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for metal mine friction factors. This text also references the air density is significantly higher or lower than standard
Kharkar et. al. (1974) for coal mine entries. In general, the air density not adjusting the friction factor could have a
recommended MVS values are consistently lower than the significant impact on the total mine resistance.
values quoted in the ventilation texts. For coal mines, the
friction factors listed by McPherson, 1993 and Hartman et. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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al. (1997), are very close to the factors measured by MVS.
However, friction factors based on McElroy’s work for The authors would like to acknowledge the help and
! airways driven in igneous rocks (metal mine airways) are dedication of both Dr. Malcolm J McPherson, and Mr. Ian J
over 100% higher than what was measured by MVS. One Duckworth for both presenting ideas, and providing
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possible explanation for this discrepancy is the modern valuable insight and critique of this paper.
N26M7J0K![0J!210\7!X5Qd5!!
techniques and equipment used to drive drifts in metal
mines today. These modern mining techniques may provide
;2_32!Q@!A26M7J0K!T0!AJ-66-L1!;W+-67K!cj233260!u!'J7KK0Jd!
Table 3: Comparison of Standardized MVS Measured k Factors with Published Data
Airway Type Mean MVS Suggested MVS McPherson Hartman et. al.
Measured Data Value (1993) (1997)
Rectangular Airway – Clean Airway 0.0075 (41) 0.0075 (41) 0.009 (49) 0.0080 (43)
(coal or soft rock with rock bolts limited
mesh)
Rectangular Airway – Some Irregularities 0.0087 (47) 0.0087 (47) 0.009 (49) 0.0091 (49)
(coal or soft rock with rock bolts limited
mesh)
Metal Mine Drift (arched and bolted with 0.0088 (47) 0.010 (60) 0.0120 (65) 0.0269 (145)
limited mesh)
Metal Mine Ramp (arched and bolted with 0.0116 (62) 0.013 (71) -n/a- 0.0297 (160)
limited mesh)
Metal Mine Beltway (large area, rock 0.0140 (75) 0.015 (80) -n/a- -n/a-
bolted with mesh)
Bored Circular Raise (contains entry/exit 0.0047 (25) 0.0050 (27) 0.004 (22) 0.0028 (15)
loss)
Rectangular Alimak Raise (un-timbered 0.01126 (61) 0.0129 (70) 0.014 (75) -n/a-
with rock bolt and mesh)
TBM Drift 0.0044 (24) 0.0050 (26) 0.0055 (30) 0.0037 (20)
(rock bolts with mesh)
Note: Atkinson’s Friction Factor in kg/m3 (lbfmin2/ft4 ! 10-10). Bold indicates large discrepancy with MVS measured values.
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14 AXIAL-STANDARDVENTILATOREN I LEISTUNGSANPASSUNG UND LEISTUNGSREGELUNG
deutsch english
!
minimal möglichen Leistungsdaten perfo
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Angle scale on the blade base
Graduation d‘angle sur le pied de pale
Die gewünschten Schaufelwinkel werden ent-
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The desired blade
factory according
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A luminiumnabe mit Kunststo ffschau fel
Aluminium hub with plastic blades gefunden werden. Damit ist eine Anpassung ves. Thus, the fan
Moyeu en aluminium avec pales en plastique des Ventilators bei von der Auslegung abwei- characteristic curv
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1 Aluminiumnabe mit Kunststoffschaufel Aluminium hub
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profi lierten Laufschaufeln
Muttern und Anschlägen
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Aluminium hub with aluminium blades
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MENSURAS DE VENTILACION
Introducción
Estas mensuras son efectuadas para determinar la cantidad y calidad del aire que
circula por las diferentes construcciones de una mina (galerías, rampas, piques y
pozos) y estimar el rendimiento de los ventiladores primarios y secundarios. La
cantidad es determinado sobre la base de dos mediciones: caudal y presión. El
caudal dentro de un conducto es determinado multiplicando la velocidad del aire
(medido con un anemómetro) por el área de su sección transversal. La presión del
aire es medido directamente con un barómetro y la caída de presión con un
manómetro. El barómetro es utilizado para medir la presión absoluta del aire y el
manómetro para la presión relativa. En ventilación, la presión relativa es más
importante que la presión absoluta porque muestra la distribución del aire en la
mina. La calidad del aire es determinada midiendo la cantidad contaminantes
incluyendo los gases y el polvo y comparando estas con estándares usados en la
industria. En labores subterráneas, existen varios tipos de contaminantes. Entre
los más peligrosos se encuentran el monóxido de carbono, el acido sulfhídrico, el
dióxido de carbono, partículas de diesel, polvo respirable y calor. Estos
contaminantes hoy día son medidos por medio de instrumentos electrónicos tales
como los detectores de gases múltiples, bombas de aire y filtros, psicrómetros,
termómetros digitales, etc. Un resumen de estos instrumentos y la manera como
estos son usados para evaluar sistemas de ventilación es presentado en esta
sección
! I!
!
Q=VA (1)
Donde:
Q = caudal, p3/min
V = velocidad media, p/min
Área = p2
! Q!
!
'(
" = #$%&
!! )
Donde:
!
Hv = presión de velocidad en pulgadas. de agua
w = peso especifico del aire en lb/p3 en el punto de medición.
! V!
!
Figura 1. Manómetro y Tubo Pitot – Dos aparatos usados para medir la presión del
aire
El peso especifico varia con la presión barométrica y la temperatura del aire y
puede ser calculado usando una de las siguientes ecuaciones:
#$%# &'(
"=
!! ) &* ! ! !
!
! !! # (
" = "$ %&' "()*+
! ) cHd!
Donde:
!
w = peso especifico del aire (al nivel del mar: w1 = 0.075 lb/p3)
Z = Elevación, pies
R = 53.35 lb.p/lbm ºR
Pb = Presión barométrica (29.92 pulgadas, Hg at nivel del mar)
T = temperatura en ºR
El punto de operación de un ventilador es determinado en base a dos clases de
mediciones: presión estática y presión de velocidad. Estas presiones son medidas
utilizando una combinación de un manómetro y un tubo Pitot. La Figura 2 muestra
las estaciones en los ductos de acople donde son tomadas las mediciones. En un
sistema soplante (Figura 2A) el ducto de acople esta a la salida del ventilador
mientras que en un sistema aspirante (Figura 2B) a la entrada del ventilador.
! H!
!
HT = Hs + Hv
Donde:
HT = presión total, pulg. H2O
Hs = presión estática, pulg. H2O
La presión estática en una sección es constante, pero la presión de velocidad
varia con la distancia de las paredes, por esta razón se deben hacer varias
mediciones para determinar la velocidad media.
Para los datos anteriores, determinar el peso específico y la velocidad del aire.
Solución: Utilizando las ecuaciones anteriores, se generaron los siguientes
resultados: w = 0.065 lb/p3 y V = 1490 p/min. Esta velocidad es válida para el
punto de medición solamente.
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$" "%
#
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=#
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Donde:
Rn = Distancia al punto n medido del centro
D = Diámetro del ducto, pies
2N = Numero de estaciones a lo largo del diámetro
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primera lectura (punto 1) debe ser tomada a 0.132 pies (0.044 x 3) de la pared
interior del ducto, la segunda a 0.438 pies, etc. Esta técnica permite determinar
una velocidad ponderada por seis áreas iguales. En la práctica estas mediciones
son tomadas a lo largo de dos o más diámetros perpendiculares.
Estación # 1 2 3 4 5 6
Anemómetro
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Procedimiento de Medición. Hay dos métodos para medir la velocidad del aire
utilizando anemómetros: (1) mensura continua y (2) mensura de punto fijo. Con el
primer método, el instrumento es desplazado lentamente por la sección
transversal de una galería procurando cubrir todo el área en un periodo de un
minuto. Dependiendo de la forma de una excavación, el instrumento puede ser
desplazado siguiendo una trayectoria en “S” o en “W”. Una trayectoria en “S” es
usada en galerías de sección alta y una trayectoria en “W” en galerías anchas.
Para obtener una velocidad representativa es necesario repetir las mediciones has
tener tres lecturas consecutivas con un error inferior al 5%. La Figura 5 muestra
las dos trayectorias usadas durante una mensura de velocidades. Con el segundo
método, la sección de una galería es dividida en varias sub-secciones de aéreas
iguales y la velocidad del aire medido en el centro de cada sub-sección. La
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Mensura # 1 2 3
En base a los datos anteriores, determinar el caudal del aire circulado por la
galería.
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Solución: Reiterando la ecuación 1 para los datos anteriores, uno obtendra los
siguientes resultados: velocidad media, V = 1405 – 45 = 1360 p/min, área, A = 216
p2, y caudal, Q = 294,000 p3/min.
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Medición de Presiones
En ventilación, se distinguen dos tipos de presiones: presión absoluta y presión
relativa. La presión absoluta afecta la migración de gases de un estrato o material
fragmentado hacia los frentes de trabajo, cuanto menor es la presión mayor es la
migración del gas. La presión relativa o diferencia de presiones entre dos puntos
afecta el movimiento del aire. Esta diferencia es creada debido a variaciones
climáticas (ventilación natural) o por medio de ventiladores o compresores
(ventilación mecánica).
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muestra un esquema sobre cómo hacer esta corrección en una rampa con un flujo
de aire descendente.
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Donde:
CH12 = caída de presión corregida, pulg. de H2O
! H12 = presión indicada por el manómetro
Pb1 = presión barométrica en estación 1 (presión alta)
Pb2 = presión barométrica en estación 2 (presión baja)
H12 = R Q2 !!"#$
#$%&'$(
"=
!!"#$
!
!! )$*+ , !
Donde:
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R = resistencia, pulg.min2/p6
K = coeficiente de fricción, lb.min2/p4
Per = perímetro de una sección transversal, p
L = longitud del conducto, p
A = área de la sección, p2.
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Ductos metálicos 20
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#
"" = " $
!! #
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Solución:
" &'
"#$ = %
!! ()*+
"#
! "= $
!! %"#
Donde:
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HPa = potencia efectiva del ventilador, HP (caballos de fuerza)
BHP = potencia del motor (energía consumida), HP
! = eficiencia del ventilador.
Casi en todos los casos, las presiones (estática y de velocidad) son medidas con
la ayuda de un manómetro y un tubos Pitot y en algunos casos la velocidad es
medida con un anemómetro.
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Humedad relativa, % 80
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Muestreo de Contaminantes
Hoy, casi todos contaminantes del aire son medidos utilizando instrumentos
electrónicos. Las Figuras 10 y 11 muestras dos tipos de instrumentos utilizados
para medir concentraciones de gases: ITX es un detector múltiple, usado para
medir cuatro gases simultáneamente. El detector Drager, basado en tubos
detectores, es usado para medir altas concentraciones de gases como aquellas en
los ductos de escape de un equipo a diesel. Es también usado para calibrar
detectores electrónicos. La Figura 12 muestra dos bombas de aire usados para
determinar concentraciones de polvo respirable. Durante el muestreo, un ciclón y
un filtro son utilizados para separar el polvo grueso de las partículas microscópicas
(inferiores a 10 micrones). La Figura 13 muestra un psicrómetro utilizado para
medir dos temperaturas del aire: seca y húmeda. Estas temperaturas en
conjunción con la presión barométrica son usadas para determinar las
propiedades psicométricas del aire incluyendo el volumen específico, la humedad
relativa y el contenido de calor en el aire.
Dilución de Contaminantes
La concentración de un contaminante del aire puede ser controlada mezclando el
volumen de aire circulado por un frente con un volumen fijo de aire fresco. El
volumen de aire fresco puede ser calculado utilizando la ecuación de dilución.
Simbólicamente, esta ecuación puede ser derivada del principio de conservación
de masa de la siguiente manera:
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"# =
!! %&' "(
Donde:
!
Qo = caudal de aire fresco requerido, p3/min
q = caudal del contaminante del aire, p3/min
B = = concentración del contaminante en el aire fresco, ppm
TLV = limite permisible del contamínate.
Esta ecuación puede ser utilizada para estimar el volumen de aire limpio requerido
en un frente de trabajo para diluir prácticamente cualquier contamínate. En la
práctica, esta ecuación es usada para determinar tanto la emisión de gases (q)
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como para estimar el caudal del ventilador de una sección para alcanzar los
límites permisibles.
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Figura 11. Detector de Gas Drager
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Figura 12. Bombas de Aire Usados para Medir la Concentración del Polvo
Respirable
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Figura 13. Psicrómetro Usando para Medir la Temperaturas del Aire
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Solución:
Para problemas de calor, el caudal de aire requerido puede ser calculado de la
siguiente expresión:
$
"# =
!! %&'( " ') *
Donde:
w = peso especifico del aire de entrada, lb/p3
q = carga calorífica, Btu/min
h1 = entalpia del aire de entrada, Btu/lb de aire seco (ver Figura A-10)
h2 = entalpia del aire en el frente, Btu/lb de aire seco
En base a los datos anteriores y usando los ábacos de la Figura A-10, los
siguientes resultados pueden ser obtenidos:
Luego, el caudal requerido para la sección será de 123,000 p3/min (ecuación 14).
!
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