• DESCRIPTION • MATERIALS
Add black pepper to the surface of a bowl of water o Bowl
to observe the properties of density and surface o Water
tension. o Ground black pepper
o Liquid dish soap
• OBJECTIVE o Cornstarch (optional)
This lesson demonstrates the properties of density o Baby powder (optional)
and surface tension. Students observe as black
pepper is added to the surface of a bowl of water Always remember to use the appropriate safety
and remains spread across the surface until soap is equipment when conducting your experiment.
added. The lesson can be simplified to focus on Refer to the Safety First section in the Resource Guide
measurements and calculating density. on pages 391–393 for more detailed information about
safety in the classroom.
• CONTENT TOPICS
Scientific inquiry; measurement; states of matter; Jump ahead to page 333 to view the
properties of matter; attractive forces (surface tension) Experimental Procedure.
Chemist®Activity
You Be TheLESSON Activity
1: Goofy Guide
Guides
Putty| page 330 330
LESSON 26: Swimming Specks
creates a surface “film” that makes moving an object FORMULAS & EQUATIONS
through the surface of a liquid more difficult than moving Pure water is comprised of two hydrogen atoms and one
the object when it is completely submerged in the liquid. oxygen atom.
Surface tension is also the reason liquids tend to keep a low
surface area. For example, water droplets will tend to form The chemical formula for pure water is H2O.
into a sphere rather than spreading out flat.
Tap water is a mixture of pure water, dissolved minerals,
Water has a very high surface tension because of strong and other substances.
attractions between the water molecules (hydrogen
bonding). In contrast, soap is a surfactant. A surfactant Black pepper, known as piper nigrum, comes from a
(or surface active agent) is a substance that has the ability plant. The piperine molecule gives the pepper its spicy
to reduce the surface tension of a liquid. Therefore, when taste.
a drop of liquid dish soap is added to the water, the surface The chemical formula for piperine is C17H19NO3.
tension of the water is reduced. As this occurs, the water
molecules can move more freely and easily. Once the mass and volume of an object have been
determined, the density of an object can be calculated
In this experiment, black pepper is sprinkled on top of a using the following equation:
bowl of water. The pepper rests on the surface. When a
d = m/v
drop of liquid dish soap is added to the center of the bowl
of water,the surface tension in the center is reduced, but Density is measured in grams per milliliters or grams
the surface tension toward the outside of the bowl remains per cubic centimeters. One cubic centimeter (cm3 or cc) is
higher. As a result, even though the surface tension is equal to one milliliter (mL). Water has a density of
reduced in the center, the pepper will remain on top of approximately 1 g/mL. The density of pepper ranges from
the water because it is less dense. However, the pepper is approximately 0.4 g/cc to 0.5 g/cc, which is less than the
pulled out to the sides where the surface tension is higher. density of water. Therefore, pepper rests on top of water
Eventually, the surface tension becomes balanced again, because pepper is less dense than water.
and some pepper will move back toward the center of
the bowl. Soaps and detergents are surfactants. One part of a soap
molecule is attracted to water, while the other parts are
repelled by water but attracted to other substances, such
as fats.
CONNECT TO THE YOU BE THE
CHEMIST CHALLENGE
For additional background information, please
review CEF’s Challenge study materials online at HYPOTHESIS
http://www.chemed.org/ybtc/challenge/study.aspx. uWhen black pepper is added to a bowl
of water, the pepper will rest on the surface
• Additional information on mass, volume, and
density can be found in the Measurement section of the water because of its lower density and the
of CEF’s Passport to Science Exploration: The surface tension of water. In addition, when liquid
Core of Chemistry. dish soap is added to the center of the bowl of water,
the soap will reduce the surface tension at the center
• Additional information on states and properties of and cause the pepper to move to the outside.
matter, including surface tension, can be found in
the Classification of Matter section of CEF’s
Passport to Science Exploration: The Core of
Chemistry.
EXPERIMENTATION
As the students perform the experiment, challenge them
to identify the independent, dependent, and controlled
variables, as well as whether there is a control setup for
the experiment. (Hint: If a different substance is added to
the water’s surface, will the results change?) Review the
information in the Scientific Inquiry section on pages
Fun Fact
14–16 to discuss variables. Black pepper comes from
mature green peppercorn berries
that have been harvested and
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
sun-dried for 7 to
1. Fill a bowl about three-quarters full with water.
10 days.
2. Sprinkle black pepper on the surface of the water
to cover the surface with a thin layer of pepper.
DATA COLLECTION
Have students record data in their science notebooks or Fun Fact
on the following activity sheet. What are the physical
Rain droplets form in the
properties of the water? What are the physical properties
shape of a sphere because of
of the pepper? What happened when the liquid dish soap
was added to the water? Have students answer the surface tension. The attractive
questions on the activity sheet (or similar ones of your forces of the surface layer pull
own) to guide the process. the droplets into the shape
of a sphere.
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3. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an
image of the example.
Matter
Mass
Volume
Density
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Surface tension
Surfactant
4. Consider what will happen if liquid dish soap is added to a container of water with pepper sprinkled on the
surface and why.
uWrite your hypothesis. ______________________________________________________________
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2. Sprinkle black pepper on the surface of the water. Use enough to cover the surface with a thin layer of pepper.
3. Place a drop of liquid dish soap in the middle of the bowl of water. Watch what happens.
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3. What happens when you sprinkle pepper on the surface of the water? Why? ________________________________
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5. After one drop of liquid dish soap is added, does adding more soap have any effect? If so, what is the effect?
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6. What do you think will happen if you sprinkle cornstarch or baby powder on the water? What will happen if you add
soap? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________
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7. What do you think will happen if you sprinkle salt in the water? Why? ______________________________________
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8. Is your hypothesis valid? Why or why not? If not, what would be your next steps? ____________________________
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1. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an
image of the example.
Fluid
Buoyancy
Displacement
Weight
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Pepper may be used to season food. Soap may be used to wash other things. Cornstarch may be used for cooking. Baby powder may be used
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to absorb wetness. These materials may be used to observe the physical properties of water.
3. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an
image of the example.
4. Consider what will happen if liquid dish soap is added to a container of water with pepper sprinkled on the
surface and why.
uWrite your hypothesis. ______________________________________________________________
The pepper will rest on the surface of the water. When liquid dish soap is added to water,
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the soap reduces the water’s surface tension. The pepper will remain on the surface, because it is less dense than water,
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but is pulled to the outside of the container where the surface tension remains higher.
2. Sprinkle black pepper on the surface of the water. Use enough to cover the surface with a thin layer of pepper.
3. Place a drop of liquid dish soap in the middle of the bowl of water. Watch what happens.
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the bottom first.
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3. What happens when you sprinkle pepper on the surface of the water? Why? ________________________________
Pepper floats on the surface of the water.
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Pepper floats because it is less dense than water.
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4. What happens to the pepper when you add one drop of liquid dish soap to the water? Why? ____________________
When you add soap to the
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water, the surface tension of the water is reduced. The pepper remains on the top of the water because it is less dense than water. However,
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the pepper moves away from the spot where the soap was added toward the edges where the surface tension remains higher.
5. After one drop of liquid dish soap is added, does adding more soap have any effect? If so, what is the effect?
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Adding more soap to the water causes the pepper to move around the surface of the water.
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6. What do you think will happen if you sprinkle cornstarch or baby powder on the water? What will happen if you add
soap? Why? ____________________________________________________________________________________
Cornstarch or baby powder is suspended on the surface of the water by the water’s surface tension. If soap is added, the
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surface tension is reduced. As a result, the cornstarch or baby powder will most likely fall to the bottom because they are generally denser
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than water.
7. What do you think will happen if you sprinkle salt in the water? Why? ______________________________________
Salt will fall to the bottom of the water because is it
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denser than water. The surface tension is not stong enough to hold the salt on the surface.
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8. Is your hypothesis valid? Why or why not? If not, what would be your next steps? ____________________________
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Answer 1: Valid because the data supports my hypothesis.
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Answer 2: Invalid because the data do not support my hypothesis. I would reject my hypothesis and could form a new one, such as ...
1. Define the following key terms. Then, provide an example of each by writing the example or drawing/pasting an
image of the example.
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together around the gas into the shape of a sphere.
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