares. rras. Bogotá, D.C., Colombia: Penguin (Vol. 1). New York: Bedminster.
Plan Militar ‘Victoria’ por una paz estable Random House Grupo Editorial, S.A.S.
EL CENTRO DE
DOCTRINA DEL
EJÉRCITO
CONTINÚA GENERANDO
ESPACIOS PARA EL
PENSAMIENTO MILITAR
DE LA FUERZA
Saludo del Teniente Coronel (RA) James Benn y el Teniente Coronel (RA) Carlos Soto
Foto oficial de los participantes en el Primer Seminario Taller Internacional de Arte y Diseño Operacional
Mayor
Juan Manuel Devia Arias
como director del observatorio de equidad
Es profesional en Ciencias Militares,
de género, docente de operaciones regulares Clásica en su raíz,
Instructor de Fuerzas Especiales del Ejército,
especialista en Administración Recursos
de la Escuela Militar de Cadetes y editor contemporánea
Militares para la Defensa, experto en
académico y conceptual del CRE-i de
Infantería. Actualmente, es el director de
en su acción y
Infantería Mecanizada y Armas Combinadas
y estudiante de derecho en la Universidad
términos, símbolos y cultura militar del vanguardista
Gran Colombia. Adicionalmente, tiene el
Ejército Nacional.
en su visión
Curso de Estado Mayor para Operaciones
de Paz de la Organización de las Naciones
Unidas (CECOPAB) y se ha desempeñado Darío Silva Silva
Esta nueva revolución ofrece retos y Es preciso entender la capacidad de las personas para asumir riesgos, ser imagina-
oportunidades, también de carácter dis- tivos y creativos para adaptar las viejas herramientas a las nuevas tareas; pero, a la
ruptivo, a los países, instituciones, em- vez también evitar la fuga de talento a través de una constante innovación, los proce-
presas y a los propios ciudadanos. Un sos de retención y el fomento de las nuevas ideas.
proceso en el que se producirán cam-
bios a un ritmo vertiginoso que gene- ¿Cómo abordar un proceso de transformación?
rarán un gran nivel de incertidumbre y
requerirá, por parte de todos los acto- El momento ideal para iniciar un cambio es cuando las cosas van bien, un cambio an-
res del cambio, la obligación de asumir ticipativo que prepare a la organización para un futuro diferente. Es en ese momento
mayores niveles de riesgo, que hacen in- cuando se suele disponer de los recursos suficientes, tangibles e intangibles, para
evitable que se comentan errores de los pensar y actuar.
que se deberá aprender.
En contraposición, en situaciones de crisis suele ser mucho más fácil iniciar el pro-
Lo importante es equivocarse rápido ceso de cambio, pero el coste es muy alto, porque la organización ya ha sufrido y
y con transparencia para cometer los perdido recursos, sobre todo intangibles representados por la credibilidad interna y
errores correctos, manteniendo siem- externa.
pre la orientación al logro establecida
por una visión nítida, pero también con- Así, la decisión del momento de afrontar un proceso de transformación constituye el
servando capacidad de pivotaje para no primer escollo relacionado directamente con las percepciones de los miembros de la
convertirse en uno de esos grandes bu- organización. Cuando se pregunta a los responsables de la dirección de organizacio-
ques con dificultad para virar y corregir nes cuál es el principal desafío que tienen, suelen referirse a la dificultad de generar
el rumbo. la percepción de necesidad de cambio y adaptación a un nuevo entorno. Iniciar cual-
quier proceso de transformación es difícil, pero mantenerlo en marcha o consolidarlo
El verdadero liderazgo es la capacidad presenta una complejidad igual o superior.
de convertir una visión en realidad. Para
ello, se hace necesario aprovechar las
oportunidades, adaptar estrategias,
planes y medidas, así como dedicar re-
MACRO: direccción e integración
cursos; todo realizando un esfuerzo por
PLANIFICACIÓN DEL CAMBIO LIDERAZGO
evitar las reticencias al cambio produ- (NAVIGATION) (EDUCATION LEADERSHIP)
cidas por intereses creados o inercias
º Estrategia de digitalización º Convencimiento del CEO
adquiridas. º Planificación de cambio º Nombramiento del CEO
que permiten y facilitan el cambio
y el compromiso
proceso de cambio (cuadro de mando) iniciativas y beneficios del cambio
nas, ya que la tecnología va más rápido
que estas, de manera que el esfuerzo OFERTA DEMANDA
principal recaerá sobre ellas. Solo lo-
º Establecimiento de mecanismos que
grando la transformación de nuestras soporten el cambio
º Nuevas tecnologías y modelos de º Participación, involucración y motivación
aptitudes y actitudes -cultura- respecto operaciones. Nuevos procesos de los usuarios finales
º Nuevo módelo de operaciones º Ejecución del plan de comunicación
a las nuevas tecnologías se podrá alcan- º Diseño de roles y responsabilidades º Alineación del cambio con la cultura
º Apoyo a la capacitación y al desempeño º Gestión y monitorización de la resistencia
zar una verdadera transformación. digital al cambio
º Vinculación del éxito del cambios con el º Potenciar la red de agentes de cambio
desempeño y la compensación
Este reto debe enfrentarse desde dos
FACILITACIÓN COMPROMISO
elementos relacionados entre sí. El pri- (ENABLERS) (OWNERSHIP)
mero está relacionado con lo que cada MICRO: actividades de detalle y entornos locales
persona está dispuesta a transformarse,
dejando atrás inercias creadas después
de años de funcionamiento y procesos
Figura 1. Metodología para la
de trabajo fuertemente arraigados. El transformación- (José Manuel, 2017)
por un modelo institucional basado sión del entorno, de forma que realmen-
te facilite y oriente la acción de todos los
en la influencia, en el fomento de la niveles cuando se produzcan cambios
en el entorno.
iniciativa y en la libertad de acción
Su modelo de liderazgo debe fomentar
la iniciativa, libertad de acción e implica-
ción de todos los subordinados. Más que
Este nuevo modelo de organización re- otras agencias en la zona, sin recurrir al indicar el «qué» para que las unidades
quiere un renovado estilo de liderazgo, micromando del comandante o a la mi- subordinadas desarrollen el «cómo», en
orientado, más que al ejercicio a través crogestión de su Estado Mayor. la actualidad habría que tender a esta-
del mando, a su ejercicio a través de blecer el «por qué y para qué», dejando
la influencia. El comandante de unidad Un estilo de mando que se relaciona con que las unidades subordinadas nos sor-
debe desarrollar un liderazgo que fo- la comprensión del entorno operacional prendan con el «qué» y el «cómo». Para
mente la iniciativa de los mandos subor- y del concepto de mission command o ello se requiere de un sistema sustenta-
dinados, así como la toma de decisión Auftragstaktik, tal como afirma Robert do en profesionales efectivos, compro-
en esos mismos niveles, la cual facilite M. Citino (Robert M, 2015), este concep- metidos, proactivos y responsables de
la coordinación entre ellos e incluso con to permite a los comandantes de gra- su ámbito de trabajo.
Los sistemas de gestión del conocimiento aparecen en la escena mundial y la histo- Las empresas y
ria, principalmente desde la recesión que sacudió a los Estados Unidos en los años
60 y principios de los 80, cuando los despidos masivos en las empresas las dejaron su conocimiento
sin su recurso más valioso, lo que reivindicó su valor estratégico cuando la época de
restricciones terminó y evidenció formalmente la pérdida del capital y recurso huma-
son el fundamento
no calificado, de competitividad y productividad en muchas industrias para siempre. para acceder a la
Producto de estas lecciones aprendidas, el mundo empresarial inició en los años 90 innovación y la
un proceso sistemático por incorporar tecnologías de la información y comunicación
con el advenimiento del computador personal. Fueron tiempos en los que se cen-
tecnología aplicada,
tralizó la información en repositorios digitales, que permitieron el almacenamiento que redunda hasta
permanente de los datos, pero que no resolvieron el problema de generar ventajas
competitivas e innovación dentro de las empresas que adoptaron esta iniciativa. nuestros días en una
Fue un punto de inflexión en que se comenzó formalmente a pensar en la gestión
caja de herramientas
del conocimiento y la forma de incorporar las experiencias de las personas al nivel modernas con las
corporativo. Hasta ese momento se consideraba que la información era equivalente
al conocimiento y no que el contexto del conocimiento era mucho más complejo que cuales llevamos a
depositar datos en un computador.
cabo una real gestión
Peter Drucker (1969) en su libro The age of Discontinuity fue quien trató por primera del conocimiento
vez los términos de "trabajador y sociedad del conocimiento", desde donde esbozó
teorías que apuntaban a que el acceso a la información debidamente estructurada,
entonces de manera Si hay algo positivo que nos deja el conflicto armado interno del país en estos más
de 50 años, es la oportunidad única de haber aprendido y seguir aprendiendo desde
general, como la la práctica y la casuística para la generación de lecciones, muchas de ellas, alojadas
sumatoria de todos en la mente de los oficiales, suboficiales y soldados que han participado y participan
actualmente de las operaciones militares y de asistencia civil de todo tipo.
los procesos que
Es ahí precisamente donde la gestión del conocimiento aplicado hace su mejor apor-
permiten convertir el te, al lograr identificar esos conocimientos tácitos, que pertenecen a la institución y
conocimiento tácito los pone en evidencia por cuenta de modelos que persiguen su sistematización para
disponerlos a la orden de las necesidades doctrinales, antes que desaparezcan por
de las organizaciones sustracción de materia en las personas (traslados o retiros), aunado todo ello con
las directrices que pasan con el tiempo a los archivos documentales muertos de la
(know-how, institución.
creatividad, valores, El desarrollo de un modelo de gestión del conocimiento para propósitos doctrinales
experiencias, etc.) contempla entonces acudir a los diferentes modelos que existen para lo propio, don-
de para este caso se sugiere adoptar el modelo de Nonaka, Takeuchi (1995), vigente
en conocimiento en la actualidad y que precisamente se encarga de convertir de manera circular y
sistemática el conocimiento tácito en específico.
explícito
(reglamentos,
Conocimiento tácito Conocimiento explícito
manuales, lecciones
aprendidas, patentes
Conocimiento tácito
Interiorización Combinación
las organizaciones • FASE (3) Observación: definición de los alcances y diferentes métodos para ha-
diferentes tipos de cer prospectiva, vigilancia e inteligencia tecnológica dentro y fuera de la organiza-
ción, que permita observar el entorno como un todo.
recursos y métodos
• FASE (4) Almacenamiento: estudio e implementación de las diferentes clases de
para identificar, tecnologías aplicadas a la gestión del conocimiento apoyadas en las TIC y su uso.
caracterizar, • FASE (5) Transferencia: descripción de los diferentes métodos a usar para la
organizar y poner debida extrapolación y conexión del conocimiento tácito y explícito dentro de la
organización.
a disposición
• FASE (6) Adaptación: descripción de los diferentes métodos para el uso y combi-
los intangibles nación del conocimiento explícito identificado y que amplía la visión y alcance de
y tangibles del la organización.
conocimiento Cada una de las fases y su desarrollo contempla en su ejecución el uso de personas
y herramientas multidisciplinares, que podrían ser las que se muestran a continua-
ción, las cuales aparecen de acuerdo con las necesidades que la entidad tenga y la
disponibilidad presupuestal.
Tácito A Explícito
La explicación del modelo se resume en
que el conocimiento tácito siempre será 1 2
el origen de todo el proceso, donde la so- Socialización Exteriorización
cialización permite identificar y compar- Mapas de conocimiento Groupware
tácito
Interiorización Combinación
se poseen; y la interiorización del cono-
Herramientas de apoyo a la Intranet
cimiento explícito es pasado de indivi- innovación Gestión documental
duo a grupo y de grupo a organización, Inteligencia de negocio
Portales de conocimiento
lo que abre la posibilidad de profundizar
y entrar en etapa de reflexión y conso-
lidación de aprendizajes individuales y
colectivos. Figura No. 5: Algunas herramientas usadas
en el modelo del conocimiento
Fuente: Meroño Cerdán - Gestión del
Para llevar a cabo procesos de gestión conocimiento, integración en un sistema
su carrera militar
openprodoc/Spec_ES.html
PUBLICACIONES DEL
CEDOE
En cada pestaña se
agrupan las distintas
BIBLIOTECA VIRTUAL
publicaciones
Agrupa todas las
actualizadas de su
publicaciones
correspondiente
actualizadas del Centro
categoría.
de Doctrina, clasificadas
por categorías.
CONCEPTO
DOCTRINAL DEL DÍA
MULTIMEDIA Cada día se muestra
En esta sección se un concepto
agrupan los recursos de doctrinal diferente.
video, audio e imágenes
con que cuentan las
distintas publicaciones.
DICCIONARIO
NOTICIAS VOCADOC
Reúne la información de Permite buscar
actualidad del CEDOE. la definición de
cualquier término
doctrinal.
APLICACIÓN EVENTOS
DOCTRINA DAMASCO Muestra la agenda
Vínculo para del CEDOE.
descargar el aplicativo
que se actualiza en
tiempo real con los REDES SOCIALES
contenidos del sitio Link con las
web. redes sociales del
Ejército Nacional
de Colombia.
www.cedoe.mil.co
PROFESSIONAL MAGAZINE OF THE COLOMBIAN ARMY
EXPERTICIA
militar NUMBER 6 - DECEMBER 2018 - MARCH 2019 - BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA
ISSN
ISSN2590-8782
2590-8782
EXPERTICIA
militar NUMBER 6 - DECEMBER 2018 - MARCH 2019 - BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA
ISSN 2590-8782
Major General
Nicacio de Jesús Martínez Espinel
Commander of the National Army of Colombia
Major General
Jorge Enrique Navarrete Jadeth
Chief of Staff Force Generator
89
Military transformation facing the time dilemma: finding Editorial committee
answers in the sciences of complexity
Lieutenant Colonel Giovanni Alberto Gómez Brigadier
Rodríguez / Vivian Marcela Zamora Zamora Robinson Alexander Ramírez Cedeño
Commander of the Army Education and Doctrine
Command
101
Introduction to institutional logic in civil-military
Major Leonardo Gómez Parrado
relations: the colombian case Director of Doctrine Management,
Colonel (FAC) Eliot Gerardo Benavides González Standardization and Dissemination - DIGED
116
The combination of the feather and the sword as Tatiana Fadul – Nancy Tatiana Lagos.
formula of cultural transformation of the national army Translator: Army language school - Mayor
Diego Arteaga. Photography: Army
Major Juan Manuel Devia Arias photo archive, CEDOE, ESMAI. Printing:
Publicaciones Ejército
132
Doctrine & knowledge management evidence, disseminates information related to Military
preservation and use of the tangible and intangible: a Sciences of national and international interest.
strategic need The opinions expressed in this journal by
Naval Engineer Carlos Enrique Ortiz Rangel military and civil authors are their exclusive
responsibility and do not necessarily
reflect the opinion of the Institution.
CEDOE
CENTRO DE DOCTRINA
DEL EJÉRCITO
The Army of Colombia has always had management, dynamic and volatile en-
a future vision in the compliance of the vironments, among others, mean that
constitutional mandate, as part of the the institution has evolved within the
development of ambitious projects ai- “Army of the Future” transformation
med at capabilities and fundamental framework to. So the army has the abi-
Brigadier bases strengthening, based on princi- lity to anticipate strategic environments
Robinson Alexander Ramírez Cedeño ples and values, as well as impacting all in which the capabilities development,
Commander of the Army Education internal processes. the updating of processes, the conso-
and Doctrine Command lidation of military culture aligned with
To diagnose the threats, challenges and international standards and the em-
their own shortages in a deep analysis powerment of human talent as a cen-
process is a guarantee that the force tral axis, provide the sine qua non (an
has many tools to educate, to train, essential condition) characteristics to
and to professionalize all its members, respond to any challenge.
following the premise of Michel Godet
“to illuminate the present with the light However, facing the new challenges is
of the future", an important purpose; a task that requires alignment with in-
to offer the tranquility and confidence ternational operational language and, it
to the nationals in order to support the is no coincidence that the last two pha-
willingness in building a society for all ses of the verification, organization and
with the intervention of social actors updating of Army’s Doctrine are being
and of course, to make this effort beco- developed. In addition this represents
mes a reality. a conceptual leap in military thought,
a change of paradigms in the way of
In that way, issues such as security managing and producing doctrine. This
and gender perspectives, security risk configures the inherent competencies
The Doctrine Damasco is currently lea- To diagnose the threats, challenges and
ding the transformation of the Army,
improving the operational effectiveness their own shortages in a deep analysis
of multi-mission heroes, regarding the
enhancement of capabilities, positioning
process is a guarantee that the force
as reference regionally, and globally. has many tools to educate, to train,
Meanwhile, the education, formation, and to professionalize all its members
instruction and training of all Army
members correspond to the need for
integral education as a complement to
the military sciences under the premise adaptation scheme of the organizatio- tanding in the institution offers a direct
“to educate is to transcend in men". nal structure, which does not ignore advantage, leading the country through
the evolution of autonomous, complex a successful path.
All the above reflects the impact of and proactive processes based on the
the Army’s transformation under an nation’s demands, in which the unders-
The National Army of Colombia today has the hard but comforting mission
of paying a posthumous tribute to Colonel Juan Carlos Galan, Director
of the International Missions Center, who stood out in the exercise of
his career and was awarded with the Medal of Valor on two occasions,
the Francisco José de Caldas medal for the best student, Andres Rosillo
from the Military Academy, the medal “Alas Doradas” or “Golden Wings”
for Aviation as well as the Alcopaz international medal, among others.
His work and performance, vocation and commitment, and his love
for this country during the 25 years of service won´t be forgotten.
The Army can´t avoid the sadness for this great loss, but we give thanks
to the almighty God for allowing his passage as an innate leader for
several generations of men and women in the service of the nation.”
At the end of 1981, after the tense calm Photo: Army Photo Archive - ESMAI
of the sector was affected by the attacks
85 | EXPERTICIA MILITAR | DECEMBER 2018- MARCH 2019
is optional; the authority to send or with- The objectives of today's multidimen-
draw peacekeepers is in the hands of the sional peacekeeping operations aim not
contributing government, as is responsi- only towards peace and security, but
bility for disciplinary, administrative and also towards facilitating political pro-
remuneration issues. cesses, protecting civilians, assisting
ex-combatants, supporting the organi-
In our doctrine, peacekeeping opera- zation of electoral processes, protecting
tions “is a broad term that includes and promoting human rights and hel-
multi-agency and multinational crisis ping to re-establish the rule of law (ONU,
response operations and limited con- Departamento de Asuntos Políticos).
tingency operations involving all instru-
ments of national power with military Situation in Colombia
missions to contain conflicts” (Colombia,
2017). Within these, the Army conducts Colombia as a founding member of the
peacekeeping, peace enforcement, pea- United Nations and since its admission,
cemaking, peacebuilding and conflict has played important roles within the
prevention operations. system, including deploying troops to di-
fferent nations, technical advice, training
UN Peacekeeping Operations (PKOs) and joint exercises in international mis-
help conflict-torn countries create the sions and peacekeeping operations with
conditions for sustaining peace, proving its military forces, in addition to sending
to be one of the most effective tools observers and mission experts to coun-
available to the UN to help countries na- tries and regions such as Korea, Cambo-
vigate the difficult path between conflict dia, Haiti, Yugoslavia, Suez Canal, Sinai, Colombia extended
and peace. West Africa, Central America, among
others. its service to the
United Nations peacekeeping is based
on unique advantages, such as legiti- However, the experience of more than
United Nations, thus
macy, burden-sharing and the ability to 50 years of armed conflict has given contributing to world
deploy and sustain troops anywhere in Colombia the capabilities, training, pro-
the world, considered multidimensional fessionalism and the outstanding achie- peace and security
missions, which are composed of mili-
tary, police and civilian personnel to pro-
vements in the development of special
operations, the struggle against drug
on the biblical
mote compliance (UN). trafficking and improvised explosive de- sands of the Sinai
vices, among others, which shows that
With such hard work and commitment, these types of operations constitute a Peninsula with the
United Nations staff inspires security and
provide the political and peacebuilding
fundamental platform for sharing the
expertise acquired over decades.
mission of observing,
support needed to help countries in ma- verifying, reporting
king the initial transition from a conflict The nation is prepared to offer its
situation and scourge of war to a different knowledge and capabilities without and carrying out
scenario outside situations that might compromising national security, with the
threaten security. Thus, the fundamen- objective of achieving levels of security
protection activities
tal principles of this organization are the in the affected regions, which will make for this prestigious
consent of the parties, impartiality and it possible to maintain and consolidate a
the non-use of force, except in legitimate sustainable peace that will contribute to force in the north
defense and in defense of the mandate. the continuous improvement of the living
conditions to the population.
In this way, PKOs have become a flexible
mechanism and in the last two decades Thus, in order to endorse Colombia's
have been deployed in different configu- participation in the missions that con- vernment of the Republic of Colombia,
rations, currently performing 14 opera- tribute to the maintenance of world pea- which establishes contributions to the
tions approximately over four continents. ce, a framework agreement was signed United Nations Standby Arrangements
between the United Nations and the Go- System for Peacekeeping Operations,
tion Mission in the Central African Repu- rities and all stakeholders, including the
blic (MINUSCA), with the participation of military, political parties and civil socie-
9 observers so far, and whose objective ty, towards working together to conso-
is the protection of the civilian popula- lidate the progress made so far, and ad-
tion as its highest priority, owing to the dress the root causes of instability, with
humanitarian, political, security and hu- particular attention to politico-military
Photo: Army Photo Archive - ESMAI
man rights crises in the Central African dynamics, ineffective state institutions
Republic and their regional implications. and the social rule of law, impunity, hu-
man rights violations and abuses, pover-
signed on 26 January 2015, integrated Other initial tasks include supporting the ty and lack of access to basic services
into the national legal system by Act No. transition process; facilitating humanita- (ONU, Departamento de Asuntos Políticos).
1794 of 11 July 2016, and declared enfor- rian assistance; promoting and protecting
ceable by Constitutional Court Decision human rights; supporting justice and the Indeed, national participation in these
C-2147/17. rule of law; and finally, disarmament, de- missions ensures the constant training
mobilization, reintegration and repatria- of the Armed Forces through United Na-
The cooperation and the commitments tion processes (UN, U. N. Peacekeeping). tions certification programs, the deve-
as a member state of the United Na- lopment of doctrine that generates sus-
tions makes that the government consi- Similarly, the United Nations Interim tainability in the future and international
ders the importance to strengthen the Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), in which Co- interoperability exercises, in which Co-
country's participation as a contributor lombia has contributed with3 liaison offi- lombia has already played an important
of military troops and policemen to UN cers, with the objective of monitoring the role.
Peacekeeping Operations. Therefore, cessation of hostilities and contributing
Colombia has contributed with a large to ensure humanitarian access to the ci- Currently, the proponent of peace ope-
amount of men within the mission of vilian population, a mission that involves rations tasks is ADRP 3-07 Stability, in
the United Nations observers for Cen- supervising, accompanying and suppor- Spanish (MFRE3-07). This manual descri-
tral America (ONUCA); the United Na- ting the Lebanese Armed Forces during bes the fundamentals of these kind of
tions Observer Mission in El Salvador their deployment in southern Lebanon ops and it’s complemented with the FM
(ONUSAL); the United Nations Protection and extending their assistance towards 3-07. 31 “Peace Operations", in Spanish
Force in the Former Yugoslavia (UNPRO- aid and guaranteeing humanitarian ac- (MCE 3-07.31); projected in the CEDOE’s
FOR) and the United Nations Verification cess to civilian populations, as well as Doctrinal Tree for the fourth phase of the
Mission in Guatemala (MINUGUA), which the voluntary and safe return of displa- Doctrine Damasco.
is currently maintained (ONU, División de ced persons (ONU, Departamento de Asuntos
Noticias y Medios de Información del Departa- Políticos). In the same way, the exchange of expe-
mento de Información Pública, 2013). riences and doctrine with countries such
As with the individual participation of se- as Germany, Chile, France and Brazil,
In addition, it deploys individual military veral members of Colombian Police, in among others, in relation to Peacekee-
officers to serve as United Nations mi- the United Nations Integrated Peacebuil- ping Operations, has facilitated the ac-
litary observers in the United Nations ding Mission in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOG- quisition of new knowledge enabling
Multidimensional Integrated Stabiliza- BIS), whose mission is to steer its autho-
Conclusions
Colombia has improved its military tac-
tics, techniques and procedures to deal
with the threat in a volatile, uncertain,
complex and ambiguous, well known
Photo: Army Photo Archive - ESMAI
in Spanish as VICA environment within
a context of irregular warfare, and it is
precisely this experience that demons-
trates the Army's commitment to com- The nation is prepared to offer its
plying with national and international
norms. knowledge and capabilities without
Likewise, there is evidence of capaci-
compromising national security, with
ty, training and education regarding the objective of achieving levels of
the fundamental principles necessary
to carry out peacekeeping operations, security in the affected regions, which
through the development of capabili-
ties, which may well be exported for the
will make it possible to maintain and
benefit of the international community, consolidate a sustainable peace
specifically in those countries where ar-
med clashes still exist.
Lieutenant Colonel
Giovanni Alberto Gómez Rodríguez Vivian Marcela Zamora Zamora
Administrator of Telecommunications Sociologist with a mention in Journalism “Everything flows,
Companies. Specialist in Integral
Telecommunications Management, Master
and Public Opinion from the Universidad del
Rosario. Experience in research and content
or everything
in Government and Public Administration production on issues related to the Colombian changes and war
from The Complutense University of Madrid,
Spain, Master in Security and Defense from
Armed Conflict, specifically Human Rights,
and strife between
International Humanitarian Law, historical
the Colombian War College (Escuela Superior memory, peace initiatives, disarmament, opposites is the
de Guerra) and Doctorate in Citizenship demobilization and reintegration processes. perpetual condition
and Human Rights from the University of During his career he has worked with victims
Barcelona, Spain. He currently serves as of the armed conflict, particularly members
of the universe”
Director of Transition Support in the Integral of the Armed Forces and their families.
Legal Department of the Army. He currently works in the Integral Legal Philips Stokes
Department of the National Army.
on the methods and procedures to be If we agree that the trap of linear thin-
king makes sense, we are obliged to ve-
rify the coherence between the scenario
configured at the moment of giving life sequential planning; in any case, these position from the other; normal sciences
to the projects and the present objective studies do not ignore the evident incon- strive for accuracy, while cutting-edge
reality when they were materialized, as- gruence between a reality that mani- research, i. e. the sciences of complexity
king also if the Army that has emerged fests itself chaotic, volatile, ambiguous seek what is not in sight and is not “logi-
is in effect, the one that was expected and complex and the need to operate cally"; deductible, alternatives and confi-
to have and even more, if it is the one with coherent, ordered, systematic and guration spaces of configuration through
required to face the existing challenges progressive plans tending to control it. new ways of approach.
and threats in a successful way.
The methodologies of design, developed The sciences of complexity2 imply a new
It is therefore considered that, given by the United States Army and similar order, a new rationality. They do not deal
the complexity of the assessment and applications in other armies are approxi- with common problems, but with those
the root of the problem, it has genera- mations or attempts to incorporate the that are complex, “complexity deals only
lly been treated in Western armies with sciences of complexity and non-linear with those areas where inaccuracies,
little practical effectiveness, albeit with thinking into military planning1. gaps, uncertainty, non-linearity, sur
considerable theoretical intensity.
Traditional thinking suggests the need
Such researches commonly explore to identify variables and define their
concepts and notions related to inde- control, making a system to be opera-
terminism and non-linear systems, thus tive, decomposing it completely; on the Traditional thinking
problematizing the logic of causality and contrary, the new science proposes to
its corresponding methods that follow explore all the possibilities of a pheno- suggests the
a rigid path linked to the structure of menon. This reference separates one
need to identify
variables and
1 The US Army changed its term from the simple "design" to the "Army design methodology", while the Israeli
Defense Forces experimented with the "systemic operational design", prior to the war with Hezbollah in 2005. The define their control,
Armed Forces of Australia coined the term "Adaptive Campaigns, while the British prefer" Decision making and
problem solving "in their more recent conceptual planning doctrine; different names and approaches that allude to
the methodology for the application of critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize and describe complex
making a system
to be operative,
or poorly structured problems and develop approaches to solve them (U.S. Army, 2010).
2 "These sciences are a set of disciplines, theories, approaches, languages and methods that are dedicated to the
study of everything that is not studied by the normal science. It deals with the sciences and disciplines that include
decomposing it
the science of chaos, the geometry of fractals, the theory of catastrophes, the thermodynamics of non-equilibrium,
non-classical logics, artificial life, and the science of complex networks. Therefore, it deals with phenomena that completely
are unpredictable, uncontrollable, non-parametrizable, and that are not explained in terms of causality "(Maldo-
nado, 2013, p. 21).
dology (ADM) represented a significant management, the We are aware that these types of tech-
organizational change for the U. S. mili- niques may be difficult to apply, but we
tary; recognizing that the application of approach of complex believe that in the end they will be more
standardized processes in the operatio-
nal environment is inconvenient in the
networks, contrary accurate than the usual reductionist and
limited visions.
face of a complex reality where diverse to what the name
factors interact in unpredictable ways In this sense, the above constitutes a
and tend to develop a holistic understan- suggests a priori, solid justification of the need to inte-
ding of complex problems. grate these methodologies in different
simplifies the space instances of military transformation,
The ADM is a tool of the integrated plan- for analysis and regarding the recommendation that
ning process, so it should not be done in planning teams must be different from
isolation from detailed planning, but in the system, which those of design with a strategic vision;
another category, because it is aimed at that is, with the capacity to follow and
understanding and solving problems at is understood as anticipate the bifurcations of reality,
the conceptual level. “WMD aims to be
flexible, adaptable, creative, emergent
“small"; in structures as well as their causes. In the words of
Zweibelson:
and sensitive to a particular problem that present
and environment" (Grome, 2012). Appreciation of a complex system re-
similarities at all quires a planning team to spend much
sidering the desired end/-state and for- References plejidad. Colección mis primeros pasos.
cing the complex system to respond in Ediciones desde Abajo.
the desired way by structuring its plan Arendt, H. (2015). Sobre la Violencia de
in reverse, design professionals should las ediciones originales de 1969, 1970. Maldonado, C. E., & Cruz, N. (2010). El
investigate why the system behaves Madrid: Alianza editorial. mundo de las Ciencias de la Compleji-
in the observed way and how they can dad: Un Estado del Arte. Documento de
influence it as it transforms over time Bauman, Z. (2009). Ética Postmoderna. investigación No.76. Bogotá: Universidad
(Mayor Zweibelson, Ejército de EUA, 2013, Madrid: Siglo XXI España Editores. del Rosario.
p.55).
El-Ghazali., T. (2009). Metaheuristic: from Mayor Ben Zweibelson, Ejército de EUA.
Finally, what is expected of the natural design to implementation. United States: (2013). Siete Consideraciones en la teo-
sciences and the sciences of complexi- John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Publications. ría de Diseño: Una metodología para li-
ty in the face of the phenomenon of mi- diar con problemas mal Estructurados.
litary transformation, as well as of the Grome, A. (2012). Army design methodo- Military Review.
Armies that undertake it as a project; it logy. Commander's resoruce.
is to achieve convergence between the Prigogine, I. (1996). El fin de las certi-
problems of one side and the other in an Huntington, S. (1985). La mentalidad mi- dumbres. Santiago de Chile: Editorial
integrating sense, what it is a question of litar: El realismo conservador de la ética Andrés Bello.
finding anchor points of two dimensions; de los militares profesionales en la insti-
on the one hand, the uncertain real and tución militar en el estado contemporá- Solé, R. (2011). Phase Transitions. New
objective world, which, in a point of time neo. In J. A. Gómez, & R. B. Martínez, La Jersey: Princeton University Press.
to come awaits us and on the other, the institución militar en el estado contem-
institution that with anxiety approaches poráneo (págs. 185-207). Alianza Edito- Stokes, P. (2009). Cien Pensadores Esen-
(seeing only up to where it reaches) the- rial. ciales. Bogotá: Panamericana Editorial.
se temporal moments.
Maldonado, C. E. (2013). Significado e Im- U.S. Army. (2010). FM 5-0, El proceso de
pacto Social de las Ciencias de la Com- Operaciones. Manual.
Colonel
Carlos Javier Soler Parra
Army infantry branch officer. Professional in Javeriana, and is a doctoral candidate in Law
Military Sciences, lawyer from Universidad (PHD) from the Universidad Libre. During his
San Buenaventura, specialist in Administrative career he has served as guest instructor of
Law from Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Human Rights and International Humanitarian
Criminal Law from Universidad Externado de Law at the Hemispheric Security Center at the
Colombia, International Human Rights Law U.S. Army Southern Command in Columbus,
and International Humanitarian Law from Georgia; former director of Human Rights
the School of Human Rights of the Army, and International Humanitarian Law at the
graduated from the Basic and Advanced Colombia Ministry of National Defense and
Courses of the International Institute of author of doctrinal texts related to operational
Humanitarian Law in San Remo, Italy. He also law. He currently serves as Chief of Staff of
holds a Master's degree in Public Law from the the Stabilization and Consolidation Operational
Universidad Externado de Colombia, Human Command "Achilles".
Rights and Peacebuilding from the Universidad
FORCE MEN
ARMY 706
NAVY 212
Total 1296
According with what’s written in the agreement, the disarmament is only one stage of
the whole thing which has to be supervised by both the government component and
Table 1. Number of men who participated in monitoring
and verifying the concentration of the Farc guerrillas.
Farc component. However, the participation of the Armed Forces allowed this to be
carried out effectively, since operations were carried out to provide security to the
It is important to bear in mind that the quadrants and accompaniment in the places where the illegal coves were located,
proposals for zones and concentration and protection was provided to the personnel who participated in the development of
areas proposed by the Farc were discus- this phase.
sed and substantially reduced previous-
ly, following geographical studies ca- During the development of military operations for the extraction of illegal deposits,
rried out by the Technical Subcommittee more than 9,000 members of the Military Forces were deployed throughout Colom-
of the Military Forces, which concluded bian territory and extraction routes were secured by land, river and air.
There is no doubt that the study of ci- Also, Colin S. Gray, when referring to ractions that obey political interests and
vil-military relations has been an aspect war, he states that its motivations, the social demands in certain directions or
of interest from the political and sociolo- material and psychological elements of forces (Pardo, 2015, p. 29).
gical point of view, treated by academics the actors, whether decision-makers,
and scholars on the subject, as in the executors and/or subjects exposed to If we accept the political and social role
case of Morris Janowitz The Professio- these decisions and political mandates, of war throughout the history of huma-
nal Soldier: a Social and Political Portrait do not change. Instead, it is about chan- nity, while recognizing the pertinence of
(1960, 1988), Gwyn Harries-Jenkis & ge in forms and characteristics, as well the classic theories of the war’s nature
Charles C. Moskos Jr The Armed Forces as manifestations of violence and grie- in a postmodern world, this would help
and Society (1984), John Keegan, Ger- vances from an economic, social and to find an active dimension of civil-mi-
hard Ritter, Eliot Cohen (2002) Herbert C. cultural perspective (Gray, 1999, pp. ix, 1). litary relations in the current strategic
Huser (2002), José Manuel Ugarte (2016) context, in which not only the traditional
and, perhaps the greatest exponent in Rafael Pardo Rueda in his book The His- situation of the a State’s threat is happe-
the 20th century, Samuel P. Huntington tory of Wars, when referring to armed ning , but also a context in which other
The Soldier and the State: the Theory conflicts, indicates that “They have occu- types of non-traditional threats are ma-
and Politics of Civil-Military Relations pied a significant role in the history and nifested, such as terrorism, transnatio-
(1957, 1985), to explain the relations and development of humanity"; so it is pos- nal organized crime, cybercrime, climate
balances of the military structure in ter- sible to affirm that war constitute inte- change, poverty, among others. (Organi-
ms of political authority and population zación de Estados Americanos, 2003).
or civil society (national agents).
So, it´s very necessary to consider three
These theoreticians have provided ele- secondary arguments: First, when loo-
ments, concepts and analysis on the The dynamic of the king to the main formulated theories
role and importance of military insti- by modern thinkers, from a perspecti-
tutions in the constitutional mission’s political and military ve of war’s nature, it is both visible and
framework and thus, in the stability or
instability of democratic regimes in the
objectives, especially applicable in the Colombian context, the
institutional relationship between mili-
western world, in the national security in the territorial tary and civil. Second, in this scenario,
aspect (national interests), the degree of it´s possible to record balances that that
legitimacy and the constitutional order, control concept, has facilitate, among other aspects, the for-
regarding the legitimate monopoly of the
Nation’s Forces, according to the terms
been fundamental to mulation of military strategy in the last
four periods from the previous gover-
exposed by Max Weber (Weber, 1968). show its coherence nment (2002-2016). Third, the dynamic
1 These three logics, 1) institutional, 2) functional 3) contractual are involved in the theoretical proposal presented
This logic will be explained below and by the author, within the new architecture framework of civil-military relations in the 21st century.This text deals
is set aside from the objective of this only with institutional logic.
period, where the weight of military and Another aspect that demonstrates the Conclusions
police operations was still necessary professionalization level of the Colom-
for the presence of the institutions that bian Armed Forces. Considering the con- The Clausewitz trilogy, added to the
began their corresponding work. In the tinuity of a National Army since the con- concepts of Jomini and Sun Tzu, it’s ne-
third category, in which 80% of the effort solidation of independence of the New cessary to explain the institutional in-
was military in nature and a limited 20% Granada in 1819, as well as the creation terdependencies between the political
was preparatory for the pending task of of the Military School of Engineers in the establishment, its armed forces and
other institutions (Presidencia de la Repúbli- mid-nineteenth century, along with the the civilian population, in order to face
ca, 2015). various ordinances. Also, the creation of the new threats. However, the validity
the Military Academy of Officers General of these principles of war is not lost, in
To make this theory of civil-military rela- Jose Maria Cordoba (1907), together with the way of the trilogy government, army
tions becomes a reality, there is a com- the War College of Colombia (1909), un- and people for the old and new threats
ponent called the professionalization of der the Government of the President and to national interests, which require the
the Military Forces; within this profes- General Rafael Reyes Prieto (1904-1909). integration and use of all national capa-
sionalization, the Human Rights Policy bilities specially, by the military forces.
actively prevents and protects the life The professionalization, in addition to
and well-being of the population in the the continuous academy for more than Thus, in the Colombian case, objective
territories. Even there are several cour- a century, it is necessary to register elements are found in the framework of
ses of Human rights inside the Military the route of the investigation, develop- the institutional arrangements, the refe-
and Police Academies. ment and innovation, starting from the rential framework in the constitutional,
in the laws and regulations, as well as
Additionally, in the particular case of the the professionalization of the members
Army, the doctrine, regarded as a funda- of its Military Forces, which explain the
mental pillar and the conditioner of the balance and coherence of civil and mi-
capabilities components, is already in the To make this theory litary relations in the two centuries of
third and fourth phase of the revision, up- republican life. Especially the objective
dating and hierarchical organization pro- of civil-military control in the military/civil relations pro-
cess which represents an important fac-
tor in the institutional transformation that
relations becomes mulgated by Samuel P. Huntington ex-
pressed as the institutional logic.
allows the troops to keep ensuring the a reality, there is a
Human Rights and Operational Law, as a
legal basis. As General Smith rightly says, component called the
“legitimacy that is explained in morality
and legality that results in the success of
professionalization 2 “EXPODEFENSA 2017 is an international exhibition of
a specialized nature and a reference scenario for Latin
American countries in terms of technological develop-
the mission and the conception of victory" of the Military Forces ment and innovation for Defense and Security (land, air
and naval)”. Retrieved from http://www. expodefensa.
(Smith, 2005, p. 11).
com. co/es/
COLOMBIA. (18 August 2001). Congreso de Huntington, S. P. (1985). The soldier and the Reed, D. J. (2008). Beyond the War
la República. Ley 684 de 201. state: The theory and politics of civil-mili- on Terror: Into the Fith Generation
tary relations. Cambridge: Harvard Unive- of War and Conflict. Studies in Con-
Retrieved from http://www.secreta- rity Press. flic t & Ter ror ism, 31(8), 68 4-722.
riasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ doi:10.1080/10576100802206533
ley_0684_2001.html Myles, G., & Hindriks, J. (2011). Bienes Pú-
blicos. Retrieved from https://economia. Shy, J. (1986). Jomini. En P. Paret, & P. Paret
COLOMBIA. (28 September de 2016). (Ed.), Creadores de la estrategia moderna:
Constitución Política de Colombia. Retrie- uniandes.edu.co/files/jortegon@funda- desde Maquiavelo hasta la era nuclear.
ved from http://www.corteconstitucional. cionuniandes.edu.co/LeopoldoFergusson/ (p. 941). New Jersey: Princeton University
gov.co/inicio/Constitucion%20politica%20 Capitulo_5_HyM.pdf Press.
de%20Colombia.pdf
Colombia, Ejército Nacional. (2017). Manual Smith, R. A. (2005). The utility of force: the
COLOMBIA. (26 August 2016). Decreto 1386 Fundamental del Ejército MFE 6-27. Dere- art of war in the mordern world. London:
de 2016. Retrieved from http://es.presi- cho operacional terrestre. Bogotá, Colom- Penguin Books, Ltd.
dencia.gov.co/normativa/normativa/DE- bia: CEDOE. Retrieved from www.cedoe.
CRETO%201386%20DEL%2026%20DE%20 mil.co Vargas Velásquez, A. (2010). Las fuerzas
AGOSTO%20DE%202016.pdf armadas en el conflicto colombiano: ante-
Organización de Estados Americanos. (27 cedentes y perspectivas. Medellín: La Ca-
COLOMBIA. (January 2017). Comando December 2003). Declaración sobre Se- rreta Editores E.U.
General de las Fuerzas Militares. Retrie- guridad en las Américas. (OEA, Ed.). Re-
ved from http://www.cgfm.mil.co/dere- trieved from http://www.oas.org/36ag/ Weber, M. (1968). Economy and Society
chos-humanos/ espanol/doc_referencia/DeclaracionMexi- (Vol. 1). New York: Bedminster
THE ARMY
DOCTRINE CENTER
KEEPS OPENING SPACES
FOR THE MILITARY
THINKING OF THE FORCE
Lecture: Operational Art and design, fundamental tools for the campaign
plan developmnt – Major general Ricardo Jiménez Mejía
Regards from the lieutenant colonel (Active Reserve) James Benn and
the lieutenant colonel (Active Reserve) Carlos Soto
Official photo of the participants at the First International Seminar on Art and Operational Design
Major
Juan Manuel Devia Arias
EHe is a professional in Military Sciences, UN) and has served as director of the Gender Classical at its root,
Special Forces Instructor of the Colombian Equality Observatory, regular operations contemporary in its
Army, specialist in Administration of Military
Resources for the Defense, expert in
teacher of the Military School of Cadets and
academic and conceptual editor of the CRE-i
action and avant-
Mechanized Infantry and Combined Arms Infantry. Currently, he is the director of terms, garde in its vision
and currently, is student of laws in the Gran symbols and military culture of the National
Colombia University. Additionally, he has the Army of Colombia. Darío Silva Silva
General Staff Course for Peace Operations of
the United Nations Organization (CECOPAB-
However, the main challenge which face º Digitalization Strategy º CEO's persuasion
all this transformation, concerns to peo- º Change Planning º CEO's designation
º High level changes º Identification of Stakeholders
ple, since technology goes faster than -As is vs To be º Development of sponsorship network and
º End Users Impact Analysis agents of change
humans, so the main effort will lie upon º Monitoring the degree of progress of º Leadership agenda and shared vision
the change process º Communication to show the initiatives
them. Only a true transformation will be and change's benefits.
achieved if people changes their pre-
vious attitudes and behaviors facing the OFFER DEMAND
new technologies.
º Establishment of mechanisms that support
the change
º New technologies and models of º Participation, involvement and motivation
This challenge must be faced from two Operations. New processes of end users
ºDesign of roles and responsibilities º Communication plan's execution
interrelated elements. The first is re- support to training and digital performance º Alignment between chamnge and culture
lated to what each person is willing to º Linkage of the changing success with the º Monitoring and management to the
success and the compensation resistance of change
transform, leaving behind created iner- º To potentialize the agents of change.
On the other hand, in critical moments, it On the other hand, as Jay Forrester states: "All social systems tend to have sensitive
is usually much easier to initiate the pro- points of influence through which the behavior of the system can be changed".
cess of change, but the cost is very high,
because the organization has already Under this approach, we must consider that it is not necessary to modify all the com-
suffered and lost resources, especially ponents of a system to achieve a significant change. Some components have more
intangibles represented by internal and influence than others do, so the effort should be focused on those components. In
external credibility. addition, it is necessary to consider that, sometimes, small modifications in the basic
structure of a system can motivate profound changes in its global behavior.
In that way, the decision to face a trans-
formation process, constitutes the first In synthesis, a transformation is not an isolated event, but a process, a gradual and
obstacle directly related to the percep- progressive succession of events that, following fundamental principles and rules,
tions of the organization members. For lead to an objective.
the heads of the organizations the main
challenge is the difficulty of generating In any case, in order to face a process of a successful transformation, it is necessary
the perception of the need to change and to know the causes of its possible failure. The main ones are:
adapt themselves to a new environment.
Nor should the increasingly common Thus, in the military sphere, an evolution This new model of organization requires
connections between organized crime is being observed from the traditional a renewed style of leadership, orien-
and terrorist organizations or insur- hierarchical structures towards others ted to its exercise through the influen-
gent groups be ignored. This symbiotic based on distributed control systems, ce. The unit commander must develop
relationship between the two criminal which, protected by adequate leaders- a leadership that fosters the initiative
models presents a challenge, the conse- hip, information systems and procedu- of subordinate commanders, as well as
quences of which are difficult to assess res, increase their capabilities in com- decision-making at those same levels,
in a general way, and therefore requires plex and multidisciplinary environments. which facilitates coordination among
a specific case-by-case study. them and even with other agencies in
These trends are geared towards sma- the area, without resorting to the micro-
The above-mentioned relationship may ller operational organizations, characte- management of the commander or the
cause military units to be involved in rized by high readiness, rapid projection micromanagement of its Staff.
operations to support police forces wi- capacity and a design towards inter-
thin the State itself following the raising ventions of a limited nature, capable of A style of command that relates to un-
of alert levels, fundamentally anti-terro- acting in various domains through the derstanding the operational environ-
ment and the concept of mission com-
mand or Auftragstaktik, as Robert M.
Citino (Robert M, 2015) states, this concept
There is a broad consensus among allows lower-ranking commanders to
take the initiative to act as the situation
security analysts that the current dictates even if it means ignoring higher
international scenario is based, both orders.
form of military professionalism, but dge, an independent character and a impact on national and international se-
also a real transformation of the military tendency to assume responsibilities in curity systems. There is no doubt that
organization. decision-making. the way of dealing with conflicts has
evolved and consequently the type of
However, despite the years since its for- An organizational culture that was exe- force required and its use in the conflict
mulation, it has only been partially im- cuted by men of action and that encou- scenario.
planted in most armies, possibly due to raged the making of a good decision in
the difficulty of coping with such a deep a timely manner as opposed to a better Therefore, there is a broad consensus
and far-reaching cultural change. but extemporaneous decision. among security analysts that the current
international scenario is based, both
The concept of mission command This organizational culture is necessary nationally and internationally, on great
should not be understood as a doctrinal in the armed forces if they are to stand complexity, rapid changes in actors and
approach to the leadership of organi- against the permanent process of trans- relations, volatility and uncertainty. For
zations, nor as a form of command and formation successfully. Especially, as it this reason, decision-making to define
control, nor as an approach to the ma- is made in the Armed Forces of Colom- the necessary model of armed forces
nagement of the technological revolution bia, in which they plan and deliberate, in pretends to be a permanent challenge to
that faces a society. order to face this process those responsible for defense planning.
On the contrary, it must be understood Conclusions The armed forces, like any other sector
as a cultural philosophy of the whole of society, will be forced to face a cons-
organization in all the activities that it Modern societies face a process of chan- tant process of transformation in the
develops. The organizational culture is ge known as the Fourth Industrial Revo- coming years, in order to continue to be
much more important for the effective lution. A revolution characterized by the an effective tool for their governments in
application of a concept of transforma- exchange of information thanks to the managing crisis situations. Despite the
tion than the involvement of people in its ability to connect all systems, including reluctance of some sectors of military
development. machines and tools, and not just compu- organizations to the evolution of outda-
ter systems; and whose three flagships ted concepts of command and control, a
However, the German success in its are artificial intelligence and big data. cursory analysis of organizational theo-
application was also based on the selec- ries shows the impossibility of develo-
tion of leaders at all levels of the orga- This process of systemic change, the ping an organizational model that res-
nization, who possessed three common scope and consequences of which are ponds effectively to such differentiated
characteristics: a solid doctrinal knowle- difficult to anticipate, is also having an environments.
The tacit versus the explicit evidences what can be observed from the corporate and
what is definitely under the surface of understanding in organizations, as shown in
the following figure. The challenge of knowledge management is to make use of both
ways of knowledge in a permanent, secure and timely manner at all appropriate le-
vels.
Tacit knowledge
knowledge (know- Socialization Output
how, creativity,
values, experiences,
etc.) into explicit
Explicit Knowledge
knowledge
(regulations, Input Combination
manuals,
lessons learned,
patents, etc.).
Fig. No. 4: Knowledge Cicle, Nonaka, Takeuchi model
Source: https://es.slideshare.net/AlexandraOrtegaPulido/conocimiento-24959147
The fact is that the tacit knowledge will always be the origin of the whole process,
that might occur, due to the different where the socialization initially allows to identify the knowledge; externalization pro-
strategic and operational contexts found vides an explicit knowledge that works with concepts and ideas; the combination
through the time. helps to integrate the concept with the knowledge that is already possessed at this
level; and the internalization of explicit knowledge is passed from individual to group
If there is something positive that the in- and from group to organization, which opens the probability of entering into a stage
ternal armed conflict of the country has of reflection and consolidation of individual and collective learning.
left us during more than 50 years, it is
the unique opportunity of having learned In order to carry out knowledge management processes applied in this particular mo-
and keep learning the well-known les- del, several consecutive phases can be carried out involving the following activities:
sons learned, all of them from the prac-
tice. They remain, allocated in the minds • PHASE (1) Codification: Categorization of information and knowledge by
of officers, non-commissioned officers codes, identifying the type of information and classification of personal and insti-
and soldiers who have participated and tutional sources.
are currently participating in military
operations and civil assistance. • PHASE (2) Identification: Description of the disciplines of knowledge and
basic competencies, areas of interest and research that are held in the organiza-
This is precisely where the knowledge tion, to manage the knowledge.
management applied, makes its best
contribution, by identifying those tacit • PHASE (3) Observation: Definition of the scopes and different methods to get
knowledge belonging to the institution a prospective, and the proper technological intelligence inside and outside the
and highlighting them through models, organization, which allows observing the environment as a whole.
TACIT to EXPLICIT
Fig. No. 6: OpenProdoc Screenshot
Source: https://jhierrot.github.io/
openprodoc/Spec_ES.html
1 2
Socialization Output
Knowledge maps Groupware
TACIT
Input Combination
Innovation support tools Intranet
Document management
Bussiness inteligence
Knowledge portals