Keanekaragaman Mikrobia

Ruang lingkup mikrobia:

 Arkhaea
 Bakteria
 Protista (Protozoa, Algae, Slime molds, Water molds)
 Fungi
 Virus (mikrobia aselular)
 Studi keanekaragaman Mikrobia:
Pendekatan taksonomis
• Bakteriologi
• Protozoologi
• Fikologi
• Mikologi
• Fikologi
• Virologi
 Keanekaragaman Mikrobia
1. Sistem Klasifikasi Arkhaea
2. Sistem Klasifikasi Bakteria
3. Sistem Klasifikasi Protozoa, Slime molds
& Algae
4. Sistem Klasifikasi Khromista (Algae &
Water molds)
5. Sistem Klasifikasi Fungi
 Keanekaragaman Mikrobia
A. Domain Archaea:
1. Dunia Archaea: 2 Phylum
B. Domain Bacteria :
2. Dunia Bacteria : 23 Phylum
C. Domain Eukarya:
1. Dunia Fungi
2. Dunia Protista:
Protozoa
Algae
Slime molds
Water molds)
Keanekaragaman Mikrobia
Klasifikasi Filogenetik: Domain Bacteria
Keanekaragaman Bakteria

Domain bakteria
↓
Dunia Bakteria
↓
23 Phylum
 II.Domain Bacteria
1. Phylum Aquificae
2. Phylum Thermotogae
3. Phylum Thermodesulfobacteria
4. Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
5. Phylum Chrysiogenetes
6. Phylum Chloroflexi
7. Phylum Thermomicrobia
8. Phylum Nitrospira
 II.Domain Bacteria

9. Phylum Deferribacteres
10. Phylum Cyanobacteria
11. Phylum Chlorobi
12. Phylum Proteobacteria
13. Phylum Firmicutes
14. Phylum Actinobacteria (Actinomycetes !)
15. Phylum Planctomycetes
16. Phylum Chlamydiae
17. Phylum Spirochaetes
18. Phylum Fibrobacteres
19. Phylum Acidobacteria
20. Phylum Bacteroidetes
21. Phylum Fusobacteria
22. Phylum Verrucomicrobia
23. Phylum Dictyoglomi
 Domain Bakteria

1 Classification
2 Description and Significance
3 Genome Structure
4 Cell Structure and Metabolism
5 Ecology
 1. Phylum Aquificae

• Aquifex
• Calderobacterium
• Hydrogenobacter
• Thermocrinis
• Hydrogenothermus
• Persephonella
• Sulfurihydrogenibium
• Balnearium (incertae sedis)
• Desulfurobacterium (incertae sedis)
• Thermovibrio
 Genus Aquifex

Aquifex aerolicus Aquifex pyrophylus

 2. Phylum Thermotogae
• Thermotoga
• Fervidobacterium
• Geotoga
• Marinitoga
• Petrotoga
• Thermosipho
 Genus Thermotoga

Habitat Thermotoga

Thermotoga maritima
 3. Phylum: Thermodesulfobacteria
• Thermodesulfobacterium
• Thermodesulfatator

Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilim
4. Phylum Deinococcus-Thermus
• Deinococcus
• Thermus
• Marinithermus
• Meiothermus
• Oceanithermus
• Vulcanithermus

Thermus aquaticus
 5. Phylum: Chrysiogenetes

• Chrysiogenes arsenatis
 6. Phylum Chloroflexi
(green nonsulfur bacteria)

• Chloroflexus
• Chloronema
• Heliothrix
• Roseiflexus
• Oscillochloris
• Herpetosiphon
• Anaerolinea
• Caldilinea

Chloroflexus
7. Phylum Thermomicrobia
• Thermomicrobium roseum
• Thermomicrobium fosteri

Thermomicroboim sp.
 8. Phylum Nitrospira
• Nitrospira
• Leptospirillum
• Magnetobacterium
• Thermodesulfovibrio
Habitat

Leptospirillum ferrooxidans
 9. Phylum Deferribacteres

• Deferribacterium
• Denitrovibrio
• Flexistipes
• Geovibrio
• Synergistes (incertae sedis)
• Caldithrix (incertae sedis)
Deferribacterium thermophilum
 10. Phylum Cyanobacteria
• Subsection I
– Chamaesiphon
– Chroococcus
– Cyanobacterium
– Cyanobium
– Cyanothece
– Dactylococcopsis
– Gloeobacter
– Gloeocapsa
– Gloeothece
– Microcystis
– Prochlorococcus
– Prochloron
– Synechococcus
– Synechocystis
 Cyanobacteria

Oscilatoria sp. Spirulina sp.

Anabaena sp.
Nostoc sp.
 Sianobakteria:
• Subsection II
– Cyanocystis
– Dermocarpella
– Stanieria
– Xenococcus
– Chroococcidiopsis
– Myxosarcina
– Pleurocapsa
 Sianobakteria
• Subsection III
Oscillatoria
 Arthrospira
Planktothrix
 Borzia Prochlorothrix
 Crinalium Pseudanabaena
 Geitlerinema Spirulina
 Halospirulina Starria
Symploca
 Leptolyngbya
Trichodesmium
 Limnothrix Tychonema
 Lyngbya
 Microcoleus
 Sianobakteria
• Subsection IV
– Anabaena
– Anabaenopsis
– Aphanizomenon
– Calothrix
– Cyanospira
– Cylindrospermopsis
– Cylindrospermum
– Nodularia
– Nostoc
– Rivularia
– Scytonema
– Tolypothrix
 Sianobakteria
• Subsection V
– Chlorogloeopsis
– Fischerella
– Geitleria
– Iyengariella
– Nostochopsis
– Stigonema

(Classification after Castenholz 2001.)

 11. Phylum Chlorobi
(green sulfur bacteria)
• Chlorobium
• Ancalochloris
• Chlorobaculum
• Chloroherpeton
• Pelodictyon
• Prosthecochloris
 12. Phylum Proteobacteria
(alpha Proteobacteria)
• Rhodospirillales
• Rickettsiales
• Rhodobacterales
• Sphingomonadales
• Caulobacterales
• Rhizobiales
• Parvularcula bermudensis
• Kordiimonas gwangyangensis
 Phylum Proteobacteria
(beta Proteobacteria)
• Ordo Neisseriales
• Burkholderiales
• Nitrosomonadales
• Hydrogenophilales
 Phylum Proteobacteria
(gamma Proteobacteria)
The purple sulfur bacteria:
• Thiotricales
• Methylococcales
• Pseudomonadales
• Vibrionales
• Enterobacteriales
• Pasteurellales
 Phylum Proteobacteria
(delta Proteobacteria)
• Desulfarculus baarsii
• Desulfovibrionales
• Desulfobacterales
• Desulfurellales
• Desulfuromonales
• Syntrophobacterales
• Bdellovibrionales
• Myxococcales
 Phylum Proteobacteria
(epsilon Proteobacteria)
Ordo Campylobacterales
Familia :
• Campylobacteraceae : Campylobacter
• Helicobacteraceae: Helicobacter

• Campylobacter jejuni
• Helicobacter pylori
 13. Phylum Firmicutes

Ordo:
• Closteridiales
• Thermoanaerobacteriales
• Haloanaerobiales
 13. Phylum Firmicutes
Ordo: Clostridiales :
Clostridiaceae: Clostridium
Lachnospiraceae: Lachnobacterium
Peptostreptococcaceae:Peptostretpcoccus
Eubacteriaceae: Eubacterium
Peptococcaceae : Peptococcus
Heliobacteriaceae :Heliobacterium
Acidaminococcaceae: Acidminococcus
Syntrophomonadaceae: Syntrophomonas
 Thermoanaerobacteriales
• Ammonifex
• Caldanaerobacter
• Carboxydobrachium
• Coprothermobacter
• Gelria
• Moorella
• Sporotomaculum
• Thermacetogenium
• Thermanaeromonas
• Thermoanaerobacter
• Thermoanaerobacterium
• Thermoanaerobium
• Thermovenabulum
• Thermodesulfobium
 Haloanaerobiales

• Acetohalobium
• Halanaerobacter
• Halanaerobium
• Halonatronum
• Halobacteroides
• Halocella
• Halothermothrix
• Natroniella
• Orenia
• Selenihalanaerobacter
• Sporohalobacter
 Mollicutes

• Acholeplasma Erysipelotrichaceae (incertae sedis)

• Anaeroplasma Bulleidia
Erysipelothrix
• Asteroleplasma
Holdemania
• Entomoplasma Solobacterium
• Eperythrozoon
• Haemobartonella
• Mesoplasma
• Mycoplasma
• Phytoplasma
• Spiroplasma
• Ureaplasma
 Bacilli
• Bacillales: Bacillus
• Lactobacillales: Lactobacillus
Bacillus thuringiensis
Toksisitas Bt
Mekanisme kerja toksin BT
 14. Phylum: Actinobacteria
Classis : Actinobacteria
1. Subclassis Acidimicrobidae
2. Subclassis Rubrobacteridae
3. Subclassis Coriobacteridae
4. Subclassis Sphaerobacteridae
5. Suclassis Actinobacteridae
 Subclassis: Actinobacteridae
A. Ordo Actinomycetales
1. Sub-ordo Actinomycineae
2. Sub-ordo Micrococcineae
3. Sub-ordo Corynebacterineae
4. Sub-ordo Micromonosporineae
5. Sub-ordo Propionibacterineae
6. Sub-ordo Pseudonocardineae
7. Sub-ordo Streptomycineae
8. Sub-ordo Streptosporangineae
9. Sub-ordo Frankineae
10. Sub-ordo Glycomycineae
B. Ordo Bifidobacteriales
 15. Phylum Planctomycetes
• Planctomyces
• Gemmata
• Isosphaera
• Pirellula
 16. Phylum Chlamydiae
• Chlamydia
• Chlamydophila
• Neochlamydia
• Parachlamydia
• Rhabdochlamydia
• Simkania
• Waddlia
 17. Phylum Spirochaetes
• Spirochaetes
• Borrelia
• Brachyspira
• Brevinema
• Clevelandina
• Cristispira
• Diplocalyx
• Hollandina
• Leptonema
• Leptospira
• Pillotina
• Serpulina
• Spirochaeta
• Treponema
Leptospira
 18. Phylum Fibrobacteres
Fibrobacter succinogenes
F. elongatus
F. intestinalis
 19. Phylum Acidobacteria
• Acidobacterium capsulatum
• Geothrix fermentans
• Holophaga foetida
 20. Phylum Bacteroidetes
• Bacteroides:
Bacteroides fragilis
21. Phylum Fusobacteria

Fusobacterium nucleatum
 22. Phylum Verrucomicrobia

• Opitutus
• Prosthecobacter
• Verrucomicrobium
• Victivallis
• Xiphinematobacter

Prosthecobacter fusiformis
 23. Phylum Dictyoglomi

• Dictyoglomus thermophilum
• Dictyoglomus turgidum