E C
R +_ G
B
H
E: Error signal, used to drive the forward path element to correct the output.
H: Feedback element that measures the output and feeds back a signal in
proportion to output.
We can assume the elements G and H are 'amplifiers' and C, R, B and E are
signals.
The gain of the feedback element H is usually between 1 (100%) and 0.01 (1%).
The gain of the forward path element is typically much greater than 100 and in
electronics greater than 106.
We will now derive an equation for the whole 'negative feedback system'.
We require the overall gain of the 'negative feedback system, and we need to
transpose the above for the gain expression output/input = C/R
Do it here now:
Example 1
1) For a forward path gain of G = 106, determine the overall system gain for the
following feedback proportions:
(a) H = 0.1
(b) H = 0.2
(c) H = 0.5
(d) H = 1
2) What do you notice about the relationship between the overall system gain
and the value of B the feedback factor?
3) If the forward path element were to fail and its gain drops 1000 times lower,
determine the overall gains again as in 1) (a) (b) (c) and (d).
Example 2
Example 3
Vin +
G = 107 Vout
̶
R2
H = ????
0v
EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK
We have seen that 'negative feedback' can control accurately the gain of a
designed system. The whole gain is determined only by the feedback element
'H'.
If the feedback element has very stable value then the overall system will have a
stable value, even if the forward path element gain increases or decreases
dramatically! But why?
C = G Now if GH >>1
R 1 + GH
The term (1 + GH) is called the 'loop gain' and reduces the forward path gain G
by this value.
We can show that the noise generated in the forward path element G is also
reduced by the loop gain making it much quieter in operation.
Again the distortion levels are also reduced by the loop gain value.
The input and output resistances of the original forward path can either be
increased or decreased by appropriate feedback technique.
The following table describes all the effects obtained in an electronic amplifier:
Feedb
Input Output
ack Closed Paramet
impedanc impedanc Noise Distortion
Struct loop gain er used
e e
ure
Current
Rin/(1+GH) Rout(1+GH) N/(1+GH) D/(1+GH) h-
sampling- G/1+GH
decreases increases decreases decreases parameter
shunt fed
Example 4:
1) Using the h-parameter model with the typical values hie = 3kΩ, hoe =
100kΩ, hfe = 200 and a feedback factor of 0.2, find the following overall
characteristics of the overall system gain:
Example 5:
2) What model would you use if you needed a low input resistance and a
low output resistance?