Freedom Fighters of India

FREEDOM FIGHTERS OF INDIA
NAME:- DINESH AVADHNARAYAN YADAV

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FREEDOM FIGHTRES
OF INDIA
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INDEX
Contents
FREEDOM FIGHTERS OF INDIA ................................................................................................................ 5
The Role of the Freedom Fighters..................................................................................................... 5
Role after Independence ..................................................................................................................... 7
India at Present..................................................................................................................................... 7
Chandra Shekhar Azad ........................................................................................................................ 8
Early life and career: .................................................................................................................... 8
Revolutionary life : ........................................................................................................................ 9
Activities in Jhansi ...................................................................................................................... 10
With Bhagat Singh ..................................................................................................................... 11
Death ............................................................................................................................................ 12
BHAGAT SINGH ................................................................................................................................ 12
Revolutionary activities ................................................................................................................. 16
Lala Lajpat Rai's death and killing of Saunders..................................................................... 16
Escape: ........................................................................................................................................ 18
1929 Assembly incident: ........................................................................................................... 19
Capture: ....................................................................................................................................... 22
Mahatma Gandhi................................................................................................................................ 25
Early life and background: ........................................................................................................ 25
English barrister:......................................................................................................................... 28
Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914) .................................................................... 29
Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) .................................................................... 29
Awards: ........................................................................................................................................ 31
Freedom Fighters of India ................................................................................................................. 32
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India, the largest democratic nation in the world got
independence from foreign rule in 1947. It was a momentous
year in the history of India when it gained freedom from the
British rule that lasted for about 100 years. In 1857, the powers
of British East India Company was transferred to the British
Crown but the Company which was started as early as in 1600
to build colonisation and trade which gradually imposed its rule
in many parts of the country, both economically and politically.
Prior to that many parts of India were under the control of the
Portuguese, French and the Dutch. As the Indian subcontinent
had no political unity or unifying force since ancient times,
many have come and controlled parts of the country. Prominent
and long lasting among them were the Mughals, who ruled
most parts of the present country from the 16th century through
18th century.
The freedom of India is result of long and consistent struggle in

many parts of the country in different forms. It was neither easy
for the country to fight and expel foreign rulers from the country
nor easy to unify different princely states, tribes, people fo
different languages and cultures in to the idea of one nation.
Many people have played significant roles in raising the
national movement. Struggles lasted for decades, which finally
resulted in independence of the country.
The Role of the Freedom Fighters
The freedom fighters of India played an extensive role in getting

independence for the country. The 'Revolt of 1857' was the first
war of independence of India. The revolt started as a mutiny by
the sepoys of the East India Company. The Muslim and the
Hindu sepoys together began this revolt. Rani Lakshmibai,
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Mangal Pandey, Bahadur Shah Zafar, Nana Sahib and Tatya

Tope were some of the active leaders and freedom fighters
who fought in the revolt. Mangal Pandey is considered as the
hero in the modern India because he had played a pivotal role
in beginning the revolt against the British. Rani Lakshmibai is
considered as the symbol of resistance to the British rule and
was one of the leading figures of the rebels in 1857.
In 1876, another movement started against the British rule. It

was the foundation of the Indian National Congress (INC).
Surendranath Banerjee laid the foundation of the party. Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji, Chittaranjan Das and
Jawaharlal Nehru were active leaders of the INC. It was
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi who gave a push to the party
and raised the struggle for freedom in a non-violent way. His
Non-Cooperation Movement was a great success and a
stepping stone for Indian freedom struggle.
While on one side Gandhi was following the ideologies of non-

violence and peace, on the other there was a group of youth
who wanted to attain independence by hook or by crook. These
revolutionaries were quite influential in the nation and inspired
many. Chandra Shekhar Azad, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla
Khan and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee were some of the
revolutionaries who executed the Kakori conspiracy. Bhagat
Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt, Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram
Rajguru threw bomb in the assembly house. After the incident,
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged to death and
are considered as martyrs today. These young men got ignited
after the death of Lala Lajpat Rai who died after protesting
against the Simon Commission.
Subhash Chandra Bose was also a dynamic leader in the

freedom struggle of the country. He founded the Indian National
Army (INA) which fought against British rulers from within the
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country and in exile, with the help of Japan and Axis forces
during the World War II. He formed the Forward Bloc, a political
extension of Indian National Congress when Mahatma Gandhi
did not recognize him as Congress President despite he
defeated Alladi Krishna Iyer, Gandhiji's nominee in 1939
Congress election held at Tripuri session.
There were many other freedom fighters who had fought for the
nation and sacrificed their lives.
Role after Independence
With the contribution of these freedom fighters and their

freedom struggles and movements, India attained
independence on 15 August 1947. The hardships they faced
and the sacrifices they made (which even include many lives)
led to the freedom of the country. Mahatma Gandhi, who is
considered to have played a very important role in the struggle,
is known as the 'Father of the Nation'. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
became the first President of the Republic of India. Jawaharlal
Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India and
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the first Deputy Prime
Minister. B. R. Ambedkar became the principle architect of the
Constitution of India.
India at Present
It has been almost seven decades since India gained
independence and the country has progressed at a faster pace.
The nation has been growing economically and socially and is
heading towards development. If these freedom fighters had
not contributed in the freedom struggle, the current situation of
the country would have been different. India, the democratic
republic, might not have headed for success. We are
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independent and free today only because of the efforts and

sacrifices made by our country's freedom fighters.
Chandra Shekhar Azad
Early life and career:
Azad was born as Chandrashekhar Tiwari on 23 July 1906

in Bhavra village, in the present-day Alirajpur district of Madhya
Pradesh. His forefathers were from Badarka village
near Kanpur (in present-day Unnao District). His mother,
Jagrani Devi Tiwari, was the third wife of Sitaram Tiwari, whose
previous wives had died young. After the birth of their first son,
Sukhdev Tiwari, in Badarka, the family moved to Alirajpur
State.
His mother wanted her son to be a great Sanskrit scholar and
persuaded his father to send him to Kashi
Vidyapeeth, Banaras, to study. In December 1921,
when Mohandas K. Gandhilaunched the Non-Cooperation
Movement, Chandra Shekhar, then a 15-year-old student,
joined. As a result, he was arrested. On being produced before
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a magistrate, he gave his name as "Azad" (The Free), his

father's name as "Swatantrata" (Independence) and his
residence as "Jail". From that day he came to be known as
Chandra Shekhar Azad among the people.
Revolutionary life :
After suspension of the non-cooperation movement in 1922 by

Gandhi, Azad became more aggressive. He met a young
revolutionary, Pranvesh Chatterji, who introduced him to Ram
Prasad Bismil who had formed the Hindustan Republican
Association (HRA), a revolutionary organisation. Bismil was
impressed by Azad, when Azad reportedly put his hand over a
lamp and did not remove it till his skin burnt. He then became
an active member of the HRA and started to collect funds for
HRA. Most of the fund collection was through robberies of
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government property. He also wanted to build a new India

based on socialist principles. He was involved in the Kakori
Train Robbery of 1925, in the attempt to blow up the Viceroy's
train in 1926, and at last the shooting of J.P. Saunders
at Lahore in 1928 to avenge the killing of Lala Lajpat Rai.
Despite being a member of Congress, Motilal Nehru regularly
gave money in support of Azad.
Activities in Jhansi
Azad made Jhansi his organisation's hub for some time. He

used the forest of Orchha, situated 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from
Jhansi, as a site for shooting practice and, being an expert
marksman, he trained other members of his group. He built a
hut near to a Hanuman temple on the banks of the Satar
River and lived there under the alias of Pandit Harishankar
Brahmachari for a long period. He taught children from the
nearby village of Dhimarpura (now renamed Azadpura by
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the Government of Madhya Pradesh)) and thus managed to

establish good rapport with the local residents.
While living in Jhansi, he also learned to drive a car at

Bundelkhand Motor Garage in Sadar Bazar. Sadashivrao
Malkapurkar, Vishwanath Vaishampayan and Bhagwan Das
Mahaur came in close contact with him and became an integral
part of his revolutionary group. The then congress leaders
from Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar and Sitaram Bhaskar
Bhagwat were also close to Azad. He also stayed for sometime
in the house of Rudra Narayan Singh at Nai Basti, as well as
Bhagwat's house in Nagra.
With Bhagat Singh
The Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was formed by

Bismil, Chatterji, Sachindra Nath Sanyal and Shachindra Nath
Bakshi in 1924. In the aftermath of the Kakori train robbery in
1925, the British clamped down on revolutionary activities.
Prasad, Ashfaqulla Khan, Thakur Roshan Singh and Rajendra
Nath Lahiri were sentenced to death for their participation.
Azad, Keshab Chakravarthy and Murari Sharma evaded
capture. Chandra Shekhar Azad later reorganized the HRA with
the help of revolutionaries like Sheo Verma and Mahaveer
Singh. Azad was also a close associate of Bhagwati Charan
Vohra who along with Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru,
helped him to transform the HRA into the HSRA in 1928 so as
to achieve their primary aim of an independent India based on
socialist principle. The insight of his revolutionary activities are
described by Manmath Nath Gupt a fellow member of HSRA in
his numerous writings. Gupta has also written his biography
titled "Chandrashekhar Azad" and in his book History of the
Indian Revolutionary Movement (English version of
above:1972) he gave a deep insight about the activities of Azad
and the ideology of Azad and HSRA.
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Death
Azad died at Alfred Park in Allahabad on 27 February 1931.The

police surrounded him in the park after an unknown informer
told them he was there. He was wounded in the process of
defending himself and Sukhdev Raj (Not to be confused
with Sukhdev Thapar) and killed three policemen and wounded
some others. His actions made it possible for Sukhdev Raj to
escape. After a long shootout, holding true to his pledge to
never be captured alive, he shot himself dead with his last
bullet.The Colt pistol of Chandra Shekhar Azad is displayed at
the Allahabad Museum.
The body was sent to Rasulabad Ghat for cremation without
informing general public. As it came to light, people surrounded
the park where the incident had taken place. They chanted
slogans against the British rule and praised Azad.
BHAGAT SINGH
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Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat, was born in 1907 to Kishan Singh

and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105 GB, Banga village, Jaranwala
Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of the Punjab Province of British
India. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two
uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail.[10] His family
members were Sikhs; some had been active in Indian
Independence movements, others had served in Maharaja
Ranjit Singh's army. His ancestral village was Khatkar Kalan,
near the town of Banga, India in Nawanshahr district (now
renamed Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar) of the Punjab.
Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat,was born in 1907[a] to Kishan

Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105
GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of
the Punjab Province of British India. His birth coincided with the
release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran
Singh, from jail.[10] His family members were Sikhs; some had
been active in Indian Independence movements, others had
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served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army. His ancestral village

was Khatkar Kalan, near the town of Banga,
India in Nawanshahr district (now renamed Shaheed Bhagat
Singh Nagar) of the Punjab.
Unlike many Sikhs of his age, Singh did not attend the Khalsa
High School in Lahore. His grandfather did not approve of the
school officials' loyalty to the British government.[15]He was
enrolled instead in the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School, an
Arya Samaji institution.
In 1919, when he was 12 years old, Singh visited the site of

the Jallianwala Bagh massacre hours after thousands of
unarmed people gathered at a public meeting had been
killed.[10] When he was 14 years old, he was among those in his
village who welcomed protesters against the killing of a large
number of unarmed people at Gurudwara Nankana Sahib on
20 February 1921.[17] Singh became disillusioned with Mahatma
Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence after he called off the non-
co-operation movement. Gandhi's decision followed the violent
murders of policemen by villagers who were reacting to the
police killing three villagers in the 1922 Chauri Chaura incident.
Singh joined the Young Revolutionary Movement and began to
advocate for the violent overthrow of the British Government in
India.
In 1923, Singh joined the National College in Lahore,[c] where

he also participated in extra-curricular activities like the
dramatics society. In 1923, he won an essay competition set by
the Punjab Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, writing on the problems in
the Punjab.[16] Inspired by the Young Italy movement
of Giuseppe Mazzini,[12] he founded the Indian nationalist youth
organisation Naujawan Bharat Sabha in March 1926.[20] He
also joined the Hindustan Republican Association,[21] which had
prominent leaders, such as Chandrashekhar Azad, Ram
Prasad Bismil and Shahid Ashfaqallah Khan.[22] A year later, to
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avoid an arranged marriage, Singh ran away to Cawnpore.[16] In

a letter he left behind, he said:
My life has been dedicated to the noblest cause, that of the
freedom of the country. Therefore, there is no rest or worldly
desire that can lure me now.
Police became concerned with Singh's influence on youths and
arrested him in May 1927 on the pretext that he had been
involved in a bombing that had taken place in Lahore in
October 1926. He was released on a surety of Rs. 60,000 five
weeks after his arrest.[23] He wrote for, and
edited, Urdu and Punjabinewspapers, published
in Amritsar[24] and also contributed to low-priced pamphlets
published by the Naujawan Bharat Sabha that excoriated the
British.[25] He also wrote for Kirti, the journal of the Kirti Kisan
Party ("Workers and Peasants Party") and briefly for the Veer
Arjun newspaper, published in Delhi.[20][d] He often used
pseudonyms, including names such as Balwant, Ranjit and
Vidhrohi
Page 15
Revolutionary activities
Lala Lajpat Rai's death and killing of Saunders
In 1928, the British government set up the Simon

Commission to report on the political situation in India. Some
Indian political parties boycotted the Commission because
there were no Indians in its membership,[e] and there were
protests across the country. When the Commission visited
Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led a march in
protest against it. Police attempts to disperse the large crowd
resulted in violence. The superintendent of police, James A.
Scott, ordered the police to lathi charge (use batons against)
the protesters and personally assaulted Rai, who was injured.
Rai died of a heart attack on 17 November 1928. Doctors
thought that his death might have been hastened by the injuries
he had received. When the matter was raised in the Parliament
of the United Kingdom, the British Government denied any role
in Rai's death.
Bhagat was a prominent member of the HRA and was probably

responsible, in large part, for its change of name to HSRA in
1928.[12] The HSRA vowed to avenge Rai's death.[23]Singh
conspired with revolutionaries like Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev
Thapar, and Chandrashekhar Azad to kill Scott.[20] However, in
a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot John P. Saunders,
an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the
District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.
Bhagat was a prominent member of the HRA and was probably
responsible, in large part, for its change of name to HSRA in
1928.[12] The HSRA vowed to avenge Rai's death.[23]Singh
conspired with revolutionaries like Shivaram Rajguru, Sukhdev
Thapar, and Chandrashekhar Azad to kill Scott.[20] However, in
a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot John P. Saunders,
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an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the

District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.
Contemporary reaction to the killing differs substantially from

the adulation that later surfaced. The Naujawan Bharat Sabha,
which had organised the Lahore protest march along with the
HSRA, found that attendance at its subsequent public meetings
dropped sharply. Politicians, activists, and newspapers,
including The People, which Rai had founded in 1925, stressed
that non-co-operation was preferable to violence.[27] The
murder was condemned as a retrograde action by Mahatma
Gandhi, the Congress leader, but Jawaharlal Nehru later wrote
that:
Bhaghat Singh did not become popular because of his act of
terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment,
the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation.
He became a symbol, the act was forgotten, the symbol
remained, and within a few months each town and village of the
Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India,
resounded with his name. Innumerable songs grew about him
and the popularity that the man achieved was something
amazing.
Page 17
Escape:
After killing Saunders, the group escaped through the D.A.V.
College entrance, across the road from the District Police
Headquarters. Chanan Singh, a Head Constable who was
chasing them, was fatally injured by Chandrashekhar Azad's
covering fire.[32] They then fled on bicycles to pre-arranged safe
houses. The police launched a massive search operation to
catch them, blocking all entrances and exits to and from the
city; the CID kept a watch on all young men leaving Lahore.
The fugitives hid for the next two days. On 19 December 1928,
Sukhdev called on Durgawati Devi, sometimes known as Durga
Bhabhi, wife of another HSRA member, Bhagwati Charan
Vohra, for help, which she agreed to provide. They decided to
catch the train departing from Lahore to Bathinda en route
to Howrah (Calcutta) early the next morning.
Page 18
Singh and Rajguru, both carrying loaded revolvers, left the

house early the next day.[33] Dressed in western attire (Bhagat
Singh cut his hair, shaved his beard and wore a hat over
cropped hair), and carrying Devi's sleeping child, Singh and
Devi passed as a young couple, while Rajguru carried their
luggage as their servant. At the station, Singh managed to
conceal his identity while buying tickets, and the three boarded
the train heading to Cawnpore (now Kanpur). There they
boarded a train for Lucknow since the CID at Howrah railway
station usually scrutinised passengers on the direct train from
Lahore.[33] At Lucknow, Rajguru left separately
for Benares while Singh, Devi and the infant went to Howrah,
with all except Singh returning to Lahore a few days later.
1929 Assembly incident:
For some time, Singh had been exploiting the power of drama
as a means to inspire the revolt against the British, purchasing
a magic lantern to show slides that enlivened his talks about
revolutionaries such as Ram Prasad Bismil who had died as a
result of the Kakori conspiracy. In 1929, he proposed a
dramatic act to the HSRA intended to gain massive publicity for
their aims.[25] Influenced by Auguste Vaillant, a French
anarchist who had bombed the Chamber of Deputies in
Paris,[35] Singh's plan was to explode a bomb inside the Central
Legislative Assembly. The nominal intention was to protest
against the Public Safety Bill, and the Trade Dispute Act, which
had been rejected by the Assembly but were being enacted by
the Viceroy using his special powers; the actual intention was
for the perpetrators to allow themselves to be arrested so that
they could use court appearances as a stage to publicise their
cause.
The HSRA leadership was initially opposed to Bhagat's
participation in the bombing because they were certain that his
prior involvement in the Saunders shooting meant that his
arrest would ultimately result in his execution. However, they
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eventually decided that he was their most suitable candidate.

On 8 April 1929, Singh, accompanied by Batukeshwar Dutt,
threw two bombs into the Assembly chamber from its public
gallery while it was in session.[36] The bombs had been
designed not to kill,[27] but some members, including George
Ernest Schuster, the finance member of the Viceroy's Executive
Council, were injured.[37] The smoke from the bombs filled the
Assembly so that Singh and Dutt could probably have escaped
in the confusion had they wished. Instead, they stayed shouting
the slogan "Inquilab Zindabad!" ("Long Live the Revolution")
and threw leaflets. The two men were arrested and
subsequently moved through a series of jails in Delhi.
Assembly case trial:
According to Neeti Nair, associate professor of history, "public

criticism of this terrorist action was unequivocal." Gandhi, once
again, issued strong words of disapproval of their
deed. Nonetheless, the jailed Bhagat was reported to be elated,
and referred to the subsequent legal proceedings as a
"drama".[38] Singh and Dutt eventually responded to the
criticism by writing the Assembly Bomb Statement:
Page 20
We hold human life sacred beyond words. We are neither

perpetrators of dastardly outrages ... nor are we 'lunatics' as
the Tribune of Lahore and some others would have it
believed ... Force when aggressively applied is 'violence' and
is, therefore, morally unjustifiable, but when it is used in the
furtherance of a legitimate cause, it has its moral justification.
The trial began in the first week of June, following a preliminary

hearing in May. On 12 June, both men were sentenced to life
imprisonment for: "causing explosions of a nature likely to
endanger life, unlawfully and maliciously."Dutt had been
defended by Asaf Ali, while Singh defended himself Doubts
have been raised about the accuracy of testimony offered at
the trial. One key discrepancy concerns the automatic pistol
that Singh had been carrying when he was arrested. Some
witnesses said that he had fired two or three shots while the
police sergeant who arrested him testified that the gun was
pointed downward when he took it from him and that Singh
"was playing with it."According to the India Law Journal, which
Page 21
believes that the prosecution witnesses were coached, these

accounts were incorrect and Singh had turned over the pistol
himself. Singh was given a life sentence.
Capture:
In 1929, the HSRA had set up bomb factories in Lahore
and Saharanpur. On 15 April 1929, the Lahore bomb factory
was discovered by the police, leading to the arrest of other
members of HSRA, including Sukhdev, Kishori Lal, and Jai
Gopal. Not long after this, the Saharanpur factory was also
raided and some of the conspirators became informants. With
the new information available, the police were able to connect
the three strands of the Saunders murder, Assembly bombing,
and bomb manufacture.[44] Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, and 21
others were charged with the Saunders murder.
Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case:

Singh was re-arrested for murdering Saunders and Chanan
Singh based on substantial evidence against him, including
statements by his associates, Hans Raj Vohra and Jai
Gopal.[42] His life sentence in the Assembly Bomb case was
deferred until the Saunders case was decided.[43] He was sent
to Central Jail Mianwali from the Delhi jail.[40] There he
witnessed discrimination between European and Indian
prisoners. He considered himself, along with others, to be
a political prisoner. He noted that he had received an enhanced
diet at Delhi which was not being provided at Mianwali. He led
other Indian, self-identified political prisoners he felt were being
treated as common criminals in a hunger strike. They
demanded equality in food standards, clothing, toiletries, and
other hygienic necessities, as well as access to books and a
daily newspaper. They argued that they should not be forced to
do manual labour or any undignified work in the jail.
The hunger strike inspired a rise in public support for Singh and
his colleagues from around June 1929. The Tribune newspaper
Page 22
was particularly prominent in this movement and reported on

mass meetings in places such as Lahore and Amritsar. The
government had to apply Section 144 of the criminal code in an
attempt to limit gatherings.
Special Tribunal:
To speed up the slow trial, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, declared an
emergency on 1 May 1930 and introduced an ordinance to set
up a special tribunal composed of three high court judges for
the case. This decision cut short the normal process of justice
as the only appeal after the tribunal was to the Privy Council
located in England.
On 2 July 1930, a habeas corpus petition was filed in the High
Court challenging the ordinance on the grounds that it was ultra
vires and, therefore, illegal; the Viceroy had no powers to
shorten the customary process of determining justice.[42] The
petition argued that the Defence of India Act 1915 allowed the
Viceroy to introduce an ordinance, and set up such a tribunal,
only under conditions of a breakdown of law-and-order, which,
it was claimed in this case, had not occurred. However, the
petition was dismissed as being premature.
Carden-Noad presented the government's charges of
conducting robberies, and the illegal acquisition of arms and
ammunition among others.[42] The evidence of G. T. H.
Hamilton Harding, the Lahore superintendent of police,
shocked the court. He stated that he had filed the first
information report against the accused under specific orders
from the chief secretary to the governor of Punjab and that he
was unaware of the details of the case. The prosecution
depended mainly on the evidence of P. N. Ghosh, Hans Raj
Vohra, and Jai Gopal who had been Singh's associates in the
HSRA. On 10 July 1930, the tribunal decided to press charges
against only 15 of the 18 accused and allowed their petitions to
be taken up for hearing the next day. The trial ended on 30
September 1930.[42] The three accused, whose charges were
Page 23
withdrawn, included Dutt who had already been given a life

sentence in the Assembly bomb case.
DEATH:
Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death in the
Lahore conspiracy case and ordered to be hanged on 24
March 1931. The schedule was moved forward by 11 hours
and the three were hanged on 23 March 1931 at 7:30 pm in
the Lahore jail.
Page 24
Mahatma Gandhi
Early life and background:

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[14] was born on 2 October
1869[1] to a Hindu Modh Baniya family[15] in Porbandar (also
known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the Kathiawar
Peninsula and then part of the small princely
state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian
Empire. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822–
1885), served as the diwan (chief minister) of Porbandar state.
Although he only had an elementary education and had
previously been a clerk in the state administration, Karamchand
proved a capable chief minister.[17] During his tenure,
Karamchand married four times. His first two wives died young,
after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage
was childless. In 1857, Karamchand sought his third wife's
permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai (1844–
1891), who also came from Junagadh,[18] and was from
Page 25
a Pranami Vaishnava family.[19][20][21][22]Karamchand and

Putlibai had three children over the ensuing decade, a son,
Laxmidas (c. 1860 – March 1914), a daughter, Raliatbehn
(1862–1960) and another son, Karsandas (c. 1866–1913).
On 2 October 1869, Putlibai gave birth to her last child,

Mohandas, in a dark, windowless ground-floor room of the
Gandhi family residence in Porbandar city. As a child, Gandhi
was described by his sister Raliat as "restless as mercury,
either playing or roaming about. One of his favourite pastimes
was twisting dogs' ears."[25] The Indian classics, especially the
stories of Shravana and king Harishchandra, had a great
impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, he
admits that they left an indelible impression on his mind. He
writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to
myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification
with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic
characters.
The family's religious background was eclectic. Gandhi's father
Karamchand was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a
Pranami Vaishnava Hindu family.[28][29] Gandhi's father was of
Modh Baniya caste in the varna of Vaishya.[30] His mother came
from the medieval Krishna bhakti-based Pranami tradition,
whose religious texts include the Bhagavad Gita,
the Bhagavata Purana, and a collection of 14 texts with
teachings that the tradition believes to include the essence of
the Vedas, the Quran and the Bible.[29][31] Gandhi was deeply
influenced by his mother, an extremely pious lady who "would
not think of taking her meals without her daily prayers...she
would take the hardest vows and keep them without flinching.
To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her.
In 1874, Gandhi's father Karamchand left Porbandar for the
smaller state of Rajkot, where he became a counsellor to its
ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious
state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was
located there, which gave the state's diwan a measure of
Page 26
security.In 1876, Karamchand became diwan of Rajkot and

was succeeded as diwan of Porbandar by his brother Tulsidas.
His family then rejoined him in Rajkot.
At age 9, Gandhi entered the local school in Rajkot, near his
home. There he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the
Gujarati language and geography.[34] At age 11, he joined the
High School in Rajkot.[36] He was an average student, won
some prizes, but was a shy and tongue tied student, with no
interest in games; his only companions were books and school
lessons.
While at high school, Gandhi's elder brother introduced him to a
Muslim friend named Sheikh Mehtab. Mehtab was older in age,
taller and encouraged the strictly vegetarian boy to eat meat to
gain height. He also took Mohandas to a brothel one day,
though Mohandas "was struck blind and dumb in this den of
vice," rebuffed the prostitutes' advances and was promptly sent
out of the brothel. The experience caused Mohandas mental
anguish, and he abandoned the company of Mehtab.
In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-
year-old Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia (her first name was
usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in
an arranged marriage, according to the custom of the region at
that time.[39] In the process, he lost a year at school, but was
later allowed to make up by accelerating his studies.[40] His
wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were
also married. Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said,
"As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only
wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives."
However, as was prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was
to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her
husband.[41] Writing many years later, Mohandas described with
regret the lustful feelings he felt for his young bride, "even at
school I used to think of her, and the thought of nightfall and
our subsequent meeting was ever haunting me." He later
recalled feeling jealous and possessive of her, such as when
Page 27
she would visit a temple with her girlfriends, and being sexually
lustful in his feelings for her.
English barrister:
Gandhi came from a poor family, and he had dropped out of the
cheapest college he could afford.[46] Mavji Dave Joshiji,
a Brahmin priest and family friend, advised Gandhi and his
family that he should consider law studies in London.[47] In July
1888, his wife Kasturba gave birth to their first surviving son,
Harilal.[48] His mother was not comfortable about Gandhi
leaving his wife and family, and going so far from home.
Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew.
Gandhi wanted to go. To persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi
made a vow in front of his mother that he would abstain from
meat, alcohol and women. Gandhi's brother Laxmidas, who
was already a lawyer, cheered Gandhi's London studies plan
and offered to support him. Putlibai gave Gandhi her
permission and blessing.
In London, Gandhi studied law and jurisprudence and enrolled

at the Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister.
Page 28
His childhood shyness and self withdrawal had continued

through his teens, and he remained so when he arrived in
London, but he joined a public speaking practice group and
overcame this handicap to practise law.
Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914)
In April 1893, Gandhi aged 23, set sail for South Africa to be
the lawyer for Abdullah's cousin.He spent 21 years in South
Africa, where he developed his political views, ethics and
politics.
Immediately upon arriving in South Africa,
Gandhi faced discrimination because of his skin colour and
heritage, like all people of colour.[56] He was not allowed to sit
with European passengers in the stagecoach and told to sit on
the floor near the driver, then beaten when he refused;
elsewhere he was kicked into a gutter for daring to walk near a
house, in another instance thrown off a train
at Pietermaritzburg after refusing to leave the first-class.He sat
in the train station, shivering all night and pondering if he
should return to India or protest for his rights.[58] He chose to
protest and was allowed to board the train the next day.[59] In
another incident, the magistrate of a Durban court ordered
Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do.[60] Indians
were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa.
Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto
the street without warning.
Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947)

At the request of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, conveyed to him
by C. F. Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought
an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist,
theorist and community organiser.
Gandhi joined the Indian National Congress and was
introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people
Page 29
primarily by Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the

Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation,
and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took
Gokhale's liberal approach based on British Whiggish traditions
and transformed it to make it look Indian.
Gandhi took leadership of the Congress in 1920 and began
escalating demands until on 26 January 1930 the Indian
National Congress declared the independence of India. The
British did not recognise the declaration but negotiations
ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial
government in the late 1930s. Gandhi and the Congress
withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared
war on Germany in September 1939 without consultation.
Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate
independence in 1942 and the British responded by
imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders.
Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and
moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a
totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August 1947 the
British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each
achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved.
Khilafat movement:
In 1919, Gandhi then aged 49, after the World War I was over,
sought political co-operation from Muslims in his fight against
British imperialism by supporting the Ottoman Empire that had
been defeated in the World War. Before this initiative of
Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus
and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of
1917–18. Gandhi had already supported the British crown with
resources and by recruiting Indian soldiers to fight the war in
Europe on the British side. This effort of Gandhi was in part
motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help
with swaraj (self-government) to Indians after the end of World
War I.The British government, instead of self government, had
offered minor reforms instead, disappointing Gandhi.Gandhi
Page 30
announced his satyagraha (civil disobedience) intentions. The

British colonial officials made their counter move by passing
the Rowlatt Act, to block Gandhi's movement. The Act allowed
the British government to treat civil disobedience participants
as criminals and gave it the legal basis to arrest anyone for
"preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without judicial
review or any need for a trial".
Mahatma Gandhi – The Father of India (1869-1948)

Awards:
Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930.
Gandhi was also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of
the Century at the end of 1999. The Government of
India awarded the annual Gandhi Peace Prize to distinguished
social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson Mandela, the
leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial
discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian
recipient. In 2011, Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the
top 25 political icons of all time.
Page 31
CONCLUSION:
Conclusion On This
Project On My Point Of View Is That
All Youngster Of India Are Forget The
Our Real Hero And Become A Mad On
Reel Hero .
We Should Never Forget The Sacrifice
Of Those Martyrs.
JAI HIND JAI BHARAT
Freedom Fighters of India
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