Institute of Technology
Zürich
Prof.Dr. Dr. Helmut Krueger
Clausiusstr. 25, CH-8092 Zürich
Matthias Rauterberg
1998
view view
from from
outside inside
suitability for the task suitability (activity adapted) suitability for the task task orientation
individualisation
pros cons
parallel in space active eye contact
neccessary
large information
visual transfer
80%
60%
40%
20%
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
time interval until remember items (in sec)
goals
problem solving short term memory
user
plan component expectations
user interface
representation
application
states (ACS)
application- application-
Funktionen (AF) objects (AO) transformation
au
gn
tom
esi
ati
fun
n
kd
tio
on
cti
tas
a
fic
on
ali
ali
qu
ty
usability
user computer
training
1
task(s)
goal-, subgoal-setting
3a
mental operation
3b
physical operation
usability specification map (USM)
application
manager
am application
i/o
user inter- dialog
face
dm
socio-technical system
An abstract concept to describe
usability aspects
function space
FS
perceptible
dialog functions δ [hidden]
dialog functions
PDFIP HDFIP
perceptible
application functions
α [hidden]
application functions
PAFIP HAFIP
schema of the dialog structure
function: switch
HDFIP PDFIP HAFIP PAFIP
11 10 0 0
modul: information
HDFIP PDFIP HAFIP PAFIP filter: data
10 10 0 0 HDFIP PDFIP HAFIP PAFIP
2 2 46 1
modul: calculation
program: data
HDFIP PDFIP HAFIP PAFIP
HDFIP PDFIP HAFIP PAFIP
10 10 0 0
2 2 56 9
schematic diagram
actual
dialog context i/o-interface HAFIP
A.function-1
object space A.function-2
A.function-3
PAFIP A.function-4
A.function-5
PDFIP A.function-6
HDFIP application
component
D.F1 D.F2 D.F3 D.F4
dialog-component
a command language interface
C:>_ PAFIP
DC
command language interface (CUI)
application specific
A.Function-2
perceptible
function A.Function-3
point
(PF) A.Function-4
A.Function-5
dialog
specific A.Function-6
interaction
point A.Function-7
(HDFIP)
application
...
manager
D.F1 D.F2
dialog manager
a menu-driven interface (CUI)
1 [.........1.........2.........3.........4.........5.........6..]..
the normal view on a text document
MsWORD 4.0 PAFIP
PAO
DC
TEXT.DOC
COMMAND: Copy Delete Format Gallery Help Insert Jump Library PDFIP
Options Print Quit Replace Search Transfer Undo Window
Edit document or press Esc to use menu PAFIP
Pg1 Ro1 Co1 {} ? Microsoft Word
PDO
menu driven interface (CUI)
i/o interface
application specific
actual interaction point
dialog- (AFIP)
context
representa- A.Function-1
tion of an
application A.Function-2
specific
interaction A.Function-3
point
(RAFIP) A.Function-4
representa- A.Function-5
tion of a
dialog specific A.Function-6
interaction
point A.Function-7
(RDFIP)
dialog application
specific
interaction
point
D.F1 D.F2 ... manager
(DFIP)
dialog manager
GUI: a desktop interface
PDFIP Desk File Edit Join Selection Calculation Switches Option Program
JOIN.Customer-No
JOIN.Customer-No ( )
PAO
Customer-No Article-No Quantity discette
customer
500010 1001 250
500010 1002 10
604650 1001 500
604650 1002 100 printer
article 604650 2004 50 PAFIP
PDO
supplies
DC contracts clipboard mixboard sortboard im/export trash
actual
i/o interface
application specific
dialog- interaction point
context (AFIP)
representa-
tion of an A.Function-1
application
specific A.Function-2
interaction
point A.Function-3
(RAFIP)
A.Function-4
representation
of a dialog A.Function-5
specific
interaction A.Function-6
point
application
(RDFIP)
dialog
specific manager
interaction
point D.F1 D.F2 ...
(DFIP)
dialog manager
quantitative measure of "functional feedback":
D
FB = 1/D ∑ (#PFd / #HFd) * 100%
d=1
D
FD = 1/D ∑ ∑ Post(Dd,f)
d=1 f ∈ HAFIP
D
DFl = 1/D ∑ #HDFIPd
d=1
D
AFl = 1/D ∑ #HAFIPd
d=1
quantitative measure of "feedback":
D
FB = 1/D ∑ (#PFd / #HFd) * 100%
d=1
P
ID = {1/P ∑ min[lng(PATHp)] }-1 * 100%
p=1
menu
batch
low interface
interactive MI
directness desktop style
(ID) command
language direct
high manipulation
CI DI
The outcomes of nine (9) different comparison studies between
command (CI) and menu (MI) interfaces.
"CI < MI" means that the average usage/preference with/for MI is better than with/for CI;
"CI = MI" means that there are no published data to decide;
"CI > MI" means that the average usage/preference with/for CI is better than with/for MI;
"sig." means that p ≤ 0.05; "not sig." means that p > 0.05
perception space
PDFIP Input... GROUP.primary_key PDO
PAFIP Delete...
Update... Primy_key Last_name First_name
Edit...
Browse... CH..8057 Bauknecht Kurt PAO
GROUP ADDRESS CH..8092 Ackermann David
CH..8092 Greutmann Thomas PDFIP
CH..8092 Spinas Philipp
CH..8092 Ulich Eberhard
D...8024 Hacker Winfried
JOINFILE
USA.20742 Shneiderman Ben
DC
CLIPBOARD selection
calculation
clipboard
IM/EXPORT count
mask
attributes
sorting
SORTBOARD
MERGE PDO =
DISCETTE
PAFIP
PRINTER TRASH
Playing time per game
500
Cell Line Chart for "playing time"
450 Grouping Variable(s): Interface type
Error Bars: ± 1 Standard Deviation(s)
400
Cell Mean for time of user (s)
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
CI MI TI DPD
p≤.001 p≤.01 p≤.001
p≤.001
p≤.001
p≤.001
remis
computer win
CI MI TI DPD
p≤.020 p≤.080 p≤.001
p≤.802
p≤.001
p≤.007
Architecture of a
Natural User Interface (NUI)
Electronic
documents
Paper
document
Working Area
Tognazzini B:
Tog on Software Design. (1996).
List of relevant books:
L. Barfield: The user interface - concepts & design. Addison Wesley, 1993.
P. Booth: An introduction to Human-Computer Interaction. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1990.
A. Dix, J. Finlay, G. Abowd, R. Beale: Human-Computer Interaction. Prentice, 1993.
L. Macaulay: Human-Computer Interaction for Software Designers. Thomson, 1995.
D. Norman, S. Draper: User centered system design. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.
J. Preece, Y. Rogers, H. Sharp, D. Benyon, S. Holland, T. Carey: Human-Computer Interaction.
Addison Wesley, 1994.
B. Shneiderman: Designing the user interface. Addison Wesley, 1997, 3rd edition.
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