WORLD GEOGRAPHY

Geographers: The word Geography adopted in the 2nd century BC by greek scholar Eratosthenes. He was the first person to
calculate the circumference of earth. Anaximander created the first map of world. Ainville made first map of India. Ptolemy first
presented India on the world map. Anthropogeography was written by Friedrich Ratzel.
UNIVERSE- The study of universe is known as cosmology. Andromeda is our nearest galaxy. Our own galaxy is called the
Milky Way. In AD 140, Ptolemy propounded the theory that the earth was the centre of the universe. In 1543, Copernicus said
that sun is the centre of universe. In 1924, Edwin Hubble first demonstrated existence of galaxies beyond milky way.
STARS- If the star is bigger than the sun but not more than twice as big, it will turn into neutron star or pulsar. A star's colour
indicates the temp of the surface. Blue colour denotes maximum temp, then comes yellow and red. Brightest star outside the solar
system is Sirius or Dog star. Closest star of our solar system is Proxima century.
Galaxy: is a collection of millions or billions of stars and planets that are held together by gravitational pull. Milky Way is one
such galaxy. The earth lies in this galaxy. It is called Milky Way, because it looks like a river of milky light lowing from one
corner to another of the sky. It is spiral in shape. We call it Akash Ganga. The nearest galaxy to Milky Way is Andromeda.
Andromeda is a spiral galaxy and approximately 2.5 million light-years from the earth.
PLANETS- Biggest planet- Jupiter, biggest satellite- gannymede, blue planet- earth, green planet- Uranus, brightest planet-
venus, coldest planet- Neptune, evening star- venus, farthest planet from sun- Neptune, planets with max number of satellites-
Jupiter, fastest revolution in solar system- mercury, hottest planet- venus, densest planet- earth, fastest rotation in solar system-
Jupiter, morning star- venus, Nerarest planet to earth- venus, Nearest planet to sun- mercury, Red planet- mars, Slowest
revolution in solar system- Neptune, Slowest rotation in solar system- venus, Smallest planet- mercury, Smallest satellite-
phobos, Earth's twin- venus, Only satellite with an atmosphere like earth- titan. Pluto is not a planet now, it is considered as
dwarf planet.

MOONS- Mass wrt earth-1:8.1, ratio of gravitational pull of moon and earth- 1:6, highest mountain- Leibnitz mountain. Time
taken by moonlight to reach earth- 1.3s. known as fossil planet. No atmosphere, no twilight, no sound. Is 1/4th of earth's size.

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY- it is given by Alfred Wegener. About 250 milion years ago there was only one continent,
named pangea, means all earth and it was surrounded by one mass of water body panthalassa.
PLATE TECHTONICS THEORY- The tectonics comes from the greek word meaning builder. About 20 such plates have
been identified. Depending upon the type of movement , plate mergins are of 3 types,1- divergent plate mergin (constructive
mergin), 2- convergent plate mergin(destructive mergins), 3- parallel plate mergins (conservative bergin or transform boundary)

The Earth motions : These motion are rotation around its own axis and revolution about the Sun.
Rotation The movement of the earth on its axis. The Earth rotates from the west towards the east. Around 500 BC, Aryabhatta
deduced by his calculations that the Earth is spherical and rotates about its axis.
• Revolution The movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed path or orbit is called Revolution.This movement
causes seasonal variations in different parts of the Earth. It takes 365 days 6 hours to revolve around the Sun.
Elliptical orbit: The earth moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
Inclination of Earth never changes: Throughout its orbit, the earth is inclined in the same direction.
There are a few terms associated with these movements, which are essential for complete understanding of the concepts involved
in sesonality and Time descriptions regarding the Earth.
• Circle of Illumination Earth is spherical in shape,which leads to half of the sphere being exposed to the sunrays at a
time and other half being in the dark. As a result of this, one half of Earth experiences Day and another half experiences
Night. Now, this circle which divides the day and night on Earth is known as the Circle of illumination. Notably, this
circle does not coincides with the Axis of Earth.
• Seasons Earth is tilted on its axis, this means that different parts of Earth receive different amount of sunlight. Such a
situation when Earth is tilted with 66 1/2 angle with the Orbital Plane- The axis of the earth which is an imaginary line,
makes an angle of 66 1/2 with its orbital plane occurs along with the regular rotation of Earth, causes the occurrence of
various seasons across the globe. Southern hemisphere receives different season than the Northern hemisphere:
o On 23rd Sept. it is autumn season in the Northern Hemisphere and spring season in the Southern Hemisphere.
o The opposite happens on 21st March, when it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern
Hemisphere.
Leap year Six hours are saved every year from the time period of a year. In four years, these are combined to make a day and
under the georgian calender , it is added to the February 29. such a year has 366 days compared to the 365 days of normal year.

• Summer Solistice It happens on June 21st of every year. The Longest day and Shortest night is observed in the
Northern Hemisphere. This occurs because the Northern Hemisphere is inclined towards the Sun with the North pole
pointing towards the Sun. Therefore, the Sunrays fall directly over the Tropic of Cancer. A large portion of Northern
Hemisphere receives light from the Sun, hence it is summer in the regions of this hemisphere. But, in the Southern
Hemisphere, the region experiences winter season with longer nights than the days.
• Winter Solistice This happens on December 22nd of each year. The Northern Hemisphere observes shortest day and
Longest Night. Whereas, the Southern Hemisphere experiences Longest day and Shortest night. This happens because
the South pole is inclined towards the Sun with the Southern Hemisphere receiving maximum sunlight, hence, it is
summer season in the southern hemisphere but winter season in the northern hemisphere. This position of the Earth is
known as Winter Solistice.
• Equinox It occurs twice a year. Once on March 21st and again on September 23rd. When direct sunrays fall over the
equator, maximum sunlight is received by the equatorial region. This results in equal length of day and night over all of
Earth. At this position, none of the poles are tilted or inclined towards the Sun. This is known as Equinox.
• Perihelion It occurs on January 3rd. While in orbit , when Earth is closest to the Sun, which means then Earth is at
minimum distance from the Sun.
• Aphelion This occurs on July 4th every year. While the Earth orbits around the Sun and is positioned at maximum
distance from the Sun, that position is called aphelion.
• Equator passing through - (13 countries) Equator, colombia, brazil, gabon, congo, Zaire, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya,
Indonesia, Kiribati, Maldives, Sao tome & principe
• Tropic of Cancer passing through- (17 countries) USA, Mexico, Bahamas, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Algeria, Chad,
Lybia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE, India, Bangladesh, Mayanmar, China, Oman
• Tropic of capricon passing through (10 countries) - Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Namibia, Botswana, South
Africa, Medagascar, Mozambique, Australia

Solar Eclipse: It is caused when the moon Revolving around the Earth comes in between the Earth and the Sun, thus making a
part or whole of the sun invisible from a particular part of the Earth thus, the eclipse can be partial or complete. It occurs during
the day.
Type of Solar Eclipses :
Total Eclipse : Occurs when the Sun is completely obscured from rich. Instead, the Sun intense light is replaced by dark
silhouette of the Moon that is outlined by the Sun's corona (the super heated plasma extending out from the Sun.
Annular Eclipse: Occurs when the Sun and Moon are exactly in line but Moon appears smaller than the Sun. During on annular
eclipse, the Sun appears as a bright ring around the Moon.
Partial Eclipse: Occurs when the Sun and Moon are not completely aligned and the Sun is partially obscured.
Hybrid Eclipse: is a combination of total and annular eclipse that takes place when a total eclipse changes to an
annular eclipse or vice-versa along different sections of the eclipse's path.
Lunar Eclipse - When the Earth comes between the Moon and the Sun, the shadow cast by the Earth on the Moon
results in a lunar eclipse. It is occur at night.

EARTH'S INTERIOR- The interior of earth is divided into crust, mantle and core. The crust is the outermost and the
thinnest layer of the earth. Mohorvicic discontinuity marks the lower limit of the crust. The rocks forming the crust known as
SIAL (silica and aluminium), due to presence of minerals in the rocks forming this layer known as SIMA ( silica and
magnesium). Mantle is the intermediate layer of earth. The upper part of the mantle is called astheonosphere. Gutenberg
discontinuity separate mantle from core. The layer of the core is known as nife ( nikel and iron), Lehman discontinuity separate
upper and lower core.
FORCES AFFECTING EARTH'S CRUST- Appearances of the surface of earth keeps changing, these changes are produced
under two types of forces-1- exogenetic or external forces- weathering and erosion are the examples of external forces.2-
endogenetic or internal forces- volcanoes, earthquakes, landslide are examples of internal forces. 3-Sudden endogenetic forces-
it is the result of long period preparation deep within the earth.4- diastrophic forces- these forces termed as constructive forces,
produce mountains, plateaus, plains, lakes, big faults etc.5- orogenetic forces- it work on two ways. When it operates in opposite
direction called tensile force. It creates cracking. When it operates face to face, is called compression force, creating folding and
warping.
EARTHQUAKES- Magnitude or intensity of energy released by earth measured by Richter scale, whereas the damage caused
measured by Mercalli intensity scale. The place of the origin of earthquake is called focus, the place perpendicular to focus is
called epicenter. Seismology is the special branch of geology that deals with the study of earthquake.
EARTHQUAKE WAVES- It is basically of two types- body waves and surface waves. 2 types of body waves- Primary waves
and secondary waves. Primary waves can travel through solid , liquid and gas. Secondary waves can travel through all solid
particles. Surface waves or long waves can cause most of the earthquake's structural damage.
EARTHQUAKES ZONES IN INDIA- The Indian plate is moving from south to north . There is a collision between Eurasian
and Indian plate. Due to this collision, earthquakes occurs in the Himalayan region and results in the increase of the height of
Himalayas at the speed of 1cm /year.
WEATHERING: It is the process of disintegration of rocks in situ by natural agents. 3 types : 1- physical weathering
crystallization of water into ice, the pressure release mechanism,2- chemical weathering solution, oxidation, hydration etc.3-
biological weathering- floral weathering, faunal weathering, anthropogenic weathering.
EROSION- removal of rock material then transportation of it.
ROCKS- 3 main types-1-igneous rocks,2- sedimentary 3. Metamorphic. Igneous rocks- 1- intrusive rocks-e.g- granite, lapolith,
batholiths, sills etc., 2- extrusive rocks- e.g,- basalt, gabbro etc. Serdimentary is derived from lattin word sedimentum, means
settling. E.g- coal, peat, dolomite, gypsum etc.
Metamorphic rocks- e.g- marble (limestone), quartzite (sandstone), , diamond (coal), slate (shale), Gneiss (granite).
LANDFORMS- 4 major landforms- mountains, hills, plateau and plains. Mountains are 4 types based on their formation. 1- fold
mountains- e.g.- Himalayas, alps, andes etc. Fold mountains are grouped into young fold mountain- e.g- Himalaya, andes etc, 2-
old mountains- e.g- aravallis. 2- block mountains- e.g- narmada, tapti and damodar valley in India. 3- volcanic mountains- e.g-
MT fuji, andes etc.4- residual mountain- e.g- nilgiri, parasnath, girnar etc.
Plateaus- e.g- Tibetan plateau, deccan plateau etc.
Aeolian-
Karst Landforms Cavern, Arch/Natural Bridge, Sink Hole/Swallow Hole, Karst Window, Sinking Creeks/Bogas, Stalactite and
Stalagmite.
Fluvial Erosional Landforms: River Valley Formation, Waterfalls, Pot Holes, Terraces, Gulleys/Rills, Meanders, Ox-Bow
Lake, Peneplane (Or peneplain)
Drainage Patterns- Dendric or Pinnate, Trellis, Rectangular, Angular, Parallel, Radial, Annular, Centripetal
Fluvial Depositional Landforms - Alluvial Fans and Cones, Natural Levees, Delta ( Arcuate or Fan-shaped, Bird's Foot Delta,
Estuaries, Cuspate Delta)
Glacial Landforms Erosional Landforms: Cirque/Corrie, Glacial Trough, Hanging Valley, Arete, Horn and D-Fjord;
Depositional Landforms: Outwash Plain, Esker, Kame Terraces, Drumlin, Kettle Holes and Moraine.
Water Eroded Arid Landforms - Rill, Gully, Ravine, Badland Topography, Bolsons, Playas, Pediments, Bajada etc..
Wind Eroded Arid Landforms - Deflation basins, Mushroom rocks, Inselbergs, Demoiselles, Demoiselles, Zeugen , Wind
bridges and windows.
Depositional Arid Landforms - Ripple Marks, Sand dunes, Longitudinal dunes, Transverse dunes, Barchans, Parabolic dunes,
Star dunes and Loess.
ATMOSPHERE- Troposphere- it extends upto 16 km from earth's surface. Tropopause separates troposphere from
stratosphere. All weather phenomena occur here. Stratosphere- it extends upto about 50 km, where stratopause separate it from
mesosphere, this part contains ozonosphere. Mesosphere- the coldest layer of the atmosphere. Ionosphere- its making radio
communication possible. Thermosphere- in this layer temp increases with increasing altitude.
INSOLATION- Solar radiation that is intercepted by the earth is known as insolation. It is measured by pyrometers. The
proportion of solar radiation reflected from the surface is called albedo. The mechanism of maintaining the same temp by the
atmosphere is called the heat budget or heat balance. The heated surface of the earth starts radiating energy in the form of long
waves; this process is called terrestrial radiation.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE- 1- Equatorial low pressure belt-extending between 5degree N- 5degree S. It represents the zone
of convergence of N-E to S-E trade winds. Because of the frequent calm condition, this belt is called belt of calm or doldrums. 2-
Sub tropical high pressure belt- this zone of high pressure is called as horse latitude. 3- Sub polar low pressure belt- extends 60-
65 in both the hemisphere. 4- Polar high pressure belt- high pressure persists throughout the year.
WIND SYSTEM- The imaginary line joining the points having same pressure is called isobars.
WIND LAWS- Because of the coriolis force winds are deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and left in southern
hemisphere. This is referred as Farrel's law. Coriolis force is absent along the equator, increase progressively towards the pole.
Primary movement- 1- trade winds, 2- westerlies, 3- polar winds
Secondary movement- cyclone- thunderstorms and tornado, 2-anti cyclone, 3- seasonal wind- monsoon, 4- tertiary movement
Primary wind movement- trade wind, westerlies, polar winds. Trade wind- blowing from sub tropical high pressure belt to
equatorial low pressure belt. Flow from N-E in the northern hemisphere and S-E in the southern. Westerlies- blowing from sub
tropical high pressure belt to sub polar low pressure belt, general direction S-W to N-W in the northern and N-W to S-E in the
southern. Their velocity increases southward and they become stormy, is called roaring forties, between latitude 40. South
latitude, furious fifties at 50 degree south latitude and shrieking sixties at 60 degree south latitudes. Polar winds- blows from
polar high pressure belt to sub polar low pressure belt. Direction- N-E in the northern and S-E in southern.
Air Mass: defined as a large body of air, relatively having similar physical properties (especially temperature and humidity)
spreading over hundreds of kilometers. In order to acquire the similar physical properties air mass must be stagnate for a longer
period of time on the source region. The notable centre for the development is anticyclone area which is characterised by high
pressure and low pressure.
Front: It is the transition zone between two air masses with different properties (temperature, humidity, density, pressure and
wind direction). An extensive transitional zone between two converging air masses is called as frontal zone on frontal surface.
The process associated with the creation of new fronts or the regeneration decaying fronts is called frontogenesis. The process of
destruction or dying of fronts is called frontolysis.

Cyclone in centre of low pressure surrounded by closed isobars.The pressure increases outward and the air move inward as the
centre has low pressure. In the northern hemisphere it has anticlockwise movement and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. It
can be circular, elliptical or 'V' shape. It is of two types
(1) Extratropical/Temperate cyclone - It is a simple depression or atmospheric disturbance having low pressure in the
centre and pressure increases outward. It is found in the middle latitude (35°-65°) in both opposing air masses (warm, moist and
light tropical air mass, front is created where these two air masses converge and lead to the development of temperate cyclone.
The size of cyclones varies from 150 km to 3000 km. On an average vertical extent is 10-12 km. Its average summers velocity is
32 km per hours for winter it is 48 km per hour.
(2) Tropical Cyclone - The development of the cyclone over the tropical region lying between tropic of cancer to
capricorn are called as Tropical Cyclones. Its average diameter varies between 80 km to 300 km. At times it is restricted to 50
km or even less in diameter. Velocity varies between 32 km/hr to 180 km/hr or more when it is converted into a hurricane.
Tropical cyclone becomes more vigorous and move with high velocity over ocean but over land it becomes feeble as it reaches
interior portion of the continents. There are less number of isobars and are more or less in circular shape. This results in rapid
rush of wind towards the centre. Every year it occurs at a particular period of a year, mainly during summer season. It is not
generated near equator as the coriolis force is negligible at equator.

Cyclone distribution- Typhoons- china sea, Tropical cyclones- Indian ocean, Hurricanes- Carribean sea, Tornadoes- USA, Willy
willies- Northern Australia. Bagguio - Philippines
Anti cyclones- from centre to outward in clockwise direction in northern hemisphere, from centre to outward in anti clockwise in
the southern. Tornado- In the Mississippi valley, they are called twisters.
Humidity is measured by hygrometer, another instrument used for this purpose is sling psychometer.
CLOUDS- 1- cirrus, 2- cumulus, 3- stratus, 4- alto, 5- nimbus- means rain cloud.
CLIMATE- World climatic types-1- hot,wet equatorial, 2- tropical monsoon, 3- sudan type, 4- desert, 5- western margin, 6-
central continental type, 7- eastern margin, 8- western margin, 9- central continental, 10- eastern margin, 11- arctic or polar, 12-
mountain climate.

MAJOR OCEANS- Pacific- it is the largest and deepest ocean. Mariana trench, the world's deepest trench is in pacific
ocean. Atlantic- it has the longest coastline, it is the busiest ocean for trade and commerce. Indian ocean- only ocean named
after a country. Arctic- it is the smallest ocean and lies within the arctic circle.
Iso-halines represents the salinity distribution in the surface of the sea. These are the line joining places having an equal degree
of salinity. Most saline water body- lake Assel.
OCEAN CURRENTS- circulate in clockwise direction in northern and anti clockwise in southern. Ocean currents are of two
types- 1-warm current- flowing from lower to higher latitude. 2- cold current- flowing from higher to lower latitude.
Currents of north pacific ocean warm current-1- north equatorial current, 2- kuroshio current, 3- Alaska current, Cold current-
1- oyashio current, 2- Okhotsk current and kuril current , 3- west wind drift, 4- California current
Current of south pacific ocean- warm current- 1- East Australian current or Great barrier current, 2- south equatorial current , 3-
counter equatorial current, Cold current- 1- Peruvian current, 2- west wind drift,
Currents of north atlantic ocean- warm current- 1- north equatorial current, 2- cayenne current, 3- florida current , 4- Antilles
current, 5- gulf stream, 6- north atlantic drift, Cold currents- 1- Labrador current, 2- irminger current, 3- canaries current, 4- west
wind drift
Currents of south atlantic ocean- warm current, 1- south equatorial current, 2- Brazilian current, Cold current- 1- Falkland
current, 2- benguela current,3- west wind drift, 4- guinea current
Currents in the Indian ocean- 1- north equatorial current, 2- Mozambique current, 3- agulhas current, 4- west wind drift
current, 4- N-E monsoon drift, 5- S-W monsoon drift, 6- south equatorial current, 6- Somalia current
TIDES- the interval between two tides is 12hours and 26 minutes. Two types- spring tides and neap tides.

CONTINENTS :
ASIA: Highest point- Mt Everest, Lowest point- dead sea. Largest continent in the world both in area and population. Caspian
sea is the world's largest lake. Dast e kavir is the largest salt desert of the world. Hwang ho is called as china's sorrow, also called
as yellow river.Yangtze kiang is the longest river of Asia. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world. Lake Van of Turkey
is the most saline water body in Asia. Japan is the most industrialized nation of Asia. Myanmar is called as land of mountains
and rivers. Pakistan is called country of canals. Japan is called land of rising sun. Mountain- Himalaya. River- ob. lakes- Baikal.
plains- Manchurian, Desert- rub al khali, Plateaus- ladakh. Largest coal production by China. largest oil producer- Saudi Arabia,
largest petroleum producer- Arab emirates.
AFRICA: highest point- Kilimanzaro, lowest point- lake Assal. It is also called dark continents. Mountain- Atlas, river- Nile,
lake- Kariba, desert- sahara, lake Victoria is the largest lake of Africa. Nile river is the longest river of the world. Congo river
cuts equator twice. Limpopo river cuts the tropic of Capricorn twice. Highest peak of Africa is mt kilimanzaro. Highest temp of
the world recorded at al Aziziyah. Sahara desert is the largest single stretch of the desert.
NORTH AMERICA: Highest point- meckineley , lowest point- death valley, mountain- brook's range, river- Mississippi, lake-
great bear, plateaus- Columbia snake, Canada has the longest coast line in the world, 49th parallel forms the boundary Canada
and USA, it is the longest boundary between two country lake superior is the largest sweet water lake in the world, Canada is the
largest producer of newsprint of the world, panama canal connects atlantic and pacific oceans.
SOUTH AMERICA: highest point- Aconagua, lowest point- valdes peninsula, strait- strait of Magellan, desert- Atacama and
Patagonia, Cotopaxi in equador is one of the highest active volcano in the world, pampas is the most fertile region of the south
Africa and alfa alfa grasses are found here, mountain- western mountain, river- amazon, lake- maracaiba, it contains world
highest waterfall angel fall, it contains world's 2nd largest river amazon, andes is the longest mountain range of the world, it
contains world's driest place Atacama desert, the lartgest rain forest is amazon rain forest, the highest capital city la paz, the
highest commercially navigable. lake is Titicaca, brazil has the world's largest reserves of iron in serra dos carajas hills, brazil is
also known as coffee bowl of the world.
EUROPE: highest point- Mt Elbrus, lowest point- Caspian sea, strait- strait of Zibraltar. Greenland, the world's largest island.
Ruhr in Germany is the biggest and richest coal field of Europe. mountains- Vesuvias,, river- Po, Finland is known as the land of
forests and lakes. UK is the most industrialized nations of the world. France is the 3rd largest country in Europe. Vatican city is
the smallest country of the world.
AUASTRALIA: highest point- Mt Kosciusko, lowest point- lake Eyre. Smallest continent of the world. mountain- great dividing
range, desert- Gibson, river- Murray. Largest city of Australia is Sydney. Great barrier reef is the world's longest coral reef
ANTARTICA: Ronald Amundsen was the first man to reach geographical south pole in Antartica. It is called as the continent of
science. Mt Erebus is the only active volcano on Antarctica.
Countries with Most Land Borders - (Most Neighbouring Countries) - China (14), Russian Federation 14), Brazil (10),
Congo, Germany and Sudan (9)
Some Isopleth : Isobar( equal pressure), Isohel ( equal sunshine), isohyets (equal precipitation), isohaline ( equal salinity),
isotherm ( equal temp)
Major Deserts of the World Name of the Border Line Two Countries that Divides
• Antarctic, Polar, 5.5 million sq-mtr, Antarctica 24th Parallel- India and Pakistan
• Arctic, Polar, 5.4 million sq-mtr, Alaska, Canada, 17th Parallel -North Vietnam and South Vietnam
Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, 26th Parallel -Australia and South Africa
Russia 38th Parallel -North Korea and South Korea
• Sahara, Subtropical, 3.5 million sq-mtr, Northern 49th Parallel- Canada and USA, Radcliff Line- India and
Africa Pakistan
• Arabian, Subtropical, 1 million sq-mtr, Arabian Durand Line- Pakistan and Afghanistan
Peninsula Mc. Mohan Line- India (Arunachal Pradesh Region) and China
• Gobi, ColdWinter, 500,000 sq-mtr, China Siegfried Line- Germany and France
andMongolia Hidden Berg Line- Germany and Poland
 • Patagonian, ColdWinter, 260,000 sq-mtr, Argentina Maginot Line- France and Germany, Mannerheim Line -
• Great Victoria, Subtropical, 250,000 sq-mtr, Russia and Finland
Australia Older Neisse Line- Germany and Poland
• Kalahari, Subtropical, 220,000 sq-mtr, South Africa, Important Dams and Waterfalls Dam/Falls River Country
Botswana, Namibia Aswan Dam Nile- Egypt
• Great Basin, Cold Winter, 190,000 sq-mtr, United Kariba Dam- Zambezi -Zimbabwe and Zambia
States Kainji Dam- Niger -Nigeria
• Thar, Subtropical, 175,000 sq-mtr, India, Pakistan Cobora Bassa Dam -Zambezi -Mozambique
• Chihuahuan, Subtropical, 175,000 sq-mtr, Mexico Victoria Fall -Zambezi -Zambia- Zimbabwe
• Great Sandy, Subtropical, 150,000 sq-mtr, Australia
• Kara-Kum, ColdWinter, 135,000 sq-mtr,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
• Colorado Plateau, Cold Winter, 130,000 sq-mtr,
United States
• Gibson, Subtropical, 120,000 sq-mtr, Australia
• Sonoran, Subtropical, 120,000 sq-mtr, United
States, Mexico
Lakes facts: Tallest Mountains (on Each Continent)
Plitvice Lakes (Croatia): Sixteen Lakes interconnected by Mount Everest- 8848 m Asia, Aconcagua -6959 m - S.
Spectacular Waterfalls. America
Boiling Lake (Dominica): A Flooded Fumarole. Mount Kckinley -6194 m - N. America, Mount Kilimanjari -
Red Lagoon (Bolivia): Red (algae) + White (borax). 5963 m - Africa
Five-Flower Lake (China): Beautiful Multi-Coloured Lake Mount Elbrus -5633 m Europe, Puncak Jaya -4884 m -
with Fallen Tree Trunks. Oceania
Dead Sea (Israel and Jordan): Lowest Point on Earth. Vinson Massif - 4897 m - Antarctica
Lake Baikal (Russia): Deepest and Oldest Lake in the World. Waterfall- River - Country
Lake Titicaca (Bolivia and Peru): World's Highest Navigable Niagara falls Niagara - Canada/United States
Lake. Victoria falls Zambezi - Zambia, Angel falls Churun -
Caspian Sea (Russia): World's Largest Lake. Crater Lake Venezuela
(USA): Its water is considered one of the World's most Iguacu falls Iguacu - Argentina, Kaieteur Falls Potaro
clearest. Guyana
Lake Karachay (Russia): Most Polluted Spot on the Earth. Minerals of the world- gold- china, bauxite- Australia,
copper- chile, platinum- south Africa, petroleum- Russia
Mines of the word- Kimberley (south Africa)- diamond,
wankee (Zimbabwe)- coal,
Major Strait of the World Name -Joins - Location Language- Speakers
Malacca Strait -Andaman Sea & South China Sea - Indonesia - Mandarin -14.1%, Spanish-5.85%, English-5.52%, Hindi-
Malaysia 4.46%, Arabic-4.23%, Portuguese-3.08%, Bengali -3.05%,
Palk Strait--Palk Bay & Bay of Bengal India-Sri Lanka Russian-2.42%, Japanese-1.92%, Punjabi -1.44%, German-
Sunda Strait- Java Sea & Indian Ocean- Indonesia 1.39%, Malay -1.16%, Telugu-1.15%, Vietnamese-1.14%,
Yucatan Strait -Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea -Mexico- Korean-1.14%, French-1.12%., Marathi-1.10%, Tamil-
Cuba 1.06%, Urdu-0.99%, Gujarati-0.74%, Persian-0.68%,
Messina Strait -Mediterranean Sea- Italy-Sicily Kannada-0.58%, Malayalam-0.57%, Odia -0.50%,
Otranto Strait- Adriatic Sea & Ionian Sea -Italy-Albania Bhojpuri- 0.43%
Bab-el-Mandeb Strait- Red Sea & Gulf of Aden -Yemen-
Djibouti
Cook Strait- South Pacific Ocean - New Zealand (N & S Religion - Percent : Christianity - 31.5%, Islam - 23.2%,
islands) Unaffiliated - 16.3%, Hinduism - 15.0%, Buddhism -7.1%,
Bering Strait- Bering Sea & Chukchi Sea- Alaska-Russia Folk - 5.9%, Sikhism -0.32%, Judaism - 0.2%, Jainism -
Hormuz strait- Gulf of Persia & Gulf of Oman- Oman-Iran 0.06%
Gibraltar Strait- Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean -Spain-
Morocco
Magellan strait - Paciic and South Atlantic Ocean - Chile

Islands
Vancouver Island- It is situated on Canada's Paciic Coast, is known for its mild climate and thriving arts community. It is
separated from British Columbia mainland by the Strait of Georgia and Queen Charlotte Strait and from Washington by the Juan
De Fuca Strait.
Greenland- It is a massive island situated between Atlantic and Arctic oceans and 80% of its land is covered by ice.
Prince of Wales Island -It is one of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago in the Alaska Panhandle. This ranks four among the
island in size.
Hawaii Island -It is otherwise known as the Big Island provides a vast canvas of natural environment and it is the largest island
of the Hawaiian archipelago in the Central Paciic.
Cuba Islands of Antilles- It is known as the sugar bowl of the World and its vast source of metallic resources include cobalt,
nickel, iron ore, chromium and copper. Other resources include timber, petroleum, silica, salt, and arable land.
Bermuda Island- It is the territory of British Islands in North Atlantic and famous for its Pink sand beaches such as Elbow and
Horseshoe Bay.
Delta Depositional feature of triangular shape at the mouth of a river debouching either into a lake or a sea is called a delta.
Types of Delta
(a) Bird's foot delta, Ex-Mississippi delta (b) Arccuate delta, Ex-Nile, Ganga, Mekong. (c) Estuarine delta : Amazon, Ob,
Vistula, and Tapi.
Landlocked countries
Afghanistan Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bhutan Bolivia Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi
Central African Republic Chad Czech Republic Ethiopia Hungary Kazakhstan Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Laos
Lesotho Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malawi Mali Moldova Mongolia Nagorno-Karabakh Nepal
Niger Paraguay Rwanda San Marino Slovakia South Ossetia South Sudan Swaziland Switzerland
Tajikistan TransnistriaTurkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan Vatican City Zambia Zimbabwe