Copyright 2014, held jointly by the Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Full-waveform acoustic logs and electrical borehole
Analysts (SPWLA) and the submitting authors.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPWLA 55th Annual Logging images enable the characterization of the fractures in
Symposium held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, May 18-22, 2014. terms of their orientation, aperture, and permeability.
Fracture porosity is calculated in multiple ways using
ABSTRACT resistivity logs and borehole images, and the best
estimate is chosen depending on the validity of each
We build on recent work on the petrophysical method under the prevailing conditions of the borehole
characterization of carbonate reservoirs from log and and formation. Finally, the effect of both the matrix and
core data. Much of this work was focused on high- the fractures is incorporated into the computation of the
porosity carbonates in which the main storage is in the Archie m parameter for deep resistivity analysis. In this
matrix and productivity is through connected solution manner, an accurate description of the mobile
vugs and high-permeability fairways. In such hydrocarbon content can be achieved.
reservoirs, fractures do not play a dominant role in the
production. These are classified as type III naturally Finally, the predictions of produced fluid type based on
fractured reservoirs (NFR) according to the Nelson the above characterization were validated with
classification. Similar reservoirs are found across much production tests. We also identified the limitations of
of the Middle East. However, in medium- to low- the various methods used.
porosity carbonate rocks, fractures begin to dominate
the production. These are classified as type II NFR. INTRODUCTION
Fractures affect deep resistivity logs and introduce
errors in the estimate of water saturation if the fracture Carbonate evaluation is a challenging task requiring a
signature is not corrected. The prolific carbonate comprehensive workflow that integrates information
reservoirs of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are in this from a variety of well logs with the geological
category. background. A multitude of interpretation techniques
aid in data integration, and the same data can have
We have conducted a multi-well study of fractured multiple uses. Complex lithology in the studied area
carbonate reservoirs of Triassic and Jurassic age. The highlights the need for multiple porosity and
Triassic rocks are gas bearing whereas the Jurassic mineralogy evaluation measurements, as single
rocks are oil bearing. We have developed an integrated measurements do not give the required accuracy.
workflow to characterize both the matrix and the Accurate porosity and lithology is not the only
fractures using high-resolution nuclear magnetic challenge, but determination of these is the first step for
resonance (NMR) logs, dielectric dispersion logs, any further work. The presence of tar and heavy oil,
electrical borehole images, and full-waveform acoustic pore size heterogeneity, or the effect of the fracture
logs. The mineral composition and porosity of the network on texture parameters and water saturation are
matrix were derived from neutron-induced capture all challenges that introduce uncertainty into the
gamma-ray spectroscopy and epithermal neutron interpretation. Quantifying the effect of each factor is
porosity logs, and the results were validated with core required to minimize the uncertainty.
data. Pore types within the matrix were evaluated using
borehole NMR logs and the results were also validated The target under investigation is part of an anticline
with core data. The Archie m exponent of the matrix located on the southwestern edge of the Zagros Fold
was computed from the pore partitions. Flushed zone Belt of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The anticline
saturation in the matrix was derived from dielectric strike is parallel to the trend of the Zagros mountains
dispersion logs and further corroborated with 3D NMR and displays a distinct surface expression which is part
data. of a 25- to 50-km wide belt of imbricates, folds, and
faulted folds (high-folded Zagros zone). They were
1
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
formed by the Zagros deformation, which was initiated of rock mineralogy. The conventional triple-combo
in the Late Cretaceous and had its peak during the Late suite of logs typically includes the photoelectric factor
Cenozoic. Prior to the main Zagros deformation, the (PEF) measurement, which provides excellent input to
area was the site of a marginal molasse basin discriminating calcite and dolomite in carbonates.
(Paleogene) and a flysch trough (Late Cretaceous). In Given the strong presence of uranium salts in many
the high-folded zone of the Zagros Fold Belt, tectonic carbonate formations, the spectral gamma ray log
shortening varies from 10 to 33% resulting in long, provides a better estimate of clay than the total gamma
asymmetric, tight anticlines that can be deeply eroded. ray log. However, a measure of aluminum, either
In the core of the target anticline, Cretaceous carbonates emulated as from a capture spectroscopy log or directly
are exposed. measured as from an inelastic spectroscopy log,
provides a far more accurate estimate of clay fraction
The target has been drilled with six exploration and (Ellis, 1987).
appraisal wells. The formation evaluation programs
across the Cretaceous to Triassic reservoir units reflect We used a capture spectroscopy measurement with
the technology changes the industry has seen in the neutron emissions from an americium-beryllium
region throughout the last several years, spanning chemical source. The tool provides neutron capture
resistivity-sonic logs for qualitative reservoir yields of several elements including silicon, calcium,
characterization to full sets of modern logs that enable iron, sulfur, titanium, and magnesium. The use of these
explicit definition of complex matrix types, porosity relative yields in a simultaneous optimizing solver
partitions, fracture characteristics, and pore fluid along with measures of porosity such as density,
characteristics (tar, oil, gas, water). Modern logging neutron, and NMR permits the evaluation of a very
suites proved to be necessary to understand the accurate mineralogy and porosity. The solver also
reservoirs and uncover the limitations of vintage permits the inclusion of the PEF if unaffected by
datasets for accurate formation evaluation of tight borehole mud additives. For the specific formation in
fractured carbonates. the study, the following measurements were critical in
estimating the corresponding mineral component:
This paper introduces an integrated workflow for the
full characterization of the rock matrix and natural 1) Sulfur – anhydrite
fractures in the low- to medium-porosity carbonate 2) Calcium – carbonate fraction
formations located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The 3) Magnesium and/or PEF – distinguishing
effect of the combined matrix-fracture system on the calcite from dolomite
deep resistivity logs used for water saturation 4) Iron and titanium – clay content
estimation is taken into account in determining the
5) Silicon –silica trace - minerals
required parameters for resistivity interpretation. When
tying in the flow predictions from formation evaluation
The Jurassic carbonates contain both layered anhydrite
to the results of production tests, we will also discuss
and dispersed anhydrite. Whereas layers can easily be
the role of fractures in fluid flow. However, the main
recognized on neutron-density-PEF logs, dispersed
focus of this paper is on the characterization of the rock
anhydrite is much more difficult to quantify with these
matrix and fracture system from advanced borehole log
measurements. As shown by Gomaa et al. (2006), the
data.
uncertainty in the anhydrite volume estimate from
triple-combo logs can easily be greater than 20%.
The workflow is presented in Figure 1. We discuss the
Given the high grain density of anhydrite, this results in
implementation of this workflow in the context of the
an underestimate in porosity of over 2 p.u. This is an
data acquired on several wells in the study area. The
unacceptable error in low-porosity rocks. In contrast,
different colored sections on Figure 1 represent broad
given the very accurate sulfur estimate from capture
groups of tasks within the workflow that may be
spectroscopy, the error in anhydrite volume estimate is
identified with the sections in this paper. The step on
less than 3%, thereby reducing the error in porosity to
variable Archie saturation exponent n estimation from
less than 0.5 p.u. Spectroscopy data brings another
NMR and dielectric data is not discussed.
advantage in low-porosity fractured carbonates. The
borehole conditions, particularly in densely fractured
MATRIX EVALUATION
intervals, can exhibit large rugosity. This renders
shallow reading measurements of density, neutron
Several log measurements contribute to the evaluation
porosity, and PEF suspect. Reliable estimation of
2
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
lithology is extremely difficult to impossible in the absence of large vug porosity, full waveform acoustic
absence of these measurements. The spectroscopy logs provide a reliable porosity estimate even in
measurement reads a much larger volume of the enlarged boreholes. This, combined with the
surrounding rock and measures more than a foot into spectroscopy elemental yields, permits a reliable
the formation. The impact of rugosity is only in the estimate of mineral composition and porosity even in
deterioration of statistical precision, which is easily densely fractured intervals.
compensated by reducing the logging speed. In the
Fig. 1 Integrated evaluation workflow to characterize both matrix and fractures and compute reliable fluid
saturations.
3
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
4
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 2a (left) and 2b (right) Comparison of interpreted results on two Jurassic and Triassic reservoir sections
based on a full suite of log measurements (triple combo, capture spectroscopy and NMR) and based on a limited
logging suite using just the triple-combo data.
Fig. 3 Comparison of core mineralogy, porosity, and grain density versus that derived from triple-combo,
epithermal neutron, capture spectroscopy, and NMR logs.
5
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 6 Core validation of log-derived pore partitions in the Jurassic and Triassic target formations.
7
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 7 Pore type classification from porosity partitions. Another important source of information on the fracture
system is the full-waveform acoustic log. In our study,
we have used information from Stoneley wave
propagation primarily to identify the main intervals of
open natural fractures. The Stoneley wave probes much
deeper than do electrical borehole images and, hence,
can help differentiate the principal open fractures from
minor near-wellbore events. Dipole dispersion analysis
8
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
helps characterize acoustic anisotropy. When the Fig. 10 Effect of permeability and fractures on Stoneley
anisotropy is due to fractures, additional information on waves (Brie et al, 1988).
fracture strike may be determined.
The borehole Stoneley wave has a unique advantage in
Therefore, borehole images and full-waveform acoustic that it is sensitive to permeable or open fractures. The
logs are considered essential in modern-day formation effect of the tube wave passing an open fracture creates
evaluation when it comes to naturally fractured an energy pulse into the high-permeability streak; the
reservoir characterization. result is an energy reflection that travels up and down
the borehole and appears as chevron patterns on the
The acoustic process is amenable to computerized
recorded Stoneley waveforms. Figure 11 shows
automated analysis and facilitates the quick
Stoneley reflection at a fracture or formation boundary.
identification of the main fractured intervals. Once the
main fractured intervals are identified, these are closely
inspected on the image logs for detailed fracture
characterization. The following section discusses the
use of acoustic logs in fracture characterization. The use
of borehole image logs is discussed later.
9
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
open natural fractures in a wide range of borehole permeabilities, fracture connectivity must be taken into
conditions. account and thus full digital fracture network (DFN)
modeling should be performed. DFN is not part of this
study.
10
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 14 Acoustic processing plot on a study well showing 2D anisotropy from dipole dispersion analysis and
fracture aperture from Stoneley wave with comparison to fracture apertures from electrical borehole image log.
Figure 14 depicts the results of the acoustic fracture manual feature classifications.
characterization from both Stoneley wave analysis and
dipole dispersion analysis. We observe the presence of Feature Classification. Planar surfaces are interpreted
intrinsic anisotropy as would be expected in a fractured and classified into three major categories including
zone. The fast shear azimuth indicates that fracture bedding, fractures, and faults. Drilling-induced features
strike is oriented in the north-northeast direction as we including induced fractures and borehole breakouts are
will observe in the next section for the fractures picked also interpreted depicting present-day state of stress.
on electrical images. The modeled Stoneley waveform Natural fractures are further classified into open
VDL is shown in grayscale while the measured fracture/conductive fractures, partially open
fractures/partially conductive fractures, or resistive
waveform VDL is plotted in purple to the left of the
fractures based on their appearance on images. Figure
modeled one. The reflection coefficients are shown in
15 shows an example from the study area.
the two tracks to the immediate left of the VDL tracks.
The fracture zones identified on the reflections match
Fracture Orientation and In-situ Stress Analysis. Once
those seen from the image log as depicted in the last
interpreted, natural fractures are classified into genetic
two tracks on the right.
sets based on a statistical analysis approach. Natural
fractures are grouped as longitudinal (extensional),
FRACTURE CHARACTERIZATION WITH
transverse (tensional), and oblique (shear) to the
ELECTRICAL IMAGES
structure. Being parallel to present-day maximum in-
situ stress, transverse fractures are known to be open
Workflow. In the present work, borehole images were
and extend deep into the structure (Nelson, 1998;
available in all wells covering all the reservoir sections.
A standardized borehole-image-processing workflow Jadoon et al., 2005) (Figure 16).
was followed to obtain speed-corrected, scaled, and
normalized image data to maximize the visibility of
natural and drilling-induced features to be used in
11
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
attributes or inputs to petrophysical analysis obtained borehole after its calibration with the shallow resistivity
using electrical images are fracture width and porosity. and log porosity. The Equation 5 is used to get such a
As fractures provide both permeability and storage for transformation; it uses log porosity (effective log
the hydrocarbons, an accurate estimate of fracture porosity preferred), shallow resistivity measurement
porosity and aperture is vital for the reserve estimation (LLS, here RLA3), and conductivity of individual
(Jadoon et al., 2005). image buttons as inputs (Newberry et al., 1996; Akbar
et al., 2000).
Aperture estimation is based on the fact that fracture
φ image = φ log ⋅ (LLS ⋅ Ci )1 / m ….(5)
aperture is proportional to the additional current flow
caused by the presence of conductive material in the where Ci is conductivity of each image electrode, m is
fractures. Given the fracture is filled with mud or other the Archie cementation factor, and φlog is log porosity.
conductive fluid, when an electrode approaches it, an
excess current will begin to flow into it due to the low Secondary porosity features such as fractures and
resistivity anomaly. This additional current will dissolution vugs are evident as high-porosity features
continue to flow until the electrode is far enough away on the porosity image. A suitable threshold porosity
from the fracture to be electrically effective. As a result, value is used here so as to separate matrix and
the fracture presented on the resistivity images is much secondary porosity. The fractional area of the image
wider than its physical width. Therefore, it is above the threshold is the fraction of secondary
impossible to directly detect fracture width using button porosity. Due to the contribution of vugs, there is a
sensors. Nevertheless, Luthi and Souhaite (1990) tendency of this method to overestimate fracture
suggest that a relationship between fracture width W, porosity. In the formations encountered in this study,
formation flushed zone resistivity Rxo (which can be we note that vugs are very rare to absent. Hence, the
derived from image and microresistivity logs), mud
secondary porosity is directly equal to the fracture
resistivity Rm, and a normalized excess current flow A
porosity. Figure 19 shows the results of fracture
can be described by the following equation:
characterization from borehole image logs.
THE SATURATION QUESTION matrix blocks, the reduction in water saturation will be
much more gradual and will reflect the pore size
One goal of petrophysical evaluation is the estimation distribution within the rock matrix. Hence, there will
of fluid saturations in the reservoir. In type II NFR, the exist a discontinuity in saturation above the FWL
fluids exist in two parallel pore systems—the void moving from inside the fracture to the surrounding
space in the fractures and that in the surrounding rock matrix. Given that the void space within the fractures
matrix. We expect that the fluid saturations in these two will typically constitute much less than 10% of the total
systems will be very different and will reflect the void space in the reservoir, we can expect log-derived
prevailing capillary pressures in each. Within the saturations to conform more closely to the saturations in
fractures, the capillary pressure is extremely low. the rock matrix. On the other hand, fracture tortuosity
Hence, the fluid saturation will change from 100% in general is low, and log-derived saturations are
water in the water leg to nearly 100% hydrocarbon certainly driven by the presence of fractures; thus, there
immediately above the free water level (FWL) in the exists a nontrivial competition of porosity and
region undisturbed by the drilling process. Within the tortuosity terms in low-porosity fractured rock results.
Fig. 19 Summary figure of image log interpretation and fracture analysis, well-X.
14
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 20 Fracture characterization results from resistivity and image logs across the Jurassic target section. Track 1
is the porosity histogram from the image log. Track 2 shows the dip magnitude and direction of all identified
fractures. Track 3 plots the deep and shallow resistivity. Track 4 plots the total porosity and the three estimates of
fracture porosity: red, from the porosity histogram; blue, from the resistivity log; and green, from fracture aperture
and fracture density. Track 5 shows the total porosity and final fracture porosity for clarity.
This does raise the interesting possibility of In such situations, a resistivity-independent method that
hydrocarbon-filled fractures existing in the transition is largely immune to uncertainty in the salinity is
zone immediately above the FWL when the greatly desired. In this study, we have relied on the
surrounding rock still shows high water saturation. dielectric dispersion measurement made by a
Since the water in the matrix is mobile, after an initial multifrequency, multi-DOI dielectric logging tool
spurt of oil production, there will be a transition to (Hizem et al., 2008). We have preferred the bimodal
increasing water cut as the water from the matrix flows dielectric dispersion model proposed by Kenyon (1984)
into the fractures. for interpreting the water saturation in the flushed zone.
This model is particularly well suited to carbonate
Due to mud filtrate invasion from the borehole, the rocks.
saturations are assessed both in the near-wellbore
region (flushed zone) and in the far field (uninvaded Another important result of the dispersion analysis is
zone). the water-phase tortuosity expressed analogous to the
Archie exponents. Since this parameter is representative
Flushed Zone Saturation. Several methods exist to of the water phase, it is the combined effect of both
compute the water saturation in the flushed zone. Archie exponents—m and n. Hence, it is labeled as
Methods based on microresistivity suffer from “MN”. It should not be confused with the product of m
uncertainty in the Archie exponents as well as in the and n. In a water zone, water-phase tortuosity
water salinity in the flushed zone. Whereas we have a represents directly the Archie m exponent. This aspect
good knowledge of the salinity of the mud filtrate, due can be used to calibrate the estimate of m derived from
to varying and incomplete invasion, the water salinity the pore partitioning as shown in the next section.
in the invaded zone may be affected by contamination
with the original formation waters. We caution that most measurements targeted at the
flushed zone have a very shallow DOI and are very
15
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
16
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
m 1 − φ f mf
log φ f f +
φ ' b−mb
m= …..(7)
logφ
17
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 23 Comparison of prediction of producibility from petrophysical analysis and production test results on a
reservoir interval in the Triassic gas-bearing formation.
18
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Fig. 25 Comparison of petrophysical analysis predictions and test results on a Jurassic oil-bearing reservoir
interval.
Figure 26 displays the results on another Jurassic space as seen on the NMR log. While some fractures
reservoir interval. This interval also shows high water are present, we predict only water will be produced.
saturation with the mobile phase being only water. The test results confirmed the predictions.
There is also considerable presence of tar in the pore
Fig. 26 Comparison of petrophysical analysis predictions and test results on a Jurassic reservoir interval.
19
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
It is important to recognize the limitations for such a Other Sources of Errors in the Applied Models. Several
workflow. The most obvious concerns the absence of assumptions are made in the interpretation of the
specific logging data. Not all the wells in the study logging measurements in terms of formation properties.
included all the types of logs discussed in this study. Borehole conditions can easily affect the quality of
Some specific cases are discussed below. several of the measurements. The use of short-axis
logging techniques can help improve the pad
NMR. In the absence of NMR, it is not possible to application for several of the shallow measurements. In
estimate a reliable pore-space tar fraction. We then run high-salinity boreholes and in washouts, the large
the risk of an optimistic assessment of hydrocarbon chlorine and hydrogen signals increase the statistical
presence and producibility. Furthermore, it is not error on capture spectroscopy data. Care should be
possible to determine rock types in the absence of taken to reduce the logging speed to compensate for
information on pore sizes. Much of the variation in rock this. Thermal neutron log corrections can also be very
types is due to variations in the proportions of large in saline boreholes. The epithermal neutron log
microporosity and mesoporosity, and the NMR is should be the preferred neutron device. NMR
critical to distinguish between these two pore types. interpretation has assumed that the T2 distribution is a
Finally, the lithology-independent hydrogen index from proportionate reflection of the pore size distribution.
NMR was useful for improving the porosity estimate. This is not the case in the presence of heavy oil and tar,
and the pore partitions and derived outputs must be
Capture Spectroscopy. Capture spectroscopy was treated with caution in such zones. The effective
critical for both mineralogy and total porosity analysis. medium model for the computation of matrix m
The sulfur measurement permits accurate estimate of depends on a topological framework for each of the
anhydrite and impacts directly the accuracy of the three pore types identified. We observe that this model
porosity output. The magnesium measurement helps to applies to the Jurassic and Triassic intervals of the
differentiate calcite from dolomite, which is particularly formations studied.
useful when the PEF is unavailable either due to poor
borehole conditions or due to the presence of barite in CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
the mud system. Furthermore, the reduced impact of
borehole washouts on the measurement results in very This study has demonstrated the implementation of a
reliable mineralogy, even in poor borehole conditions. comprehensive petrophysical analysis workflow of a
It is possible to use the sonic slowness—similarly less low-porosity fractured carbonate reservoir. The
affected by washouts—along with capture spectroscopy workflow included detailed characterization of both the
for accurate formation volumetrics. matrix and the fractures. Both elements are important
for the correct analysis of flow behavior and fluid
Electrical Image Logs. Image logs are mandatory for saturations. The workflow exploits the wealth of
accurate fracture characterization. In the absence of information available in the triple-combo, capture
image logs, it is very difficult to derive accurate spectroscopy, borehole NMR, and dielectric dispersion
fracture porosity. In addition to the wealth of logs, epithermal neutron, sonic, and electric borehole
information provided by image logs for geological images, seamlessly integrating all the data for a
characterization, the inputs for petrophysical evaluation comprehensive petrophysical evaluation. The resulting
make image logs an integral part of carbonate saturations and consequent producibility predictions are
petrophysics. well supported by the test results. This is the first time
that such a comprehensive analysis workflow has been
Dielectric Dispersion Measurement. In the absence of implemented on the reservoirs of the Kurdistan Region
dielectric dispersion data, we must rely on the of Iraq.
microresistivity for flushed-zone water saturation. We
observe that this introduces large uncertainty, mainly The examples discussed in this paper demonstrated the
due to the uncertainty in the salinity of the flushed zone added value of specific advanced technologies and the
and also due to uncertainty in the Archie exponents. impact of the absence of any of this data.
Estimation of mobile hydrocarbons is adversely
affected. Furthermore, we cannot avail ourselves of any Furthermore, the described procedures will enable a
insights into the water-phase tortuosity, which can reliable petrophysical evaluation of the reservoir even
20
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
on wells with little or no core data. Given that dual laterolog for the evaluation of fracture porosity in
measurements on limited-size core plugs will not be hard carbonate formations: Paper SPE 10464 presented
representative of the layer-scale properties in these at the Offshore South East Asia Conference, Singapore.
heterogeneous rocks, the log-derived estimates are
essential to capture the layer properties for reservoir Brie, A., Johnson, D.L., Nurmi R., 1985, Effect of
modeling. spherical pores on sonic and resistivity measurements:
Paper W, Transactions of the SPWLA 26th Annual
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Logging Symposium, 17–20 June.
The authors wish to thank the managements of OMV Brie, A., Hsu, K., and Eckersley, C., 1988, Using the
and Schlumberger for their support and guidance during Stoneley normalized differential energies for fractured
the course of this study. We also thank OMV and its reservoir evaluation, Transactions of the SPWLA 29th
partners and the Ministry of Natural Resources for Annual Logging Symposium, 5–8 June.
permission to publish the results of this study for the
benefit of the larger community in the Kurdistan Budebes, S., Gomaa, N., Zammito, S., Ramamoorthy,
Region of Iraq. R. and Rose, D., 2007, Characterizing zones with
bitumen in a complex carbonate: A case study:
REFERENCES Transactions of the SPWLA Middle East Regional
Symposium, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 15–19
Abdelaal, A.F., Al Daghar, K.A., Ramamoorthy, R., et April.
al., 2013, Integration of dielectric dispersion and 3D
NMR characterizes the texture and wettability of a Cheung, P.S.Y., and D. Heliot., 1990, Workstation-
Cretaceous carbonate reservoir: Paper SPE 164150 based fracture evaluation using borehole images and
presented at the SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show wireline logs: SPE Paper 20573 presented at the SPE
and Exhibition, Manama, Bahrain, 10–13 March. Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana,
23–16 September.
Aguilera, R.F., and Aguilera, R., 2004, A triple porosity
model for petrophysical analysis of fractured reservoirs: Ellis, D.V., 1987, Nuclear Logging Techniques,
Petrophysics v. 45, n. 2, 157. Chapter 50, Petroleum Engineering Handbook: Society
of Petroleum Engineers.
Akbar, M., Chakravorty, S., Russel, S.D., Al-Deeb,
M.A, Efnik, M.R.S., Thower, R., Karakhanian, H., Endo, T., Tezuka, K., Fukushima, T., Brie, A., Mikada,
Mohamed, S.S., and Bushara, M.N., 2000, H., and Miyairi, M., 1998, Fracture evaluation from
Unconventional approach to resolving primary and inversion of Stoneley transmission and reflections,:
secondary porosity in Gulf carbonates from Proceedings of the 4th SEGJ International Symposium,
conventional logs and borehole images: Paper SPE Tokyo, 10–12 December, pp. 389-394.
87297 presented at the Abu Dhabi International
Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, Freedman, R., Cao Minh, C., Gubelin, G., Freeman,
UAE, 15–18 October. J.J., McGinnes, T., Terry, B., and Rawlence, D., 1998.
Combining NMR and density logs for petrophysical
Allen, D.F., Boyd, A., Massey, J., et al., 2001, The analysis in gas-bearing formations: Paper II,
practical application of NMR logging in carbonates: 3 Transactions of the SPWLA 39th Annual Logging
case studies. Paper K presented at the SPWLA 42nd Symposium, Keystone, Colorado, USA, June.
Annual Logging Symposium, Houston, Texas, USA,
17–20 June. Gomaa, N., Herron, M., Ramamoorthy, R., Tilke, P.,
and Allen, D., 2006, Case history of automated
Berg, C.R., 2006, Dual porosity equations from evaluation of mineralogy and porosity in complex
effective medium theory. Paper SPE 101698 presented carbonates: Paper JJJ, Transactions of the SPWLA 47th
at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Annual Logging Symposium, Veracruz, Mexico, 4–7
Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 24–27 June.
September.
Hizem, M., Budan, H., Deville, B., et al. 2008,
Boyeldieu, C., and Winchester, A., 1982, Use of the Dielectric dispersion: A new wireline petrophysical
21
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
measurement: SPE paper 116130 presented at the SPE SPE Permian Basin Oil & Gas Recovery Conference,
Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Midland, TX, USA, March.
Colorado, USA, 21–24 September.
Nugent, W.H., Coates, G.R., and Peebler, R.P., 1978, A
Hornby, B.E., Johnson, D.L., Winkler, K.W., and new approach to carbonate analysis: Paper O,
Plumb, R.A., 1989, Fracture evaluation using reflected Transactions of the SPWLA 19th Annual Logging
Stoneley-wave arrivals: Geophysics v.54, n. 10, pp. Symposium, 13–16 June.
1274-1288.
Ramakrishnan, T.S., Ramamoorthy, R., Fordham, E., et
Jadoon., I.A., Bhatti, K.M., Siddiqui., F.I., Jadoon, al. 2001, A model-based interpretation methodology
S.K., Gilani, S.R., Afzal, M., 2005, Subsurface fracture for evaluating carbonate reservoirs: Paper SPE 71704
analysis in carbonate reservoirs, Kohat/Potwar Plateau, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and
north Pakistan: PAPG-SPE Annual Technical Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 30
Conference, Islamabad, Pakistan, 28–29 November.
September–3 October.
Kenyon, W.E., 1984. Texture effects on megahertz
Ramamoorthy, R., Boyd, A., Neville, T.J., et al., 2008.
dielectric properties of calcite rock samples: Journal of
A new workflow for petrophysical and textural
Applied Physics, v.55, n. 8, 3153–3159.
evaluation of carbonate reservoirs: Paper B presented at
the SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, Edinburgh,
Luthi, S.M., and Souhaite, P.M., 1990, Fracture
Scotland, 25–28 May. [Later published in Petrophysics
apertures from electrical borehole scans: Geophysics,
(2010) v. 51, n. 1.]
55, n. 7, pp. 821–833.
Sibbit, A.M., 1995, Quantifying porosity and estimating
Marzouk, I., Takezaki, H., and Miwa, M. 1995,
permeability from well logs in fractured basement
Geologic controls on wettability of carbonate
reservoirs: SPE Paper 30157 presented at
reservoirs, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.: SPE paper 29883
PetroVietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 1–3 March.
presented at the Middle East Oil and Gas Show and
Conference, Manama, Bahrain, 11–14 March.
Tezuka, K, Cheng, C.H., and Tang, X.M., 1997,
Modeling of low-frequency Stoneley-wave propagation
Marzouk, I., Takezaki, H., and Suzuki, M., 1998. A
in an irregular borehole: Geophysics v. 62, n. 4, pp.
new classification of carbonate rocks for reservoir
1047–1058.
characterization: Paper SPE 49475 presented at the 8th
Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Conference, Abu Dhabi, U.A.E., 11–14 October.
Hendrik Rohler
Murray, D., Plona, T., and Valero, H.P., 2004. Case
Hendrik Rohler, Head of Special Petrophysics with
study of borehole sonic dispersion curve analysis:
Transactions of the SPWLA 45th Annual Logging OMV in Vienna since 2012, works in the field of
Symposium, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 6–9. carbonate petrophysics, special core analysis, digital
rock, and rock physics. With over 15 years in the
Nelson, R.A., 1982. An approach to evaluating industry, he served as wireline field engineer,
fractured reservoirs: Journal of Petroleum Technology, petrophysicist, and in various technical management
v. 34, n. 9, pp. 2167-2170. SPE 10331. positions in Europe, North Africa, Middle East, and the
Gulf of Mexico. Hendrik received his PhD in
Nelson, R.A., 1998. Modern approaches to exploration Hydrodynamics from the Swiss Federal Institute in
in fractured reservoirs: AAPG Bulletin, v.82, pp. 1442– Zurich, Switzerland, and his MSc in Geophysics from
1443. the University of Clausthal, Germany. He is a member
of SPWLA, SCA, Interpore, SEG, and SPE.
Nelson, R.A., 2001, Geologic Analysis of Naturally
Fractured Reservoirs (second ed.): Elsevier, 322 p. Raghu Ramamoorthy
Raghu Ramamoorthy is Director of Petrophysics with
Newberry, W., Grace, L. M., and Stief, D. D., 1996, Schlumberger in the UAE and has been seconded to
Analysis of carbonate dual porosity systems for ADNOC since September 2013. He holds a BTech in
borehole images: SPE paper 35158 presented at the Mechanical Engineering and MS in Petroleum
22
SPWLA 55th Annual Logging Symposium, May 18-22, 2014
Sherif Ghadiry
Sherif Ghadiry received his BSc in Geology from the
Department of Geology, University of Ain Shams,
Egypt. He has been associated with Schlumberger PTS
since 2007, and he is currently working as Senior/Lead
Petrophysicist in Data Services Department of
Schlumberger Iraq in Kurdistan. His special interests
include carbonate reservoir characterization and
openhole petrophysical formation evaluation,
shale/sand interpretation, and cased hole interpretation.
Muhammad Ramzan
Muhammad Ramzan received his BSc. (Hons) and
M.Sc. degrees in Geology with majors in Structural
Geology and Sequence Stratigraphy from the
Department of Geology, University of Peshawar,
Pakistan. He has been associated with Schlumberger
PTS since 2006, and he is currently working as
Senior/Lead Geologist in Data Services Department of
Schlumberger Iraq in Kurdistan. His special interests
include complex structure analysis, naturally fractured
reservoir characterization, and openhole petrophysical
formation evaluation. He is a member of SPE, PAPG,
and SPWLA.
Arno Rech
Arno Rech received his BSc. in Applied Geosciences
and his MSc in Petroleum Geophysics at the Mining
University of Leoben, Austria. After a junior
assignment with Heinemann Oil, he joined the OMV
Formation Evaluation Department as Petrophysicist in
2012. He has been involved in openhole petrophysical
log interpretations utilizing deterministic and
probabilistic approaches in clastic and carbonate
reservoirs in Europe and Middle East. Recently, he has
been focusing on log facies and deep carbonate
reservoir studies in multidisciplinary teams.
23