Development Geology
• Hybrid discipline: geology on the field and
reservoir scale.
• Requires good knowledge of many disciplines.
– Structural Geology.
– Stratigraphy and sedimentology.
– Reservoir engineering.
– Drilling methods and engineering.
– Petrophysics.
– Seismology.
– Petroleum Economics and land management.
– Organic geochemistry……..
Why have a development
geologist
• Not all companies do! …this is becoming
less common.
• Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists
don’t just specialize in different fields, they
think in different ways.
• There is a communication problem: the
development geologist must be able to
bridge the gap.
The Energy Crisis
• Size of discoveries decreasing.
• Reserves declining.
• New opportunities must be derived from old
plays and systems.
• Existing reserves must be economically
extracted.
• Modelling and understanding petroleum
systems as a whole is an essential skill.
• Importance of the Development Geologist
will progressively increase:
• Additional reserves required from known
occurrences
• Older discounted reserves need to be
reassessed
• Remember, about 60% reserves are left in
the ground.
Principal responsibilities of the
Development Geologist
• Proved Reserves
– = minimum case economics. Financial investment is
based on proved reserves.
• Proved + Probable Reserves
– = most likely case economics. Internal company
decisions usually based on this.
• Proved +Probable + Possible Reserves
– = maximum case economics. This is the best that could
reasonably happe for a venture. Companies try to sell
ventures based on this.
Decision Making: projected
income analysis
200
Projected Income (MM$)
Maximum
160 Profit
120
80
Expected Capital
40 At
Expenditure Costs
Risk
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
• For oil, the OWC will plot similarly, although the presence
of gas on top will cause updip wedging (decreasing
thickness) of the gross oil isopach
Net Pay thickness isopachs
• Refers to the gross reservoir thickness with
tight zones thrown out.
• If the reservoir is homogeneous we can
simply take the net to gross of the reservoir
and multiply the thickness of the unit by
this reduction.
• Otherwise, heterogeneity can considerably
complicate matters.
Variable reservoir thickness isopachs
• Reservoir thickness changes rapidly
– e.g. edge of reef, channel
– Requires a net reservoir thickness isopach map
• GWC or GOC = structure contour (zero gas line)
but this will veer away from the structure contour
where the sand thickness disappears (can’t have
gas where there is no reservoir)
• Basically, the thicknesses are modified so that the
net gas or net oil thickness isopachs do not exceed
the thickness of the reservoir.
Calculations from isopachs
• Trapezoidal Rule
– Used to calculate rock volume from an isopach:
Where
BV = bulk volume (acre feet)
h = contour interval
A0 = area enclosed by zero contour line
A1 = area enclosed by first contour line
An-1 = area enclosed by first contour line above top contour
An = top contour line
hn = vertical distance from top contour to top of reservoir
i.e. take the average area between two intervals and multiply that area by
contour interval thickness to get the volume it encloses.
GOC or GWC
0’
40’
A
54’
B
Illustration of the
Trapezoidal Rule:
dome.
hn = 60 – 54 60’
= 14’
An 40’
A1 20’
A h = 20’ B
A0 0’
GOC or GWC
20’
40’
A B
54’
Useful Shortcut
60’
i.e. 0.5 x 54 = 27 ft
An 40’
A1 20’
A B
A0 0’
Wedge of gas filled sand here
Fault A
60’
Max h = 54’
40’
C 20’
D
0’
Fluid Contact
Sand Full above this point