>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : ]B >EB BD
z] : iz ]V VV^  1857 AE

VA\
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sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 

gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhd fyfq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

 1857Mk; Mz;bw;F Kd;G tiu tUtha; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk;

Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf thpt#ypf;Fk; Gjpa nfhs;ifia
Gul;rpfisAk;> ,af;fq;fisAk; mwpKfk; nra;jhh;fs;
elj;jpath;fs; rpW Ml;rpahsh;fs;> Mq;fpNyah;fspd; epyj;jpd; kjpg;gPL
goq;Fbj;jiyth;fs;> njd;dpe;jpa mjd; tpisjpwd; mbg;gilapy;
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Mth;. mike;jpUe;jJ. NkYk; epythp
 ,th;fs; tptrhapfs;> gzkhf nrYj;jg;gl
kiytho;kf;fs; kw;Wk; jq;fs; Nghh; Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
tPuh;fs; MjuTld; fpsh;r;rpapy;  epy tpw;gid> mlkhdk;> nrhj;J
<Lgl;ldh;. khw;wk; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; gzk;
 ,e;j fyfq;fs; kw;Wk; Njitg;gl;lJ.
Nghuhl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fk;  ,jdhy; midj;J kf;fSk; fld;
Mq;fpNyah;fis jq;fs; nfhLg;gth;fis rhh;e;Nj ,Uf;f
gFjpfspypUe;J tpul;b tpLtJ Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
my;yJ Kw;wpYk; xopj;J tpLtJ  ,e;j epyf;Fj;jifg; gpur;rid
MFk;. tptrhapfSf;Fk; epyr;Rthd;
 Ml;rpia ,oe;j ,e;jpa jhh;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s cwtpy;
Ml;rpahsh;fis kPz;Lk; Ml;rpapy; rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
mkh;j;JtJ ,e;j fpsh;r;rpfspd;  Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;j Gjpa tptrhaf;
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. nfhs;ifahy; [kPd;jhh;fs;> Mq;fpy
 Mdhy; 1857 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;gpwF gpujpepjpfs;> tl;bf; filf;fhuh;fs;
Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; jd;ik MfpNahh; goq;Fbapdh;
khWglNt Fbahdth;fs;> gFjpfSf;F nrd;W> Mq;fpy
kiytho;kf;fs; kw;Wk; mjpfhu th;f;fj;jpd; MjuTld;
njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; goq;Fb kf;fis Ruz;bdhh;fs;.
jd;ik khWgl Muk;gpj;jJ. epy

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 
 goq;Fbapdh; epykw;w  epyRthd;jhh;fSf;Fk;> tl;bf;Fg;
njhopyhsh;fshfTk;> nfhj;jbik gzk; nfhLg;gth;fSf;Fk;
tptrhapfshfTk; khwpdh;. ,jdhy; gpd;dzpapy; gf;fgykhf Mq;fpy
goq;Fb kf;fspd; rKjha tho;f;if muR ,Ug;gij czh;ej
;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;
 fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vo;ik epiyaile;j ,aw;ifahfNt Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
,e;j goq;Fbapdh; ,Wjpapy; <Lgl;ldh;. MdhYk; etPd
MAjk; Ve;Jtij jtpu NtW top njhopy;El;gk;> Nghh;j;js thlq;fs;>
,y;iy vd;w epiyf;F MAjq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
js;sg;gl;ldh;. gphpl;b\hh; fyfq;fis xLf;fp
ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.

t. ,af;fq;fs; / ,lk; / Mz;L Njhd;w fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk;

vz; jiyth;fs; nray;ghLfs;
1. rhe;jhy; vOr;rp [hh;fz;l; fhuzq;fs;:
(Santhal Up rising) (uh[;k`hy; i) epyf;Fj;jif cah;T>
jiyth;fs;: kQ;rp>jhG kiyfs;) - 1854> tl;bf;F fld;
Nfh\h;> rpNjh> fd;F. 1855 - 56> 1872 - nfhLg;gth;fspd; mlf;FKiw
82 ii) [kPd;jhh;fs;> tUtha;
mjpfhhpfs;> fhty;Jiwapd;
mlf;FKiwahy; rhe;jhy;
kiytho;kf;fs; xU
,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdh;.
2. rd;ahrp fyfk; tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; rd;ahrp kiytho; kf;fspd;
(The Sanyasi Revolt) fpof;fpe;jpah 1770 Gdpj jyq;fis ghh;itapl
gphpl;b\hh; jiltpjpj;jjhy;
eilngw;wJ.
3. Rthh; vOr;rp (Chuar kjpdhg;g+h; gQ;rk; kw;Wk; epythp
Uprising) (tq;fhsk;) 1766 - cah;Tf;fhf Rthh; kiy
1772> 1795 - 1816 tho;kf;fs; elj;jpa
vOr;rpahFk;.
4. N`h vOr;rp (Ho [hh;f;fz;l; gphpl;b\hh; kw;Wk; tl;bf;F
Rising) Nrhl;lh ehf;g+h; gzk; nfhLg;gth;fs; kw;Wk;
gPlg+kp 1820 - 22> ,ilj;jufh;fshy;
1831 - 37 Nfhgkile;j Nrhl;lhehf;g+h;
gPlg+kpapd; N`h kw;Wk; Kz;lh
kiy tho; kf;fs; elj;jpa

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 
Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
5. Nfhy; fyfk; (Kol [hh;fz;l; 1831 rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; K];yk P ;fs;
Mutiny) epyq;fis ngw;W ,q;F
FbNawpajhy; Nfhgkile;j
Nrhl;lh ehf;g+h; gPlg+kp Nfhy;
kf;fs; ,e;j fyfj;ij
elj;jpdh;.
6. fe;j; vOr;rp (Kandh ghl;dh 1837 - 56 fe;j; kiytho;kf;fspd;
Upring) kdpjh;fis gypapLk;
jiyth;: rf;uh gprha; gof;fj;jpw;F (Human Sacrifice
- Mariah) gphpl;b\; vjph;g;G
njhptpj;J jLj;jjhy; fe;j;
kf;fs; gphpl;b\hUld;
Nghhpl;ldh;.
7. mNfhk; fyfk; (Ahom m];]hk; 1828 Kjy; gh;kpa NghUf;F (1824 -
Revolt) 26) gpwF mNfhk; kiy tho;
jiyth;: Nfhk;jhh; kf;fspd; m];]hk;
Nfhd;thh; gFjpapypUe;J ntspNaWtjhf
cWjp mspj;j gphpl;b\;>
ntspNaWtjw;F gjpyhf
NkYk; gy gFjpfis
$Ljyhf mgfhpf;fNt fyfk;
eilngw;wJ.
8. fhrp vOr;rp (Khasi Nkfhyah (fhrp fhrp kiyg; gFjpapy; rhiy
Uprising) kiyfs;) - 1830 Vw;gLj;j gphpl;b\hh; Kad;wdh;.
jiyth;: jpuj; rpq; mjw;fhf Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf
tq;fhspfs;> ntsp Ml;fs;
Nghd;Nwhiu nfhz;LtuNt
fhrp kiytho; kf;fs;
Nfhgkile;J rz;ilapl;ldh;.
9. ghfy; ge;jpf;fs; tq;fhsk; 1820 Fj;jifj;jhuh;fs; kw;Wk;
(Pagal Panthis) [kPd;jhh;fspd; mlf;F
jiyth;: fuk;\h> Kiwf;F vjpuhf tq;fhsj;jpd;
mtuJ kfd; jpg;G tlf;F khtl;lj;jpd; xU
kjf;FO (ghfy; ge;jpf;fs;)
Vw;gLj;jpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
10. giurp fyfk; (Faraizi fpof;F tq;fhsk; [kPd;jhh;fs;>
Revolt) 1838 -57 Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf
jiyth;fs;: fpof;F tq;fhs K];yPk;fspd;
`[p \hpaj; my;yh> Nghuhl;lkhFk;.

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 
mtuJ kfd; JJ
kpahd;
11. gpy; vOr;rp Nkw;F ,e;jpah Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa
(Bhil Uprisings) 1817 - 19> 1825 - fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l
jiyth;: Nfthuk; 46 vOr;rpahFk;.
12. uhNkhrp vOr;rp Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp gphpl;b\hhpd; eph;thfj;jpw;F
(Ramusi Rising) kiyfs; 1822 - 29 vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l
jiyth;: rpj;J}h; rpq; Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
13. Kz;lh vOr;rp [hh;fz;l; Mq;fpy eph;thfpfs;
(Munda Revolt) Nrhl;lhehf;g+h; [kPd;jhh;fs; kw;Wk;
jiyth;: gph;rh 1890 -1900 tl;bf;fhuh;fspd;
Kz;lh mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf ele;j
vOr;rpahFk;.
14. #uj; cg;G fpsh;r;rp #uj; 1844 cg;G thp 50 igrhtpypUe;J 1
(Surat Salt Agitation) &gha;f;F cah;j;jg;gl;ljhy;
elj;jg;gl;l fpsh;r;rpahFk;.
15. jf;fhz tptrhapfs; jf;fhzk; (g+Nd> ,uaj;Jthhp Kiwahy; epythp
vOr;rp (Peasant mfkJ efh;) 1875 cah;j;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk;
Uprising of Deccan) ,ilj;jufh;fspd;
mlf;FKiwahy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
16. tp[aefuk; uh[htpd; tl rh;f;fhh; 1765 Mq;fpNyahpd; epy Mf;fpukpg;G>
vOr;rp (Revolt of Raja md;gspg;G Ntz;Ljy; kw;Wk;
of Vizianagaram) gilfis fiyf;f
tw;GWj;jpajhy; tp[aefu uh[h
fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;lh;.
17. Nghypfh;fs; fyfk; jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiw
(Poligars Revolt) kyghh; 1801 1856 epythpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf
jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk; kyghiur;
Nrh;ej; Nghyppfh;fs; elj;jpa
Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
18. jpthd; NtYj;jk;gp jpUtpjhq;$h; nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;gilj;
fyfk; (Divan Velu 1805 jpl;lk; kw;Wk; mjpf epythpf;F
Rampi’s Revollt) vjpuhf fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
19. uk;gh fpsh;r;rp (Rampa flNyhu Me;jpuk; Gjpa fhLfs; xOq;FKiw
Revolt) 1879> 1922 -24 jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNya
jiyth;: tUtha; Jiw mjpfhhpfspd;
mY}hp rPjhuhkuh[_ mlf;FKiw
eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf
eilngw;wJ.

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 
20. Ffh fyfk; Nkw;F gQ;rhg; gQ;rhg; ,izg;gpw;F gpwF
(Kuka Revolt) 1840 mlf;FKiw Mq;fpNyahpd;
jiyth;fs;: nray;ghLfSf;F vjpuhf
gfj; [t`h; khy; eilngw;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ,J
my;yJ rpahd; xU rPf;fpa kjr;rPhj
; ;jpUj;j
rhNfg;> uhk;rpq; mikg;ghFk;.
21. mThp Gul;rp tq;fhsk; 1859 - ,q;fpyhe;J tzpfh;fs; mThp
(Indigo Revolt) 60 rhar; nrbia fl;lhakhf;fp
jiyth;fs;: tpistpf;ff; $wpajhy;>
jpfk;gh; gp];th]; mjw;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
kw;Wk; gp\;Z Gul;rpahFk;.
gp];th];
22. ghg;dh tptrha yPf; fpof;F tq;fhsk; [kPd;jhh;fspd; epythp
1870 -80 cah;j;Jjy; mlf;F
KiwfSf;F vjpuhf
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;l
mikg;ghFk;.
23. fprhd; rig ,af;fk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; nghpa epyr;Rthd;jhh;fspd;
(The Kisan Sabha (m) xd;W gl;l mjpf epythp fhyp nra;jy;
Movement) khfhzk; 1918 Nghd;w mlf;F KiwfSf;F
jiyth;: vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l
nfshp rq;fh; kp];uh> ,af;fkhFk;. 1920y; ghgh uhk;
,e;jpuh ehuhazd; re;jpuhtpd; Ntz;LNfhSf;
jptpNtjp> ghgh fpzq;f NeU tUif Ghpe;J
uhk;re;jpuh> Jh;fhghy; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J
rpq; nfhz;lhh;.
24. vfh ,af;fk; cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; mjpf epythp> thp
(Eka Movement) 1921 t#ypg;gth;fspd; mlf;F
jiyth;: Kiwahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
khjhhp gh]p
25. khg;gpshf;fs; fyfk; kyghh; (Nfush) kyghh; gFjpapypUe;j jPtputhj
(Mappila Revolt) 1836 -1855 K];yk P ; Fj;jifjhuh;fs;
1873 - 1885 khg;gpshf;fs; Mthh;. ,e;J
1894 - 96 [kPd;jhh;fspd; epythp cah;T
1920 - 21 mlf;FKiwfSf;nfjpuhf
elj;jg;gl;l fyfkhFk;.
26. gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk; gh;Njhyp jhY}fh - epytUtha; 30%
(Bardoli Satyagraha) #uj; 1928 cah;j;jg;gl;ljw;F vjpuhf
jiyth;fs;: elj;jg;gl;l rj;ahfpufkhFk;.
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;

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 
27. mfpy ,e;jpa yf;Ndh 1936 tptrhapfspd; FiwghLfis
fprhd;rig /fhq;fpu]; Nghf;fTk;> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp
The All India Kisan murplk; ePjp ngwTk;
Sabha / Congress Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;G.
jiyth;:Rthkp ,jd; gj;jphpf;if:
\h[hde;j ru];tjp ,e;Jyhy; ahf;dpf; (Indulal
nghJnrayhsh;: Yagnik) 1933y; N.G uq;fh>
N.G. uq;fh Me;jpuhtpy; ,e;jpa tptrhapfs;
epWtdj;ij (The India’s
Peasant’s Institute)
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
28. njghfh ,af;fk; tq;fhsk; 1946 1946 y; tq;fhs khfhz
(Tebhaga Movement) fprhd; rgh - gpsl;FOtpd;
(Flood Commission)
ghpe;Jiuahd ‘%d;wpy;
,uz;L gq;F tpis nghUis
epyj;ij cOgth;fSf;F
nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;gij
eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;b
Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ.
29. njYq;fhdh ,af;fk; Me;jpuk; 1947 -48 i`juhghj; ep[hKf;F vjpuhf
(Telungana kf;fs; kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];Lfspd;
Movement) jiyth;: MAjNke;jpa nfhhpy;yh
Re;jua;ah Nghuhl;lkhFk;. 3000
fpuhkq;fis ghjpj;j nghpa
Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
njhopw;rhiyfspYk; Ntiy nra;a
2. njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
Muk;gpj;jdh;.
(The movement of the working
,e;jpa njhopyhsh;fspd;
class):
gpur;ridfs;:
 ,e;jpahtpy; 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
1. Fiwthd Cjpak;
etPd njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthf
2. ePz;l Ntiy Neuq;fs;
Muk;gpj;jd. Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
3. Rfhjhukpd;ik
njhopyhsh;fs; uapy;Ntf;fspYk;
4. mgha Ntiyfs;
etPd njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gUj;jp
5. Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;
kw;Wk; epyf;fhp
6. mbg;gil trjpfs; ,d;ik.
njhopw;rhiyfspYk; rzy; njhopy;

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 

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;jpa Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.AITUC apd;

njhopyhsh;fspd; gpur;ridfSf;F Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsuhf jpthd;
murplk; NghuhlTk;> jPh;T ngwTk; rhnkd; vd;gtUk;
gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wpd. Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
 1929y; K[hgh; mfkJ S.A. Nld;[;>
 rrpgjh ghdh;[p (Sasipada
N[hf;Nyf;fh;> gpypg; nrsfj;
Banerjea) vd;gth; njhopyhsh;
c];khdp Nghd;w 31 njhopyhsh;
fpsg;igAk; (Working men’s Club)
jiyth;fis kPul; rjp tof;fpy;
ghuj; \puk;[Ptp (Bharat
(1929) muR Fw;wk; rhl;b ifJ
Shramhjeevei) vd;w
nra;jJ. ,J njhopyhsh;
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; 1870 Mk; Mz;L
Nghuhl;lq;fis tYtpyf;f
Muk;gpj;jhh;.
nra;jJ.
 1880 Mk; Mz;L ehuhaz; nkfh[p
 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF njhopyhsh;
Nyhf;fhz;Nl vd;gth; jPdge;J
Nghuhl;;lq;fs; murpay;
vd;w gj;jphpf;ifiaAk;> gk;gha;kpy;
mbg;gilapy; tYg;ngw;wd.
kw;Wk; kpy; N`z;l; (Mill Hands)
$l;likg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
1. NtY}h; fyfk;
 jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; J}j;Jf;Fbapy;
(Vellore Mutiny 1806):
t.c.rpjk;guk;gps;is kw;Wk;
 jkpo;ehl;bd; Ke;ija tl Mw;fhL
Rg;gpukzpa rpth MfpNahh;
khtl;lj;jpd; jiyefuk; NtY}h;.
njhopyhsh; eyDf;fhf Nghuhb
jw;NghJ NtY}h; khtl;lk; vd;W
rpiw nrd;wdh;.
ngah; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1806 y;
 mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; njhopyhsh;
NtY}hpypUe;j ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs;
eyDf;fhf Nghuhl N.M. N[h\p
fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
vd;gth; mf;Nlhgh; 31 1920y; mfpy
,e;jpa thzpg a+dpad; fhq;fpui] fhuzq;fs; (causes)

(All India Trade Union Congress)  kjuh]pd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j

Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mjd; Kjy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd;

jiytuhf me;j Mz;L ,e;jpa mDkjpNahL gilj;jsgjp rh;

Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; [hd; fpulhf; vd;gth;

jiytuhd yhyh y[gjp uha; jiyg;ghifAld; $ba Gjpa

rPUilia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
7
 

,e;j jiyg;ghif INuhg;gpa Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J jpl;lk;

njhg;gpiag; NghyNt ,Ue;jJ. jPl;bdh;. kPz;Lk; K];yPk; Ml;rpia
fhjzpfis mzptJk;> rka Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhf
rpd;dq;fis ,l;Lf; nfhs;tJk; NtY}h;fyfk; eilngw;wJ.
jil nra;ag;gl;ld. Gypj;Njth;> fhd;rhfpg;
 NkYk; rpg;gha;fs; jq;fs; Kfj;ij fl;lnghk;kd; kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;>
ed;whf kopj;J> kPirfis jpg;G Ry;jhd; Nghd;NwhUf;F
xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; Vw;gl;l epiyahy; frg;Gzh;T
vd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy; nfhz;l rpg;gha;fs; NtY}h;
,e;j eltbf;iffis jq;fsJ fyfj;jpd; <Lgl;ldh;.
rka kw;Wk;
fyfj;jpd; Nghf;F (Course):
r%fg;gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F
 [_iy 10 k; ehs; tpbaw;fhiy 1
,iof;fg;gl;l mtkjpg;ghf
kw;Wk; 23k; gilg;gphpit Nrh;ej
;
rpg;gha;fs; fUjpdhh;fs;. NkYk;
,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; fyfj;ij
midtiuAk; fpwpj;Jt
Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. ,g;gilg;
rkaj;jpw;F khw;Wk; Kaw;rpf;F ,J
gphpTfspd; ,uhZt mjpfhhp
Kd;Ndhb vd;w fUj;J gutpaJ.
fh;dy; ghd; Nfhh;l; Kjypy;
 [_d; 17-k; Njjp 1806 Mk; Mz;L
gypahdhh;. 23k; gilg; gphptpd;
Kjyhk; gilg;gphpitr; Nrh;e;j
,uhZt mjpfhhpahd fh;dy; kp
rpg;gha; K];jgh ngf; jd; cah;
Nfu];> mzp tFg;G
mjpfhhp fh;dy; Nghh;g;]plk;>
ikjhdj;jpy; Rl;L
INuhg;gpa ,uhZt
tPo;j;jg;gl;lhh;. mLj;J
mjpfhhpfisAk; JUg;GfisAk;
nfhy;yg;gl;l ,uhZt mjpfhhp
g+z;NlhL mopg;gjw;fhd jpl;lk;
Nk[h; Mk;]; l;uhq; Mthh;.
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij
Vwj;jho 12f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
njhptpj;jhh;. Mdhy; mtuJ
,uhZt mjpfhhpfs;
nra;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
jug;gltpy;iy.
 NtY}h; Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa
 NtY}h; fyfk; cUthtjw;F Kd;G
,Ue;j Nk[h; $l;]; 14
Kd;G jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd;
iky;fSf;F mg;ghYs;s
gNj i`jh; kw;Wk; nkha;RjPd;
,uhzpg;Ngl;ilf;F tpiue;J
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 

nrd;W mq;fpUe;j gl;ldh;. Kiwahf

,uhZtj;jsgjp fh;dy; jpl;lkplg;glhjjhy; NtY}h;
[py;y];gpaplk; fhiy 7 fyfk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
kzpastpy; NtY}h; Gul;rpiag;
kjpg;gPL:
gw;wp jfty; njhptpj;jhh;. Rkhh;
 1857 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jpa
fhiy 9 kzpastpy; [py;y];gp
Rje;jpug; NghUf;F NtY}h; fyfk;
,uhZtg;gilAld; NtY}h;
Kd;Ndhb vd;W rthh;f;fh;
Nfhl;ilia mile;jhh;.
fUJfpd;whh;.
 mjw;Fs; fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; jpg;G
 Mdhy; NtY}h;f;fyfk; 1857 k;
Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd; gNj
Mz;L rpg;gha; fyfj;jpw;F top
i`jiu Gjpa Ry;jhdhf
tFj;jJ vd;w $w;iw Nf.Nf.
mwptpj;J jpg;G Ry;jhdpd;
gps;is vd;w tuyhw;W Mrphpah;
Gypf;nfhbiaAk; gwf;f tpl;ldh;.
kWf;fpwhh;.
Mdhy; ,f;fpsh;r;rp fh;dy;
 ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F jkpoh;fNs
[py;ny];gpapdhy; cldbahf
Kd;Ndhbfshf jpfo;e;jdh;
mlf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhl;ilf;Fs;
vd;W rQ;rPtp $wpAs;shh;.
kl;Lk; 800 ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs;
 fhydpahjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. jpUr;rpapYk;
kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; elj;jpa
NtY}hpYk; 600 rpg;gha;fs;
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpNa
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. rpyh;
NtY}h; fyfk; vd;W Nf.
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. ,Wjpahf
uhra;ad; vd;w tuyhw;W mwpQh;
jpg;Gtpd; kfd; fy;fj;jhtpw;F
fUJfpwhh;.
mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
gilj;jsgjpAk;> nrd;id
MSeUk; jpUg;gpaiof;fg;
Kf;fpakhd tptrhap ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;fq;fs;
,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpak; jiyth; Fwpf;Nfhs;
tUlk;
ghfy; gd;b]; tq;fhsk; Fuk;\h kw;Wk; jpg;G thlif cah;T
,af;fk; \h td;Kiwahf
eRf;fg;gl;lJ.

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 

Kk;gh vOr;rpfs; Kyghh; Fkh`k;kj; n`hrp tUtha; Nfhhpf;if kw;Wk;

kw;Wk; Vyp fd msT Fiwg;G
kpA+]yp[pah; Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf
,z;bNfh ehbah bfk;ghh; kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa ,d;bNfh
nuty;yl; gp\;D gps;th]; fkp\d; (1860) tpjpf;fg;
gl;l tpjpfSf;F vjpuhf
epiyikfisf; fhz
mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.
ghl;dh mfhpad; ghl;dh Rh\ re;jpg; uha; rk;G Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fis
vOr;rp (1872) khtl;lk; ghy;> Nfhb Ky;yh chpikahf;Ftijj;
fpof;F kw;Wk; B.C rhl;lh;[p jLg;gjw;fhf
tq;fhsk; RC jj; [kPd;jhuh;fspd; nfhs;if
fSf;F vjpuhf> ngq;fhy;
FbAhpikr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;
gl;lJ.
G+dh rh;tn[dpf; jhdh M.C. uhdNl tptrhapfs; rl;l
rgh (1870) khtl;lk; chpikfis
nfhyk;gh gpugyg;gLj;Jtjw;F
kw;Wk;
uj;dfphp
rk;gud; (Sampran) rk;gud;> tptrhapfs; INuhg;gpa ,z;bNfh
rj;ahfpufh (1917) gP`hh; Miyfshy; Rkj;jg;gl;l
bq;fp];lh mikg;Gf;F
vjpuhf rk;guhd; rl;lk;
jpq;fjpah Kiwia
xopj;jJ.
Nflh (Kheda) Nflh> fhe;jp> tptrhapfs; gaph; nraypog;G tof;fpy;
rj;jpahfpufk; F[uhj; epy tUthiaf;
(1918) Fiwg;gjw;fhf Gwf;
fzpf;fg; gl;l KiwaPL
fSf;F vjpuhf Nfhhpf;if
,Wjpahf
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
U.P. fp\hd; rgh kjd;Nkhfd;
khytpah kw;Wk;
,e;jpuh eNud;
Mtj; tptrhapfs; gpnua;yp
,af;fk; (1918) gpujg;fh;f;

10
 

cj; fp\hd; rgh cj; NeU kw;Wk; ghgh uhk;

(1920) re;jpuh
Me;jpuh Me;jpuh N.G. uq;fh [kpd;jhh; Kiwia xopf;f
tptrhapfspd; xg;Gf; nfhs;Sjy;
rq;fk; (1928)
My; ,e;jpah Rthkp rfh[de;jh nghUshjhu Ruz;ly;
fp\hd; rgh (1936) ,Ue;J tptrhapfs;
ghJfhg;G

11