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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

COMPREHENSIVE PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS OF LOW- TO


MEDIUM-POROSITY FRACTURED CARBONATE RESERVOIRS:
INTEGRATED CHARACTERIZATION OF BOTH THE MATRIX AND
FRACTURES
H. Rohler, OMV; R. Ramamoorthy, S. Ghadiry, M. Ramzan, Schlumberger; A. Rech, OMV

Copyright 2014, held jointly by the Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Full-waveform acoustic logs and electrical borehole
Analysts (SPWLA) and the submitting authors.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPWLA 55th Annual Logging images enable the characterization of the fractures in
Symposium held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, May 18-22, 2014. terms of their orientation, aperture, and permeability.
Fracture porosity is calculated in multiple ways using
ABSTRACT resistivity logs and borehole images, and the best
estimate is chosen depending on the validity of each
We build on recent work on the petrophysical method under the prevailing conditions of the borehole
characterization of carbonate reservoirs from log and and formation. Finally, the effect of both the matrix and
core data. Much of this work was focused on high- the fractures is incorporated into the computation of the
porosity carbonates in which the main storage is in the Archie m parameter for deep resistivity analysis. In this
matrix and productivity is through connected solution manner, an accurate description of the mobile
vugs and high-permeability fairways. In such hydrocarbon content can be achieved.
reservoirs, fractures do not play a dominant role in the
production. These are classified as type III naturally Finally, the predictions of produced fluid type based on
fractured reservoirs (NFR) according to the Nelson the above characterization were validated with
classification. Similar reservoirs are found across much production tests. We also identified the limitations of
of the Middle East. However, in medium- to low- the various methods used.
porosity carbonate rocks, fractures begin to dominate
the production. These are classified as type II NFR. INTRODUCTION
Fractures affect deep resistivity logs and introduce
errors in the estimate of water saturation if the fracture Carbonate evaluation is a challenging task requiring a
signature is not corrected. The prolific carbonate comprehensive workflow that integrates information
reservoirs of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are in this from a variety of well logs with the geological
category. background. A multitude of interpretation techniques
aid in data integration, and the same data can have
We have conducted a multi-well study of fractured multiple uses. Complex lithology in the studied area
carbonate reservoirs of Triassic and Jurassic age. The highlights the need for multiple porosity and
Triassic rocks are gas bearing whereas the Jurassic mineralogy evaluation measurements, as single
rocks are oil bearing. We have developed an integrated measurements do not give the required accuracy.
workflow to characterize both the matrix and the Accurate porosity and lithology is not the only
fractures using high-resolution nuclear magnetic challenge, but determination of these is the first step for
resonance (NMR) logs, dielectric dispersion logs, any further work. The presence of tar and heavy oil,
electrical borehole images, and full-waveform acoustic pore size heterogeneity, or the effect of the fracture
logs. The mineral composition and porosity of the network on texture parameters and water saturation are
matrix were derived from neutron-induced capture all challenges that introduce uncertainty into the
gamma-ray spectroscopy and epithermal neutron interpretation. Quantifying the effect of each factor is
porosity logs, and the results were validated with core required to minimize the uncertainty.
data. Pore types within the matrix were evaluated using
borehole NMR logs and the results were also validated The target under investigation is part of an anticline
with core data. The Archie m exponent of the matrix located on the southwestern edge of the Zagros Fold
was computed from the pore partitions. Flushed zone Belt of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The anticline
saturation in the matrix was derived from dielectric strike is parallel to the trend of the Zagros mountains
dispersion logs and further corroborated with 3D NMR and displays a distinct surface expression which is part
data. of a 25- to 50-km wide belt of imbricates, folds, and
faulted folds (high-folded Zagros zone). They were
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

formed by the Zagros deformation, which was initiated of rock mineralogy. The conventional triple-combo
in the Late Cretaceous and had its peak during the Late suite of logs typically includes the photoelectric factor
Cenozoic. Prior to the main Zagros deformation, the (PEF) measurement, which provides excellent input to
area was the site of a marginal molasse basin discriminating calcite and dolomite in carbonates.
(Paleogene) and a flysch trough (Late Cretaceous). In Given the strong presence of uranium salts in many
the high-folded zone of the Zagros Fold Belt, tectonic carbonate formations, the spectral gamma ray log
shortening varies from 10 to 33% resulting in long, provides a better estimate of clay than the total gamma
asymmetric, tight anticlines that can be deeply eroded. ray log. However, a measure of aluminum, either
In the core of the target anticline, Cretaceous carbonates emulated as from a capture spectroscopy log or directly
are exposed. measured as from an inelastic spectroscopy log,
provides a far more accurate estimate of clay fraction
The target has been drilled with six exploration and (Ellis, 1987).
appraisal wells. The formation evaluation programs
across the Cretaceous to Triassic reservoir units reflect We used a capture spectroscopy measurement with
the technology changes the industry has seen in the neutron emissions from an americium-beryllium
region throughout the last several years, spanning chemical source. The tool provides neutron capture
resistivity-sonic logs for qualitative reservoir yields of several elements including silicon, calcium,
characterization to full sets of modern logs that enable iron, sulfur, titanium, and magnesium. The use of these
explicit definition of complex matrix types, porosity relative yields in a simultaneous optimizing solver
partitions, fracture characteristics, and pore fluid along with measures of porosity such as density,
characteristics (tar, oil, gas, water). Modern logging neutron, and NMR permits the evaluation of a very
suites proved to be necessary to understand the accurate mineralogy and porosity. The solver also
reservoirs and uncover the limitations of vintage permits the inclusion of the PEF if unaffected by
datasets for accurate formation evaluation of tight borehole mud additives. For the specific formation in
fractured carbonates. the study, the following measurements were critical in
estimating the corresponding mineral component:
This paper introduces an integrated workflow for the
full characterization of the rock matrix and natural 1) Sulfur – anhydrite
fractures in the low- to medium-porosity carbonate 2) Calcium – carbonate fraction
formations located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The 3) Magnesium and/or PEF – distinguishing
effect of the combined matrix-fracture system on the calcite from dolomite
deep resistivity logs used for water saturation 4) Iron and titanium – clay content
estimation is taken into account in determining the
5) Silicon –silica trace - minerals
required parameters for resistivity interpretation. When
tying in the flow predictions from formation evaluation
The Jurassic carbonates contain both layered anhydrite
to the results of production tests, we will also discuss
and dispersed anhydrite. Whereas layers can easily be
the role of fractures in fluid flow. However, the main
recognized on neutron-density-PEF logs, dispersed
focus of this paper is on the characterization of the rock
anhydrite is much more difficult to quantify with these
matrix and fracture system from advanced borehole log
measurements. As shown by Gomaa et al. (2006), the
data.
uncertainty in the anhydrite volume estimate from
triple-combo logs can easily be greater than 20%.
The workflow is presented in Figure 1. We discuss the
Given the high grain density of anhydrite, this results in
implementation of this workflow in the context of the
an underestimate in porosity of over 2 p.u. This is an
data acquired on several wells in the study area. The
unacceptable error in low-porosity rocks. In contrast,
different colored sections on Figure 1 represent broad
given the very accurate sulfur estimate from capture
groups of tasks within the workflow that may be
spectroscopy, the error in anhydrite volume estimate is
identified with the sections in this paper. The step on
less than 3%, thereby reducing the error in porosity to
variable Archie saturation exponent n estimation from
less than 0.5 p.u. Spectroscopy data brings another
NMR and dielectric data is not discussed.
advantage in low-porosity fractured carbonates. The
borehole conditions, particularly in densely fractured
MATRIX EVALUATION
intervals, can exhibit large rugosity. This renders
shallow reading measurements of density, neutron
Several log measurements contribute to the evaluation
porosity, and PEF suspect. Reliable estimation of
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

lithology is extremely difficult to impossible in the absence of large vug porosity, full waveform acoustic
absence of these measurements. The spectroscopy logs provide a reliable porosity estimate even in
measurement reads a much larger volume of the enlarged boreholes. This, combined with the
surrounding rock and measures more than a foot into spectroscopy elemental yields, permits a reliable
the formation. The impact of rugosity is only in the estimate of mineral composition and porosity even in
deterioration of statistical precision, which is easily densely fractured intervals.
compensated by reducing the logging speed. In the

Fig. 1 Integrated evaluation workflow to characterize both matrix and fractures and compute reliable fluid
saturations.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Magnetic resonance logs provide a definitive measure preferred when it is available.


of the tar volume in the pore space through a deficit in
the NMR porosity compared to the neutron-density LIMITED DATA ANALYSIS REVIEW
porosity (Budebes et al., 2007). Magnetic resonance
fluid characterization measurements can also identify Figure 2a displays the interpreted lithology-porosity
the presence of heavy hydrocarbon components that are answer over an interval in the Jurassic formation.
usually associated with the tar. NMR methods are Figure 2b displays an interval in the Triassic formation.
quantitative in contrast to the traditional approaches Each plot shows the mineralogy and porosity
that depend on the absence of an invasion profile on interpreted using the capture spectroscopy along with
resistivity logs in tar zones. Such profiles may also density, epithermal neutron, and NMR data in track 3.
occur in very low permeability zones in the absence of Formation volumes include illite, calcite, dolomite,
tar. anhydrite, quartz, tar, flushed zone gas, and water.
Track 2 shows formation volumetrics using just the
Neutron, density, and NMR porosity may also be used triple-combo data. The volumes include only illite,
to estimate flushed zone gas saturation in a gas calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, and water. The simpler
reservoir. The advantage in the use of density and NMR mineral model is necessitated by the fewer log
data is that the measurements are consonant, meaning measurements available. Track 1 compares the total
they have similar depth of investigation (DOI) and porosity from each analysis. We observe the following:
vertical resolution. This allows for the solution of a
very accurate total porosity and flushed zone gas a) When dispersed anhydrite is present, the
saturation (Freedman et al., 1998). The thermal neutron triple-combo-only model tends to output
log reads considerably deeper into the formation and increased calcite and less anhydrite. This
does not share the same consonance with the density results from the fact that the PEF response for
and NMR measurements. However, the epithermal both minerals is very similar.
neutron log has a similar DOI to the density log. It is
b) The increased calcite interpretation in the
also much superior to the thermal neutron for the
triple-combo-only model results in a reduced
following reasons:
total porosity. This trend is observed over most
a) Much better statistics, especially useful in low- of the section. Hence, the total pore volume is
porosity/low-hydrogen-index environments, pessimistic.
due the use of pulsed neutron source with eight c) No tar estimate is possible in the absence of
times the count rate NMR data. Recognizing the presence of tar is
b) Not affected by thermal neutron absorbers important for understanding the producibility
such as boron and chlorine, which may be of the reservoir.
present in the formation and/or the borehole
c) Many fewer corrections necessary. No The answers are less stable in the presence of washouts
in the triple-combo-only model as seen at X507 m on
temperature effect. Correction magnitude is
Figure 2b.
approximately one-third that for the thermal
neutron under similar borehole conditions Figure 3 shows the comparison of the interpreted
d) Direct measurement of tool standoff permits mineralogy and porosity using the full suite of log
much more accurate standoff correction, measurements versus that from core. The match to core
thereby greatly improving log accuracy in is extremely good, given that the logs average about 2 ft
rugose borehole of formation interval and at least a cubic foot of
formation volume, whereas the core measurements
In this work, the epithermal neutron porosity is were performed on plugs about 1 inch in diameter.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig. 2a (left) and 2b (right) Comparison of interpreted results on two Jurassic and Triassic reservoir sections
based on a full suite of log measurements (triple combo, capture spectroscopy and NMR) and based on a limited
logging suite using just the triple-combo data.

Fig. 3 Comparison of core mineralogy, porosity, and grain density versus that derived from triple-combo,
epithermal neutron, capture spectroscopy, and NMR logs.
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

CHARACTERIZING CARBONATE POROSITY macroporosity from the image to validate/calibrate the


long cutoff applied to the NMR data. Hence, the final
The carbonate formations encountered in this work partitions are determined only from the NMR log.
comprise complex composite pore systems. Mean pore Figure 4 describes the approach to porosity partitioning.
sizes can vary over two orders of magnitude with little Vug porosity may also be determined from full
to no variation in porosity. Conversely, similar pore waveform acoustic logs; however, this method is not
geometries may be found in rocks with total porosity very reliable at medium- to low-porosity carbonates,
differing by an order of magnitude. Hence, simple particularly when fractures are present.
approaches for rock type or permeability based on
porosity alone will not yield reliable results. Pore
system characterization is an essential first step to rock
typing and permeability estimation.

One approach to characterizing the pore system was


proposed by Ramamoorthy et al. (2008) and has been
adopted in this study. In this workflow, the total
porosity estimated in the lithology-porosity step earlier
is partitioned into three pore types—microporosity,
mesoporosity, and macroporosity. While these
partitions are based on pore size, we note that there is
topological significance to each pore type. The
microporosity is predominantly intragranular, the
mesoporosity is mostly intergranular, and the
macroporosity largely derives from dissolution events Fig. 4 Schematic showing the method to derive
and is composed of megapores and vugs. Ramakrishnan carbonate pore partitions from core and log data.
et al. (2001) have shown that such a description of pore
geometry may be exploited to estimate both the The pore partitions are ideally defined by mercury
permeability as well as electrical conductivity injection capillary pressure (MICP) measurements
properties such as the Archie cementation exponent m. performed on core plugs as first proposed by Marzouk
Allen et al. (2001) similarly showed that a rock et al. (1995). We have inspected the available MICP
classification based on pore types can be performed on data in the field and defined appropriate pore throat
the pore partitions. radius cutoffs to derive the pore partitions on the core
samples (Figure 5). These were then used to validate
We have used two log measurements to derive the pore the pore partitions derived from the NMR data. The
partitions—NMR distribution of transverse relaxation cutoffs were determined through inspection of the
decay constant (T2) and electrical borehole images. NMR data, and the match to the results from core
Microporosity is determined based on a short cutoff confirmed the values used (Figure 6).
applied to the T2 distribution. The porosity below the
cutoff is the microporosity. Macroporosity is estimated
by the porosity above a long cutoff on the T2
distribution. Macroporosity can also be estimated from
borehole electrical images (Newberry et al., 1996). The
image is first calibrated to an absolute conductivity at
the DOI of the imaging tool. Next, the conductivity
image is transformed into a porosity image assuming
the rock is water-filled and the Archie transform
applies. Vugs and dissolution events are represented on
the porosity image as high-porosity features. A suitable
threshold porosity separates the matrix from the vugs.
All porosity above the threshold is allocated to
macroporosity. Because of the different vertical
resolution and azimuthal coverage of the borehole Fig. 5 Determination of micro- and macro-cutoffs on
imager and the NMR tool, we have used the pore throat radius from core MICP measurements.
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig. 6 Core validation of log-derived pore partitions in the Jurassic and Triassic target formations.

Input to Permeability. From the pore partitions we 2


 V 
compute two estimates of rock permeability. The first k macro = C '×φ ×  macro 
2
…..(2)
estimate, kcarbonate, is derived from either of two  φ − Vmacro 
transforms as originally proposed by Allen et al. (2001).
where Vmacro is the fractional volume of macroporosity,
If the macroporosity is less than a threshold value (0.03
and C' is a proportionality constant.
in our case) the intergranular permeability transform is
used:
A second estimate of permeability, kemb, is computed
k SDR = C × φ 2 × ( ρ × T2 LM ) 2 …..(1) from the following transform originally proposed by
where φ is the total porosity as a fraction of the rock Ramakrishnan et al. (2001). This is based on the
volume, ρ is the surface relaxivity in microns/second, Ramakrishnan-Bruggeman effective medium model:
T2LM is the logarithmic mean of T2 in seconds and C is a k SDR
proportionality constant.
k emb = …..(3)
 V macro 
1 − 
If the macroporosity exceeds the threshold (macro-  PT 
cutoff), kcarbonate is computed from the following where PT is the fractional porosity at the percolation
transform: threshold. For perfectly spherical vugs the value of PT

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

is expected to approach 0.33. However, real vugs are


more angular in shape and the value of PT used in our
study is 0.12. The transition between intergranular and
vuggy systems is smooth since there are no cut-offs on
Vmacro. We have preferred the kemb result in our study.
Given the very small vuggy porosity encountered in the
study wells, the kemb is very close to kSDR. Figure 6 also
displays the log-derived permeability in track 2 with the
core permeability overlaid.
Fig. 8 Relationship of pore type rock classification to
We emphasize that all properties derived from the pore Dunham classification based on porosity-permeability
partitions are representative of the rock matrix. cross-plot analysis (Marzouk et al., 1998).
Fractures, where present, have a very small contribution
to the T2 distribution. These compare well with results
on core plug samples. Total system permeability, as
measured with well tests, reflects the flow properties of
fractures, where present, since fractures tend to
completely dominate the flow behavior. In type II NFR,
the matrix feeds the fracture network, and it is
important to understand the permeability and rock type
within the matrix.

Rock Typing from Pore Partitions. In this work, we use


a pore typing approach to rock typing. Pore typing is
achieved using the pore partitions (Allen et al., 2001).
The scheme is displayed in Figure 7 and is based on a
ternary diagram. The apex points consist of pure end Fig. 9 Rock typing results based on pore partitions
members of each pore type. Depending on the position (track 5).
of the data within the ternary diagram, specific rock
types are defined. Marzouk et al. (1998) have compared FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION
the ternary diagram with the Dunham classification
(Figure 8). Subsurface fracture characterization using borehole
Figure 9 displays the results of porosity partitioning and images seeks to determine occurrences, orientation,
pore typing on a section of the reservoir. The pore types density, aperture, and distribution of fractures along the
and permeability are presented in the right hand track. borehole. Not all the fractures interpreted on the
borehole images are of interest when it comes to flow
contribution. Only open fractures are expected to
contribute to flow. Hence, open-fracture identification
and proper fracture characterization becomes more
important for low-porosity reservoirs. Open fractures
are commonly detected on cores or image logs (both
resistivity and acoustic) in conjunction with acoustic
data. Image logs also provide directional sense to
fractures, which generally cores are unable to do unless
oriented.

Fig. 7 Pore type classification from porosity partitions. Another important source of information on the fracture
system is the full-waveform acoustic log. In our study,
we have used information from Stoneley wave
propagation primarily to identify the main intervals of
open natural fractures. The Stoneley wave probes much
deeper than do electrical borehole images and, hence,
can help differentiate the principal open fractures from
minor near-wellbore events. Dipole dispersion analysis
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

helps characterize acoustic anisotropy. When the Fig. 10 Effect of permeability and fractures on Stoneley
anisotropy is due to fractures, additional information on waves (Brie et al, 1988).
fracture strike may be determined.
The borehole Stoneley wave has a unique advantage in
Therefore, borehole images and full-waveform acoustic that it is sensitive to permeable or open fractures. The
logs are considered essential in modern-day formation effect of the tube wave passing an open fracture creates
evaluation when it comes to naturally fractured an energy pulse into the high-permeability streak; the
reservoir characterization. result is an energy reflection that travels up and down
the borehole and appears as chevron patterns on the
The acoustic process is amenable to computerized
recorded Stoneley waveforms. Figure 11 shows
automated analysis and facilitates the quick
Stoneley reflection at a fracture or formation boundary.
identification of the main fractured intervals. Once the
main fractured intervals are identified, these are closely
inspected on the image logs for detailed fracture
characterization. The following section discusses the
use of acoustic logs in fracture characterization. The use
of borehole image logs is discussed later.

FRACTURE ZONE DETECTION WITH


ACOUSTIC LOGS

Stoneley Wave Analysis. Open natural fractures are


important to enhancing permeability of low-porosity
reservoirs. With full-waveform sonic technology, these
fractured environments may be sufficiently evaluated
with a broadband frequency response of the monopole
Fig. 11 Development of chevron pattern on Stoneley
and dipole signals. The lower frequency Stoneley
waveform at intersection of fracture plane.
measurement enables a deeper DOI. As the Stoneley
waves are by nature constricted to the interface of the
Evaluating the waveform in the frequency domain
mud and formation, the DOI is proportional to the
where the reflection energy is borehole compensated
frequency content of the waves. For highly dipping
separates the transmitted and the reflected Stoneley
fractures, the importance of an attenuation method is
waves. Borehole compensation is necessary to account
paramount for evaluating fracture permeability.
for variations in borehole diameter and in tool tilt with
respect to the borehole axis. The energy of reflection
When the borehole crosses open permeable fractures,
and transmission is related to the fracture aperture: the
the propagating Stoneley wave is attenuated and also stronger the reflection, the greater the fracture
reflected at the fractures (Figure 10) (Brie et al. 1988; permeability. Figure 12 describes the workflow applied.
Hornby et al., 1989).
Stoneley wave reflections are also caused by borehole
washouts and changes in acoustic impedance at major
lithology and porosity interfaces. Hence, we must
distinguish between these two reflection causes (Tezuka
et al., 1997).

The Tezuka modeled waveforms were generated from


the formation compressional, shear, Stoneley, density,
and caliper response. Chevron patterns on the Variable
Density log (VDL) display of the Stoneley waveforms
missing on the modeled waveforms are indicative of
potentially open fractures, whereas reflections caused
by bed boundaries or borehole rugosity will be present
in both modeled and measured VDLs. Thus, comparing
the two VDLs permits us to identify the presence of

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

open natural fractures in a wide range of borehole permeabilities, fracture connectivity must be taken into
conditions. account and thus full digital fracture network (DFN)
modeling should be performed. DFN is not part of this
study.

Dipole Shear Dispersion Analysis. In addition to the


Stoneley wave, we have also studied dipole dispersion
to identify the presence of open natural fractures.
Murray et al. (2004) have shown that the dispersion
behavior of the fast and slow shear recorded from
orthogonal dipole transmitter-receiver arrays can
identify the formation surrounding the borehole as
either a) homogenous isotropic, b) inhomogeneous
isotropic, c) intrinsically anisotropic, or d) subject to
stress-induced anisotropy. Figure 13 (from Murray et
al., 2004) depicts the four cases. Fractured zones are
typically intrinsically anisotropic. In such a case, the
fast and slow shear will be significantly different and
will have an offset between each other in the dispersion
trend and will not cross each other as in the stress
induced anisotropy case.

Fig. 12 Stoneley fracture characterization workflow


(Endo et al., 1998). Box A (top) contains the Stoneley
transmission coefficient (TC) and reflection coefficient
(RC) analyses part and box B contains the fracture
aperture inversion part.

Fracture apertures are computed from the transmission


and reflection coefficients corrected for the effects of Fig. 13 Schematics of four dipole dispersion curve
bed property variations, boundaries, and borehole types. The thin black curve of the upper two figures
enlargement. Finally, fracture permeability is computed represents the homogeneous isotropic (HI) modeled
from the apertures. We note that this is just an estimate dipole dispersion curve, and the red and blue curves
of permeability and should be used in a qualitative demonstrate the fast and slow dipole dispersion curves
manner to compare different intervals. To arrive at true respectively. The Y-axis represents sonic slowness and
the X-axis represents waveform frequency.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig. 14 Acoustic processing plot on a study well showing 2D anisotropy from dipole dispersion analysis and
fracture aperture from Stoneley wave with comparison to fracture apertures from electrical borehole image log.

Figure 14 depicts the results of the acoustic fracture manual feature classifications.
characterization from both Stoneley wave analysis and
dipole dispersion analysis. We observe the presence of Feature Classification. Planar surfaces are interpreted
intrinsic anisotropy as would be expected in a fractured and classified into three major categories including
zone. The fast shear azimuth indicates that fracture bedding, fractures, and faults. Drilling-induced features
strike is oriented in the north-northeast direction as we including induced fractures and borehole breakouts are
will observe in the next section for the fractures picked also interpreted depicting present-day state of stress.
on electrical images. The modeled Stoneley waveform Natural fractures are further classified into open
VDL is shown in grayscale while the measured fracture/conductive fractures, partially open
fractures/partially conductive fractures, or resistive
waveform VDL is plotted in purple to the left of the
fractures based on their appearance on images. Figure
modeled one. The reflection coefficients are shown in
15 shows an example from the study area.
the two tracks to the immediate left of the VDL tracks.
The fracture zones identified on the reflections match
Fracture Orientation and In-situ Stress Analysis. Once
those seen from the image log as depicted in the last
interpreted, natural fractures are classified into genetic
two tracks on the right.
sets based on a statistical analysis approach. Natural
fractures are grouped as longitudinal (extensional),
FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION WITH
transverse (tensional), and oblique (shear) to the
ELECTRICAL IMAGES
structure. Being parallel to present-day maximum in-
situ stress, transverse fractures are known to be open
Workflow. In the present work, borehole images were
and extend deep into the structure (Nelson, 1998;
available in all wells covering all the reservoir sections.
A standardized borehole-image-processing workflow Jadoon et al., 2005) (Figure 16).
was followed to obtain speed-corrected, scaled, and
normalized image data to maximize the visibility of
natural and drilling-induced features to be used in
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig 17 Statistical analysis of open and partially open


Fig. 15 Image example showing open and partially fractures derived from electrical borehole image data
open fractures interpreted on borehole image log. shows strike predominantly NE-SW and NNE-SSW,
Fracture density, fracture porosity and aperture are respectively, at dip magnitudes ranging from 33-80°.
computed across this section.

Figures 17 and 18 depict statistical (dip/strike) analyses


of natural and induced fractures based on examples
from the study area.

Fig 18 Statistical analysis of drilling induced fractures


and borehole breakouts based on interpretations of
electrical borehole image data in well X.

Fracture Attributes. Fracture attribute computation is


the next essential step in the borehole-image fracture-
characterization workflow in order to understand
Fig. 16 Conceptual fracture model of folded strata. fracture origin, distribution, and other petrophysical
(After Jadoon et al., 2005) aspects such as fracture width, porosity, and
permeability (Nelson, 1982). High-resolution formation
In the present study. the statistical analysis of both open resistivity imaging tools are capable of addressing
and partially open fractures as interpreted across all petrophysical aspects of fractured reservoirs and
studied wells indicates the presence of two sets of provide fracture attributes for further formation
natural fractures (Figure 17). One set predominantly evaluation. The fracture attributes computed from
strikes northeast/southwest and north-northeast/south- electrical images include fracture density (apparent and
southwest (tensional/transverse fractures set) corrected for borehole deviation), fracture aperture,
perpendicular to the fold axis and parallel to the in-situ fracture porosity, and the cumulative fracture aperture
horizontal stress direction (σHmax). The other set was profile (Cheung and Heliot, 1990).
observed to be present in a north-northwest/south-
southeast trend, which is oblique to the fold axis. These Fracture density. Fracture density or spacing is
appear to be a shear set of fractures. Drilling-induced controlled by various factors including mechanical
fractures interpreted across these wells predominantly properties, layer thickness, and strain. Borehole images
strike northeast/southwest, thus indicating a provide apparent fracture density, which is corrected for
northeast/southwest present-day principle stress the amount of well deviation at a particular depth to
direction (σHmax), which matches with other regional represent true fracture density perpendicular to the
tectonic evidence. fracture plane.

Fracture porosity and aperture. In the fractured-


reservoir-characterization workflow, the most important
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

attributes or inputs to petrophysical analysis obtained borehole after its calibration with the shallow resistivity
using electrical images are fracture width and porosity. and log porosity. The Equation 5 is used to get such a
As fractures provide both permeability and storage for transformation; it uses log porosity (effective log
the hydrocarbons, an accurate estimate of fracture porosity preferred), shallow resistivity measurement
porosity and aperture is vital for the reserve estimation (LLS, here RLA3), and conductivity of individual
(Jadoon et al., 2005). image buttons as inputs (Newberry et al., 1996; Akbar
et al., 2000).
Aperture estimation is based on the fact that fracture
φ image = φ log ⋅ (LLS ⋅ Ci )1 / m ….(5)
aperture is proportional to the additional current flow
caused by the presence of conductive material in the where Ci is conductivity of each image electrode, m is
fractures. Given the fracture is filled with mud or other the Archie cementation factor, and φlog is log porosity.
conductive fluid, when an electrode approaches it, an
excess current will begin to flow into it due to the low Secondary porosity features such as fractures and
resistivity anomaly. This additional current will dissolution vugs are evident as high-porosity features
continue to flow until the electrode is far enough away on the porosity image. A suitable threshold porosity
from the fracture to be electrically effective. As a result, value is used here so as to separate matrix and
the fracture presented on the resistivity images is much secondary porosity. The fractional area of the image
wider than its physical width. Therefore, it is above the threshold is the fraction of secondary
impossible to directly detect fracture width using button porosity. Due to the contribution of vugs, there is a
sensors. Nevertheless, Luthi and Souhaite (1990) tendency of this method to overestimate fracture
suggest that a relationship between fracture width W, porosity. In the formations encountered in this study,
formation flushed zone resistivity Rxo (which can be we note that vugs are very rare to absent. Hence, the
derived from image and microresistivity logs), mud
secondary porosity is directly equal to the fracture
resistivity Rm, and a normalized excess current flow A
porosity. Figure 19 shows the results of fracture
can be described by the following equation:
characterization from borehole image logs.

W = c ⋅ A ⋅ Rmb ⋅ R 1xo−b ….(4) A third method is available from laterolog resistivity


where b and c are constants for tool answer modeling. measurements as proposed by Boyeldieu and
Winchester (1982). This method assumes that the
Fracture porosity may be estimated in several ways. invasion of the mud filtrate occurs only along the
Two methods are available from borehole images. fractures and no invasion occurs in the matrix. Hence,
separation between the deep and shallow resistivity logs
The first method is based on the fracture apertures and is used as a measure of the fracture porosity as per
fracture density of the identified fractures on the images equation 6:
(Nelson, 2001). This method is most accurate; however,
∆C = C LLS − C LLD = φ f f ⋅ C m
m
…..(6)
it requires that all fractures are correctly identified by
the analyst. Hence, there is a tendency to err on the where C represents the conductivity from the
lower side on the fracture porosity. corresponding measurement and Cm is the conductivity
of the mud, φf is the fracture porosity, and mf is the
The second method converts the conductivity image effective m for the fractures (assumed to be 1.4). When
into a porosity image assuming relevant Archie matrix invasion exists, this method will over-estimate
parameters. This technique utilizes borehole electrical the fracture porosity.
images in the analysis to map the reservoir porosity
system (Newberry et al, 1996; Akbar et al., 2000) to In this study we have used the estimate from the
obtain porosity distribution and quantity of vugs and method of the porosity image. An important quality
mold fraction. However, the results of this technique control on the estimated fracture porosity is to
are affected largely by shale and bad hole conditions. In
recognize that over the vertical resolution of the logging
case the image data quality of one or two pads is
tools (approximately 2 ft), fracture porosity will rarely
impaired due to damaged image pads or bad hole
exceed 1 p.u. and almost never exceed 2 p.u. Figure 20
conditions, such images should be discarded during the
analysis (Newberry et al, 1996; Akbar et al., 2000). displays a comparison of the fracture porosity estimate
The primary assumption for this technique is that the from the three methods in track 4. The dip magnitude
resistivity data from the electrical images is measured estimated from electrical borehole images is also
in the flushed zone of the borehole. The electrical displayed in track 2 and is observed to be from 50-80º.
images are then transformed into a porosity map of the This justifies the assumption of mf =1.4.
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

THE SATURATION QUESTION matrix blocks, the reduction in water saturation will be
much more gradual and will reflect the pore size
One goal of petrophysical evaluation is the estimation distribution within the rock matrix. Hence, there will
of fluid saturations in the reservoir. In type II NFR, the exist a discontinuity in saturation above the FWL
fluids exist in two parallel pore systems—the void moving from inside the fracture to the surrounding
space in the fractures and that in the surrounding rock matrix. Given that the void space within the fractures
matrix. We expect that the fluid saturations in these two will typically constitute much less than 10% of the total
systems will be very different and will reflect the void space in the reservoir, we can expect log-derived
prevailing capillary pressures in each. Within the saturations to conform more closely to the saturations in
fractures, the capillary pressure is extremely low. the rock matrix. On the other hand, fracture tortuosity
Hence, the fluid saturation will change from 100% in general is low, and log-derived saturations are
water in the water leg to nearly 100% hydrocarbon certainly driven by the presence of fractures; thus, there
immediately above the free water level (FWL) in the exists a nontrivial competition of porosity and
region undisturbed by the drilling process. Within the tortuosity terms in low-porosity fractured rock results.

Fig. 19 Summary figure of image log interpretation and fracture analysis, well-X.
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig. 20 Fracture characterization results from resistivity and image logs across the Jurassic target section. Track 1
is the porosity histogram from the image log. Track 2 shows the dip magnitude and direction of all identified
fractures. Track 3 plots the deep and shallow resistivity. Track 4 plots the total porosity and the three estimates of
fracture porosity: red, from the porosity histogram; blue, from the resistivity log; and green, from fracture aperture
and fracture density. Track 5 shows the total porosity and final fracture porosity for clarity.

This does raise the interesting possibility of In such situations, a resistivity-independent method that
hydrocarbon-filled fractures existing in the transition is largely immune to uncertainty in the salinity is
zone immediately above the FWL when the greatly desired. In this study, we have relied on the
surrounding rock still shows high water saturation. dielectric dispersion measurement made by a
Since the water in the matrix is mobile, after an initial multifrequency, multi-DOI dielectric logging tool
spurt of oil production, there will be a transition to (Hizem et al., 2008). We have preferred the bimodal
increasing water cut as the water from the matrix flows dielectric dispersion model proposed by Kenyon (1984)
into the fractures. for interpreting the water saturation in the flushed zone.
This model is particularly well suited to carbonate
Due to mud filtrate invasion from the borehole, the rocks.
saturations are assessed both in the near-wellbore
region (flushed zone) and in the far field (uninvaded Another important result of the dispersion analysis is
zone). the water-phase tortuosity expressed analogous to the
Archie exponents. Since this parameter is representative
Flushed Zone Saturation. Several methods exist to of the water phase, it is the combined effect of both
compute the water saturation in the flushed zone. Archie exponents—m and n. Hence, it is labeled as
Methods based on microresistivity suffer from “MN”. It should not be confused with the product of m
uncertainty in the Archie exponents as well as in the and n. In a water zone, water-phase tortuosity
water salinity in the flushed zone. Whereas we have a represents directly the Archie m exponent. This aspect
good knowledge of the salinity of the mud filtrate, due can be used to calibrate the estimate of m derived from
to varying and incomplete invasion, the water salinity the pore partitioning as shown in the next section.
in the invaded zone may be affected by contamination
with the original formation waters. We caution that most measurements targeted at the
flushed zone have a very shallow DOI and are very
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

sensitive to rugose borehole conditions. The dielectric


log is no exception. The measurement will be affected
in washouts and will read too large a water volume.
However, tool standoff is also inverted from the
measurement and helps to identify intervals where the
data is suspect. Also, in very low porosity the estimate
of MN tends to be highly variable. Observations on the
value should be confined to porous intervals only.

Variable Archie Exponent m in Carbonates


We estimate m in two steps. First, we estimate the m for
the matrix block. Then the effect of the fractures is
incorporated and an m for the total rock system (matrix
and fractures) is estimated.

Estimating m for the matrix block. It is a well-


established fact that in carbonates, the Archie
cementation exponent m is not constant. Furthermore,
the presence of vugs has been directly related to
increase in the m exponent (Nugent et al., 1978; Brie et
al., 1985). Ramakrishnan et al. (2001) were the first to
propose that even in the absence of vugs, the variations
in proportions of microporosity and mesoporosity could
cause an increase in the m exponent, and they proposed Fig. 21 Results of the R-B EM for estimating Archie m
an effective medium model to explain this exponent from porosity partitions. Two scenarios are
phenomenon. Several subsequent studies presented based on the assumption of intergranular m
(Ramamoorthy et al., 2008; Abdelaal et al., 2013) have 1.75 (blue) and 2 (red). Dielectric dispersion analysis
confirmed this observation. In this paper, we apply the derived MN estimate (black) is also shown for
Ramakrishnan-Bruggeman effective medium (R-B EM) comparison. In the porous interval from X055 m to
model based on the pore partitions to compute the m X070 m, the MN matches the results of the second
exponent of the rock as a continuously varying scenario.
parameter along the borehole. Since the pore partitions
are pertinent to the rock matrix, the computed m reflects Estimating m for the total rock system—matrix and
the property of the matrix and does not account for the fractures. When interpreting deep resistivity logs for
effect of any fractures intersecting the rock volume. saturation, we recognize that the presence of fractures
will affect electrical transport. Hence, the Archie m
One input to the R-B EM model is the m exponent of exponent to be used should account for the effect of
the end-member intergranular pore system (mig). This fractures. Aguilera and Aguilera (2004) have proposed
can be obtained from core measurements on a pure a model to compute the effective m of the fractured
micrite sample. At the time of this study, formation system given the m of the matrix and the fracture
resistivity factor measurements on core were not porosity. This model assumes that the m for the
available. Based on experience from other, similar fractures is 1 (unity), implying that the fractures
carbonates in the region, we decided to compute the m represent a straight conduction path with respect to the
exponent assuming two end-member mig values—1.75 logging tool geometry. In reality, the fractures will not
and 2. Figure 21 displays the results of the variable m be parallel to all the current emitted from the logging
estimate for each of the two scenarios. The interval tool. Hence, the effective m of fractures is greater than
shown is a water zone and the MN from dielectric 1. Berg (2006), referring to unpublished work of
dispersion analysis is presented in the same track. Aguilera, presented a modified model to account for the
Figure 21 would seem to indicate that the intergranular effective m of the fracture system as shown in equation
m value to be used in this formation is 2. However, for 7:
the subsequent work, we have presented results for both
scenarios.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

 m 1 − φ f mf 
log φ f f + 
 φ ' b−mb 
m=   …..(7)
logφ

Where φ'b, is the effective matrix block porosity and φ is


the total porosity. Given that the fracture porosity φf is a
very small fraction of the total porosity, we have simply
replaced the matrix block porosity with the total
porosity. The difference due to this substitution was
found to be negligible. Sibbit (1995) suggested that the
effective mf for high-angle fractures when measuring
with a laterolog-type resistivity tool such as used in this
study is 1.4. The mb for the matrix block is as computed
from the porosity partitions. Equation 7 yields the
effective m of the total rock system, which is input to
saturation computation from the deep resistivity log.
Figure 22 displays the results over a section of the
reservoir. We see that the impact of the fractures is Fig. 22 Computation of total system m in the presence
more severe when the matrix m is high. As noted of fractures. Track 1 shows results assuming mig = 2.
before, this stands to reason since the fractures Track 2 shows results assuming mig = 1.75. Track 3
represent a much easier conduction path, and the displays total and fracture porosity.
currents will seek the fractures more when the
surrounding matrix is less conductive. Inspecting the production behavior a little closer, we
see that most of the flow is coming from two zones
PAY AND NONPAY IDENTIFICATION immediately below the high-porosity interval. The
porosity in the producing zones is very low. Figure 24
The final step is to compile all the above considerations shows the fracture characterization from the electrical
into a comprehensive petrophysical analysis of the borehole image. The low-porosity interval at the bottom
reservoir in order to identify pay zones and to predict is extensively fractured. These fractures are the conduit
the producibility. Figure 23 shows an interval in the for the fluids to flow to the borehole whereas the porous
Triassic target formation that is gas bearing. The zone interval provides the storage for the hydrocarbon. The
of interest indicates a porous interval with a very large combination of hydrocarbon storage in the matrix and
fraction of mobile hydrocarbon. There is no mobile the availability of a fracture network for flow is very
water present. However, there are very few fractures, important for the economic viability of such reservoirs.
and the fracture porosity is quite low. The flushed zone
gas saturation is quite high. This is confirmed both by Figure 25 displays the results on another interval in the
the neutron-density and by the dielectric dispersion log. Jurassic target formation. The reservoir interval
We expect this zone to produce dry gas, but at low flow indicated very good hydrocarbon presence on cuttings
rates. The test results are shown on the right and and on the NMR and dielectric dispersion logs.
confirm the predictions. However, the saturation analysis is showing that there
is considerable mobile water present in the matrix. In
fact, in the scenario mig = 2 we see that the hydrocarbon
is entirely residual and no mobile oil is present. While
fractures are present, we predict that this zone will only
produce water. The production results fully confirmed
the prediction.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig. 23 Comparison of prediction of producibility from petrophysical analysis and production test results on a
reservoir interval in the Triassic gas-bearing formation.

Fig. 24 Detailed fracture characterization explains the production behavior.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Fig. 25 Comparison of petrophysical analysis predictions and test results on a Jurassic oil-bearing reservoir
interval.

Figure 26 displays the results on another Jurassic space as seen on the NMR log. While some fractures
reservoir interval. This interval also shows high water are present, we predict only water will be produced.
saturation with the mobile phase being only water. The test results confirmed the predictions.
There is also considerable presence of tar in the pore

Fig. 26 Comparison of petrophysical analysis predictions and test results on a Jurassic reservoir interval.

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

LIMITATIONS OF THE APPROACH guide the choice of Archie exponents.

It is important to recognize the limitations for such a Other Sources of Errors in the Applied Models. Several
workflow. The most obvious concerns the absence of assumptions are made in the interpretation of the
specific logging data. Not all the wells in the study logging measurements in terms of formation properties.
included all the types of logs discussed in this study. Borehole conditions can easily affect the quality of
Some specific cases are discussed below. several of the measurements. The use of short-axis
logging techniques can help improve the pad
NMR. In the absence of NMR, it is not possible to application for several of the shallow measurements. In
estimate a reliable pore-space tar fraction. We then run high-salinity boreholes and in washouts, the large
the risk of an optimistic assessment of hydrocarbon chlorine and hydrogen signals increase the statistical
presence and producibility. Furthermore, it is not error on capture spectroscopy data. Care should be
possible to determine rock types in the absence of taken to reduce the logging speed to compensate for
information on pore sizes. Much of the variation in rock this. Thermal neutron log corrections can also be very
types is due to variations in the proportions of large in saline boreholes. The epithermal neutron log
microporosity and mesoporosity, and the NMR is should be the preferred neutron device. NMR
critical to distinguish between these two pore types. interpretation has assumed that the T2 distribution is a
Finally, the lithology-independent hydrogen index from proportionate reflection of the pore size distribution.
NMR was useful for improving the porosity estimate. This is not the case in the presence of heavy oil and tar,
and the pore partitions and derived outputs must be
Capture Spectroscopy. Capture spectroscopy was treated with caution in such zones. The effective
critical for both mineralogy and total porosity analysis. medium model for the computation of matrix m
The sulfur measurement permits accurate estimate of depends on a topological framework for each of the
anhydrite and impacts directly the accuracy of the three pore types identified. We observe that this model
porosity output. The magnesium measurement helps to applies to the Jurassic and Triassic intervals of the
differentiate calcite from dolomite, which is particularly formations studied.
useful when the PEF is unavailable either due to poor
borehole conditions or due to the presence of barite in CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
the mud system. Furthermore, the reduced impact of
borehole washouts on the measurement results in very This study has demonstrated the implementation of a
reliable mineralogy, even in poor borehole conditions. comprehensive petrophysical analysis workflow of a
It is possible to use the sonic slowness—similarly less low-porosity fractured carbonate reservoir. The
affected by washouts—along with capture spectroscopy workflow included detailed characterization of both the
for accurate formation volumetrics. matrix and the fractures. Both elements are important
for the correct analysis of flow behavior and fluid
Electrical Image Logs. Image logs are mandatory for saturations. The workflow exploits the wealth of
accurate fracture characterization. In the absence of information available in the triple-combo, capture
image logs, it is very difficult to derive accurate spectroscopy, borehole NMR, and dielectric dispersion
fracture porosity. In addition to the wealth of logs, epithermal neutron, sonic, and electric borehole
information provided by image logs for geological images, seamlessly integrating all the data for a
characterization, the inputs for petrophysical evaluation comprehensive petrophysical evaluation. The resulting
make image logs an integral part of carbonate saturations and consequent producibility predictions are
petrophysics. well supported by the test results. This is the first time
that such a comprehensive analysis workflow has been
Dielectric Dispersion Measurement. In the absence of implemented on the reservoirs of the Kurdistan Region
dielectric dispersion data, we must rely on the of Iraq.
microresistivity for flushed-zone water saturation. We
observe that this introduces large uncertainty, mainly The examples discussed in this paper demonstrated the
due to the uncertainty in the salinity of the flushed zone added value of specific advanced technologies and the
and also due to uncertainty in the Archie exponents. impact of the absence of any of this data.
Estimation of mobile hydrocarbons is adversely
affected. Furthermore, we cannot avail ourselves of any Furthermore, the described procedures will enable a
insights into the water-phase tortuosity, which can reliable petrophysical evaluation of the reservoir even
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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

on wells with little or no core data. Given that dual laterolog for the evaluation of fracture porosity in
measurements on limited-size core plugs will not be hard carbonate formations: Paper SPE 10464 presented
representative of the layer-scale properties in these at the Offshore South East Asia Conference, Singapore.
heterogeneous rocks, the log-derived estimates are
essential to capture the layer properties for reservoir Brie, A., Johnson, D.L., Nurmi R., 1985, Effect of
modeling. spherical pores on sonic and resistivity measurements:
Paper W, Transactions of the SPWLA 26th Annual
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Logging Symposium, 17–20 June.

The authors wish to thank the managements of OMV Brie, A., Hsu, K., and Eckersley, C., 1988, Using the
and Schlumberger for their support and guidance during Stoneley normalized differential energies for fractured
the course of this study. We also thank OMV and its reservoir evaluation, Transactions of the SPWLA 29th
partners and the Ministry of Natural Resources for Annual Logging Symposium, 5–8 June.
permission to publish the results of this study for the
benefit of the larger community in the Kurdistan Budebes, S., Gomaa, N., Zammito, S., Ramamoorthy,
Region of Iraq. R. and Rose, D., 2007, Characterizing zones with
bitumen in a complex carbonate: A case study:
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Berg, C.R., 2006, Dual porosity equations from evaluation of mineralogy and porosity in complex
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measurement: SPE paper 116130 presented at the SPE SPE Permian Basin Oil & Gas Recovery Conference,
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., 11–14 October.
Hendrik Rohler
Murray, D., Plona, T., and Valero, H.P., 2004. Case
Hendrik Rohler, Head of Special Petrophysics with
study of borehole sonic dispersion curve analysis:
Transactions of the SPWLA 45th Annual Logging OMV in Vienna since 2012, works in the field of
Symposium, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 6–9. carbonate petrophysics, special core analysis, digital
rock, and rock physics. With over 15 years in the
Nelson, R.A., 1982. An approach to evaluating industry, he served as wireline field engineer,
fractured reservoirs: Journal of Petroleum Technology, petrophysicist, and in various technical management
v. 34, n. 9, pp. 2167-2170. SPE 10331. positions in Europe, North Africa, Middle East, and the
Gulf of Mexico. Hendrik received his PhD in
Nelson, R.A., 1998. Modern approaches to exploration Hydrodynamics from the Swiss Federal Institute in
in fractured reservoirs: AAPG Bulletin, v.82, pp. 1442– Zurich, Switzerland, and his MSc in Geophysics from
1443. the University of Clausthal, Germany. He is a member
of SPWLA, SCA, Interpore, SEG, and SPE.
Nelson, R.A., 2001, Geologic Analysis of Naturally
Fractured Reservoirs (second ed.): Elsevier, 322 p. Raghu Ramamoorthy
Raghu Ramamoorthy is Director of Petrophysics with
Newberry, W., Grace, L. M., and Stief, D. D., 1996, Schlumberger in the UAE and has been seconded to
Analysis of carbonate dual porosity systems for ADNOC since September 2013. He holds a BTech in
borehole images: SPE paper 35158 presented at the Mechanical Engineering and MS in Petroleum

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SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014

Engineering. He has been with Schlumberger for over


30 years and has served in various capacities as wireline
field engineer, base manager, log analyst, research
scientist, and petrophysicist in several countries in the
Middle East, USA and Far East. He is well published in
the SPWLA, SPE, and AAPG and holds several patents
in log interpretation methods and enhanced oil recovery
(EOR) services. He has received the SPE Regional
Award for contributions to Petroleum Engineering in
the area of formation evaluation. He is very active in
the SPWLA and has served as the Director for Middle
East, Africa, and India from 2007 to 2010.

Sherif Ghadiry
Sherif Ghadiry received his BSc in Geology from the
Department of Geology, University of Ain Shams,
Egypt. He has been associated with Schlumberger PTS
since 2007, and he is currently working as Senior/Lead
Petrophysicist in Data Services Department of
Schlumberger Iraq in Kurdistan. His special interests
include carbonate reservoir characterization and
openhole petrophysical formation evaluation,
shale/sand interpretation, and cased hole interpretation.

Muhammad Ramzan
Muhammad Ramzan received his BSc. (Hons) and
M.Sc. degrees in Geology with majors in Structural
Geology and Sequence Stratigraphy from the
Department of Geology, University of Peshawar,
Pakistan. He has been associated with Schlumberger
PTS since 2006, and he is currently working as
Senior/Lead Geologist in Data Services Department of
Schlumberger Iraq in Kurdistan. His special interests
include complex structure analysis, naturally fractured
reservoir characterization, and openhole petrophysical
formation evaluation. He is a member of SPE, PAPG,
and SPWLA.

Arno Rech
Arno Rech received his BSc. in Applied Geosciences
and his MSc in Petroleum Geophysics at the Mining
University of Leoben, Austria. After a junior
assignment with Heinemann Oil, he joined the OMV
Formation Evaluation Department as Petrophysicist in
2012. He has been involved in openhole petrophysical
log interpretations utilizing deterministic and
probabilistic approaches in clastic and carbonate
reservoirs in Europe and Middle East. Recently, he has
been focusing on log facies and deep carbonate
reservoir studies in multidisciplinary teams.

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