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Respiratory System Gaseous Exchange

Heart

Oxyhaemoglobin Inspiration

Respiratory and Circulatory System

Expiration
Spirometer Stroke Volume

Blood Vessels
Cardiac Output
Worksheet

1. Respiratory system
Mouth/Nose - has three
functions.
• Warms the air to internal
temperatures.
• Cilia hairs filter the air and
remove small particles.
• Moistens the air so it can be
absorbed more easily.

Trachea
• Cartilage rings keeps the Bronchi
windpipe open. • Two tubes branch from the
trachea into the left and right
lung.
Diaphragm
• A sheet of muscle below the
lungs.
• Flattens to move air into the
lungs. Bronchioles
• Relaxes into a dome shape to • Sub-divisions of the bronchi.
expire air.

2. Gaseous exchange
1. Oxygen breathed in travels to the ___________
Aveolus which are surrounded by capillaries.
Gases pass through the capillary walls.
2. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form ________________
oxyhaemoglobin and is carried around
the body.
3. At the same time ________
Carbon
________
Dioxide is released by haemoglobin into the alveoli to
breathed out.

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Worksheet

Gaseous exchange (diffusion) occurs efficiently for the following reasons:


uu __________
Large
surface area of alveoli and lots of capillaries allows for a large amounts
of oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the lungs and the blood vessels.
uu The alveoli have thin ___________
walls
that are one cell thick. This reduces the distance
of diffusion.
uu The alveoli provide ___________
mucus as gases must first dissolve in liquid before they
can diffuse.
uu The circulatory system provides a large ___________
blood supply. This maintains a
concentration ___________
gradient as gases need to move from a high concentration to a
low concentration.

3. Inspiration and expiration


___________
Inspiration (breathing in)
uu ___________ contracts and flattens.
The Diaghragm
uu The ___________
Diaphragm muscles contract.
uu The ribs move upwards and outwards.
uu Air ___________
pressure inside the lung cavity decreases.
uu Air from the atmosphere moves into the lungs.

___________
expiration
(breathing out)
uu The ___________
Diaphragm relaxes into a dome shape.
uu The intercostal muscles ___________.
relax

uu The ribs move downwards and inwards.


uu Air pressure inside the lung cavity ___________.
increase

uu Air moves from inside the lungs to the atmosphere


___________.

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Worksheet

4. Respiratory changes
uu Breathing rate changes
___________.
uu Depth of ___________
Lungs increases due to the use of pectorals and
sternocleidomastoid.
uu When expiring the abdominals are used to force the air out more
quickly.
uu Increased gaseous exchange
___________ of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the lungs.

5. Spirometer
A spirometer measures air capacity of the lungs

Inspiratory reserve volume Vital capacity


• The additional air that can be • The amount of air that can be
forcibly inspired beyond tidal forcibly expired after the deepest
volume possible inspiration

Tidal volume
• Normal amount of air inhaled and
exhaled in one breath

Expiratory reserve volume


Minute ventilation
•The amount of air that can be
forced out beyond the tidal
• Volume of gas
inhaled or exhaled
volume
from a persons
Residual volume lungs per minute.
• The amount of air that remains in • It is calculated by
the lungs multiplying the
breathing rate by the
tidal volume.
Total lung capacity
• Vital capacity plus residual
volume

6. Effects of exercise
uu Breathing rate ___________.
Increases

uu Tidal volume increases


___________.
uu Minute volume ___________.
increases

uu Expiratory reserve volume ___________.


increases

uu Inspiratory reserve volume ___________.


increases

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Worksheet

uu Residual volume does not ___________.


change

uu Vital capacity does not ___________.


change

uu Total lung volume does not ___________.


change

uu Long term effects include an increased vital ___________


capacity and minute ___________.
volume

7. The heart
Superior Vena Cava Aorta Left Pulmonary Artery

Right Pulmonary
Artery Left
Pulmonary
Right Pulmonary Veins
Veins

Right Atrium Left Atrium

Left AV Valve
Right AV Valve

Left Ventricle
Pulmonary
Inferior Vena Cava Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Right Ventricle

4. Left and right lungs


• Gaseous exchange occurs at
3. LEFT AND RIGHT the left and right lungs.
PULMONARY ARTERY
• These arteries transport
deoxygenated blood to the 5. PULMONARY VEIN
lungs. • Transports oxygenated
blood to the left atrium.
2. Right ventricle
• Blood is pumped into the right 6. Left atrium
ventricle.
• Right ventricle contracts and
• Receives oxygenated
blood and pumps it into
pumps the blood to the lungs.
the left ventricle.

1. Right atrium 7. Left ventricle


• Deoxygenated blood flows into • The heart contracts and the left
the RA through the ventricle pumps oxygenated
VENA CAVA. blood to the body’s organs and
tissues via the AORTA.

8. Organs and tissues


• Gaseous exchange occurs and
the organs and tissues.

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Worksheet

8. Components of blood
a. Red Blood Cells (RBC)
uu RBC’s main function is to carry ___________
oxygen to the working
muscles.
uu ___________,
hameoglobin
found in RBCs, is the oxygen carrying
protein.
uu Altitude training can increase the number of ___________.
RBC

uu The more RBCs the more oxygen


___________ can be delivered to the working muscles.
uu The more RBCs the ___________
better
the performer can participate.
b. White Blood Cells (WBC)
uu WBCs are our ___________
defence
against infection and disease.
uu They fight ___________
infection and reduce illness.
uu This aids rbc’s
___________ and allows the participant to continue
training and performing.
c. Platelets
uu The role of platelets is to clot our ___________
desease when it comes into contact with air.
uu If we sustain a cut, platelets will clot the blood to form a ___________.
uu Cuts and grazes can happen frequently in contact sport so platelets
prevent heavy blood loss and aid ___________.
d. Plasma
uu Plasma is the blood ___________ system.
uu It carries vital nutrients ((glucose, vitamins, minerals, etc.) and hormones
such as _________, which is important in readying a performer to participate.
uu It removes ___________ products such as carbon dioxide and lactic
acid.
uu Plasma regulates the body’s ___________ by balancing our water content.
uu It also maintains the correct ___________ balance.

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Worksheet

e. ___________ is a protein found in red blood cells.


uu It has a number of functions:
uu Carries oxygen to muscle cells.
uu Transports carbon dioxide from cells to lungs.
uu Regulates blood ___________ by combining with nitric acid.
uu Helps ___________ blood flow.

uu Regulates ___________ levels.

9. Blood vessels
1. ___________
uu Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
uu Thick walls withstand high blood ___________.
1. ___________
uu These are the ___________ blood vessels with walls that
are only one cell thick.
uu They are very efficient at gaseous ___________ at the lungs and muscles.
1. ___________
uu Carry deoxygenated blood to the ___________.
uu They have a larger ___________.
uu They work under low ___________ so have ___________ to prevent the back flow of
blood.

10. Cardio-vascular measurements


Heart Rate
uu This is the amount of times your heart beats per ___________.
uu A low ___________v heart rate indicates an ___________ heart and circulatory
system. Delivering more oxygen per minute.

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Worksheet

Stroke Volume
uu This is the volume of blood the left ___________ of your heart pumps in one beat.
uu An improved ___________ volume increases gaseous exchange, delivering more
___________ and removing more waste products.
Cardiac Output (Q)
uu This is the ___________ of blood pumped from the left ventricle in 1 minute.

Heart Rate x
Stroke Volume =
Cardiac Output

11. Heart rate graph


Plateau
• Maximum heart rate is
achieved (220-age) or the
oxygen supply meets demand

Recovery
• Heart rate remains
elevated until oxygen
debt is paid.
• Heart rate eventually
returns to resting

Increase in heart rate


Anticipatory rise
• As the intensity increases so
• Heart rate raises slightly prior does the heart rate
to exercise

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Worksheet

12. Long-term effects of exercise on the heart


uu The heart grows larger and more muscular so it can hold more blood. This is called
___________.
uu Resting heart rate ___________.
uu Stroke volume ___________.
uu Cardiac output ___________.
uu Decreased ___________ time.

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