MODUL Kalkulus Lanjut.1
MODUL Kalkulus Lanjut.1
KALKULUS LANJUT
OLEH :
1. Rizqi Tresnaningsih
2. Swasti Maharani
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odul Kalkulus Lanjut 1
A. INTEGRAL RNGKAP 2
Konsep integral tentu untuk fungsi satu peubah dapat kita perluas untuk fungsi banyak
peubah. Integral untuk fungsi banyak peubah dinamakan integral lipat atau integral rangkap.
Pada integral lipat satu, fungsi yang dipakai dibatasi, yaitu fungsi tersebut dibatasi pada
selang tertutup di R1. Untuk integral lipat dua dari fungsi dua peubah , pembatasannya adalah
fungsi tersebut terdefinisi pada suatu daerah tertutup di R 2. Berikut akan kita bahas tentang
c d
y
a
b
Rk
x (x k , y k )
Gambar 1.1
membuat garis-garis sejajar sumbu x dan y. Ini membagi R menjadi beberapa persegi panjang
kecil yang jumlahnya n buah, yang ditunjukkan dengan k = 1,2,...n. Tetapkan x k dan y k
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adalah panjang sisi-sisi Rk dan Ak = x k . y k adalah luas. Pada Rk ambil sebuah titik
n
misal (xk , y k ) dan bentuk penjumlahan Riemann f (x
k 1
k , y k )Ak .
Definisi :
Andai suatu fungsi dua peubah yang terdefinisi pada suatu persegi panjang tertutup R,
jika :
n
lim
IpI 0 f (x k , y k )Ak ada . maka f dapat diintegralkan pada R, lebih lanjut f ( x, y )dA
R
k 1
n
f ( x, y )dA
R
lim
= IpI 0 f (x k , y k )Ak
k 1
kf ( x, y )dA k f ( x, y )dA
R R
3. Sifat pembanding berlaku jika f(x,y) g(x,y) untuk semua (x,y) di R, maka :
f ( x, y )dA g ( x, y )dA
R R
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Perhitungan Integral Lipat dua
Jika f(x,y) =1 pada R, maka integral lipat dua merupakan luas R, maka integral lipat dua
merupakan luas R.
kf ( x, y )dA k f ( x, y )dA
R R
= k 1dA
R
= k.A(R)
Contoh Soal
1,0 x 3,0 y 1
f(x,y) = 2,0 x 3,1 y 2
3,0 x 3,2 y 3
hitung f ( x, y )dA
R
dengan R = { ( x, y) : 0 x 3,0 y 3}
jawab :
R1 = { ( x, y) : 0 x 3,0 y 1}
R2 = { ( x, y) : 0 x 3,1 y 2}
R3 = { ( x, y) : 0 x 3,2 y 3} , lalu gunakan sifat penjumlahan di integral lipat dua,
sehingga :
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= 1.A(R1) + 2. A(R2) + 3.A(R3)
= 18
64 8 x y 2
2. Hampiri f ( x, y )dA dengan f ( x, y ) ,
R 16
Penjumlahan Riemann yang diperoleh dengan membagi atas 8 bujur sangkar yang sama
dengan tiap-tiap pusat bujur sangkar sebagi titik. Titik-titik contoh yang diperlukan dan nilai-
17 41
( x1 , y1 ) = (1,1), f ( x1 , y1 ) = ( x5 , y 5 ) = (3,1), f ( x5 , y 5 ) =
16 16
65 49
( x 2 , y 2 ) = (1,3), f ( x2 , y2 ) = ( x6 , y 6 ) = (3,3), f ( x6 , y 6 ) =
16 16
81 65
( x3 , y 3 ) = (1,5), f ( x3 , y 3 ) = ( x7 , y 7 ) = (3,5), f ( x7 , y 7 ) =
16 16
105 89
( x 4 , y 4 ) = (1,7), f ( x4 , y 4 ) = ( x8 , y 8 ) = (3,7), f ( x8 , y 8 ) =
16 16
z
(0,8,8)
(0,0,4)
(4,8,6)
(4,0,2) 8 y
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odul Kalkulus Lanjut 5
(4,8)
x
8
f ( x, y )dA ≈ f ( x k , y k )Ak
R k 1
8
= 4 f ( x k , y k )
k 1
4(57 65 81 105 41 49 65 89
=
16
2
= 138
3
Integral Lipat
Jika f ( x, y ) 0 pada R sehingga dapat kita tafsirkan integral lipat dua sebagai volume dari
benda pejal dibawah permukaan gambar 1
V= f ( x, y )dA , R = { ( x, y) : a x b, c y d} .
R
a b
R Gb. 1
Gambar 1.2
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Iris :
Iris benda pejal itu menjadi kepingan-kepingan sejajar terhadap bidang xz (gb. 2a)
LA(y)
Gb. 2b
x
y Gb. 1.3 y
V= A( y )dy , untuk y tetap kita hitung A(y) dengan integral tunggal biasa :
c
b d b
A(y) =
a
f ( x, y ) dx , sehingga : V = [ f ( x, y )dx]dy …….. (2)
c a
d b b d
f ( x, y )dA
R
= [ f ( x, y )dx]dy begitu juga f ( x, y )dA = [
R
f ( x, y )dy ]dx
c a a c
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Perhitungan Integral Lipat
LATIHAN SOAL 1
Permasalahan :
Hitung :
3 2
a. [ (2 x 3 y )dx]dy
0 1
2 3
b. [ (2 x 3 y )dy ]dx
1 0
8 4
1
16 (64 8 x y
2
c. )dxdy
0 0
Jawab :
3 2
a. [ (2 x 3 y )dx]dy
0 1
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2 3
b. [ (2 x 3 y )dy ]dx
1 0
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8 4
1
16 (64 8 x y
2
c. )dxdy
0 0
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Perhitungan Volume
Contoh soal :
Hitung volume V dari benda pejal diatas yang dibatasi oleh z = 4 – x2 –y dan dibawah persegi
panjang R = { ( x, y) : 0 x 1,0 y 2}
Jawab :
(0,0,4)
z
(0,2,2)
(1,0,3)
(1,2,1)
y
2
1
(1,2)
x
Jawab :
V= f ( x, y )dA
R
2 1
= ( 4 x y ) dA =
2
(4 x y ) dxdy
2
R
0 0
2 2
1 1
= [[4 x x yx]0 ]dy = (4 3 y)dy
3 1
0
3 0
16
= satuan volum
3
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AYO DISKUSI KELOMPOK...
Permasalahan :
1. Andai R = { ( x, y) : 1 x 4,0 y 2} .
2 , 1 x 3, 0 y 2 , 3 x 4, 0 y 2
f ( x, y )
3 Hitung f ( x, y )dA !
R
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2. Andai R = {(x, y) : 0 x 2 , 0 y 2}
R1 {(x, y :) 0 x 2 , 0 y 1}
R2 {(x, y :) 0 x 2, 1 y 2 }
Jika f ( x, y )dA
R
= 3, g ( x, y )dA =5, g ( x, y )dA = 2, tentukan :
R R1
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a. [3 f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )]dA
R
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b. 2 g ( x, y )dA 3dA
R1 R1
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c. g ( x, y ) dA
R2
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3. Hitung :
4 2
a. ( x y ) dydx
2
1 1
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1
b. ( x sin y )dxdy
0 0
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4. Hitung volume benda pejal yang diberikan benda pejal dibawah bidang z = x+y+1
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KUIS
( x y 2 )dA jika R = {
( x, y) : 1 x 1,0 y 2} !
2
1. Hitung
R
2. Hitung volume benda pejal yang diberikan benda pejal dibawah bidang z = 2x + 3y atas
R={ ( x, y) : 1 x 2,0 y 4} !
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2. Integral Lipat Dua Atas Daearah Bukan Persegi Panjang
z = f(x,y)
S S
Gb.2 S
Gb.1
Gb.3
f(x,y)=0
Gambar 2.1
Himpunan S terrtutup dan terbatas di bidang (Gb.1) keliling S oleh suatu persegi
panjang R dan sisinya sejajar sumbu-sumbu koordinat (Gb.2). andai f(x,y) terdefinisi pada S
dan didefinisikan f(x,y)=0 pada bagian R diluar S (Gb.3), f dapat diintegralkan pada S jika
f ( x, y )dA
S
= f ( x, y )dA
R
Suatu himpunan S adalah y sederhana (gb.4) jika terdapat fungsi-fungsi kontinu 1 dan
S : {( x, y ) : 1 ( x) y 2 ( x ), a x b}
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y y=(x) y x= 1 ( y ) x= 2 ( y )
S S
y= (x) c
x
0 a x
b 0
S Atau y sederhana
y
y= 2 (x)
S
y= 1 (x) Gb.2.4
R
x
0
a x b
suatu himpunan S adalah x sederhana (gb.5) jika terdapat fungsi-fungsi kontinu 1 dan 2
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pada [c,d] sedemikian sehingga : S : {( x, y ) : 1 ( y ) x 2 ( y ), c y d } . Jika kita ingin
menghintung integral lipat dua dari suatu fungsi f(x,y) atau suatu himpunan S yang y
sederhana. Kita lingkungi S di dalam suatu persegi panjang R (gb.6) dan membuat f(x,y)=0 di
luar S, maka :
b d
f ( x, y )dA
S
= f ( x, y )dA = [ f ( x, y )dy ]dx
R
a c
b 2
b 2 ( x)
S
f ( x, y ) dA =
f ( x, y )dydx
a 1 ( x )
sepanjang garis tebal dari gambar 6. pengintegralan menghasilkan luas A(x) dari gambar
tersebut, akhirnya A(x) diintegralkan mulai dari a sampai b. Jika himpunan S adalah x
sederhana, maka
d 2 ( y )
S
f ( x, y ) dA =
f ( x, y )dxdy
c 1 ( y)
z
z=f(x,y)
A(x)
y
a
b
y= 1 (x) y= 2 (x) M
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odul Kalkulus Lanjut 17
Gb.2.5
LATIHAN 3
1. Hitung :
5 x2
a. (4 x 10 y )dydx
3 x
2
1 y
(2 ye
x
b. ) dxdy
0 0
Jawab :
5 x2
a. (4 x 10 y )dydx
3 x
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2
1 y
(2 ye
x
b. ) dxdy
0 0
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dxdy !
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3. Hitung isi benda yang dibatasi oleh tabung (silinder) x 2 y 2 a 2 , z = 0, dan bidang
z - y = 0!
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KUIS
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Kerjakan soal-soal berikut ini!
1. Hitung isi benda yang dibatasi oleh bidang z =0, permukaan z x 2 y 2 2 dan tabung
x2 y2 4 !
2. Hitung isi benda yang terjadi oleh pemotongan kedua silinder x 2 z 2 a 2 dan
y2 z2 a2 !
3.
2 3y
d. Luas daerah yang dibatasi kurva y 6 x x 2 dan y = x
a.
1 y
( x y )dxdy
e. Luas daerah yang dibatasi kurva y x 2 dan y = 2x +3
1 x
xy
2
b. dydx
0 x2
1 x2
xe
y
c. dydx
0 0
Jika z = f(x,y) menentukan suatu permukaan atas R dan andaikan f adalah kontinu dan
tak negatif, maka volume V dari benda pejal dibawah permukaan ini dan diatas R adalah
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V = f ( x, y ) dA ...... (1)
R
R={ ( r , ) : a r b, }
z=f(x,y)=F(r, )
r=b
R
y
r=a
Gb.2.7
x R
Gb.2.6
Sehingga :
f ( x, y )dA
R
= f (r cos , r sin )rdrd
R
Jika pada integral lipat dua diatas daerah bidang yang telah kita pelajari yang lalu kita
kutub ini, kita mengenal istilah istilah himpunan r sederhana dan himpunan sederhana.
r=
S
S
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odul
Kalkulus Lanjut 23=
r=
r=a r=b
Gb.2.9 Gb.2.10
Himpunan r sederhana Himpunan sederhana
LATIHAN 3
1. Hitung ydA dengan s adalah daerah di kuadran 1 yang berada di luar lingkaran r =2
s
Jawab
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2. Tentukan volume benda pejal di bawah permukaan z x 2 y 2 ,diatas bidang x,y dan
di dalam tabung x 2 y 2 2 y
Jawab
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3. Hitung luas daerah di luar lingkaran r = 2 dan di dalam kardioid r 2(1 cos )
Jawab
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4. Penerapan Integral 2
Penerapan integral dua selain untuk mencari volume benda pejal, penerapan lain yaitu
a. Massa
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Andai suatu lamina mencakup daerah s di bidang xy dan jika kerapatan (massa/ satuan
n
( x, y ) ARk dan massa total lamina secara hampiran m ( x k , y k ) A( Rk )
k 1
Massa (m) diperoleh dengan mengambil limit rumus diatas untuk norma partisi
n
lim ( x k , y k ) A( Rk )
P 0 k 1
m ( x, y )dA
s
b. Pusat Massa
n n
dan sumbu x. M y x k mk , M x y k mk . Koordinat ( x, y ) dari pusat massa:
k 1 k 1
My x ( x, y )dA Mx y ( x, y )dA
x s
dan y s
m ( x , y
s
) dA m ( x, y )dA
s
Pusat massa diatas jika lamina tersebut tak homogen (kerapatan tak sama), tapi jika
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xdA ydA
x s
dan y s
dA dA
s s
c. Momen Inersia
Definisi:
Momen inersia dari suatu partikel adalah hasil kali massa dan kuadrat jarak terpendek
dari partikel terhadap sumbu. Jika m adalah massa dan r adalah jarak, sehingga :
n
I m1 r1 m2 r2 ....mn rn mk rk
2 2 2 2
k 1
Suatu lamina tak homogen dengan kerapatan ( x, y ) yang mencakup suatu daerah s
dari bidang xy, lalu dipartisi seperti pada gambar 1, hampiri momen inersia tiap keping
Rk , ambil limit dan dbawa ke rumus diatas, sehingga momen inersia terhadap sumbu
n
I x lim mk y k y ( x, y )dA
2 2
P 0
k 1 s
n
I y lim m k y k x
2 2
( x, y )dA
P 0
k 1 s
Iz Ix Iy ( x y 2 ) ( x, y )dA
2
Cotoh soal:
Tentukan :
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a. Massa
b. Pusat massa
Jawab :
a. m ( x, y )dA
s
8 x2 / 3
= xydydx
0 0
8
1 2/3
= xy
2
0 dx
20
8
1
2 0
= x 7 / 3 dx
8
1 3 10 / 3 8
= x 0
2 0 10
LATIHAN 4
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1. Tentukan letak titik berat ( x, y ) dari bidang datar yang dibatasi oleh parabola y 2 x
Jawab
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2. Hitung momen inersia terhadap sumbu koordinat dan titik O, dari bidang datar yang
adalah k = x + y!
Jawab
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3. Hitung momen inersia Ix, Iy, Iz dari bidang datar yang terletak pada kuadran I dalam
Jawab
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B. INTEGRAL RANGKAP 3
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y
(x k , y k , z k )
∆z
x ∆x
Gb. 3.1 Bk
∆y
Perhatikan suatu fungsi f tiga peubah yang didefinisikan atas suatu daerah berbentuk
balok B dengan sisi-sisi sejajar sumbu-sumbu koordinat. Bentuk suatu partisi P dari B dengan
balok-balok bagian, yaitu: B1 , B2, ...., Bk ,...., Bn . Pada Bk , ambil satu titik contoh
f (x
k 1
k , y k , z k ) Vk
Jika limitnya ada, seperti halnya pada integral lipat dua. Pengertian integral lipat tiga
mempunyai urutan pengintegralan serupa seperti pada integral lipat dua. Sehingga integral
f ( x, y, z )dV
B
, misalnya kita tuliskan f ( x, y, z )dxdydz , yang mempunyai arti:
B
konstanta
Begitu juga jika pengintegralannya ditulis dalam bentuk yang lain ururtan pengintegralannya
menyesuaikan.
Sebagaimana pada integral lipat dua, jika f adalah fungsi pada daerah tertutup maka untuk
menghitung integral tentu digunakan integral berulang dua kali, demikian pula untuk
menghitung integral lipat tiga, digunakan tiga kali, asalkan f kontinu. Sehingga bila B balok
e
c d y
b
x Gb. 3.2
benda B adalah:
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bdf
( xf ,y,z)dV ({ ( , ,zyxf dz dy})) dx }
B ace
Merupakan bentuk perhitungan integral lipat tiga.
Andai f(x,y,z) terdefinisi pada S dan f(x,y,z) bernilai nol, bila diluar S. Andai S himpunan z
sederhana dan S xy adalah proyeksi permukaan benda S pada bidang xy, untuk lebih jelasnya
Sxy
Gb. 3.3
x
y
Sxy
Gb. 3.4
x
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Bila f kontinu dan terintegral pada benda pejal S, maka diperoleh:
z2 ( x , y )
Dimana Sxy adalah proyeksi permukaan benda S pada bidang xy. Selanjutnya jika Sxy
daerah pada bidang xy yang berbentuk y sederhana, seperti pada gambar 3.4 . yang dibatai
z2 ( x , y )
diperoleh:
S
f ( x, y, z ) dV [
S xy
f ( x, y, z )dz ]dA
z1 ( x , y )
b y2 ( x ) z2 ( x , y )
= [
a y1 ( x )
( f ( x, y, z )dz )dy ]dx
z1 ( x , y )
Dari rumus di atas perlu diperhatikan bahwa batasan integrasi harus sesuai dengan urutan-
urutan pengintegralannya.
LATIHAN 4
2 x x y
1. Hitung yzdzdydx
0 0 y
Jawab
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1 x xy
x
3
2. Hitung y 2 zdzdydx
0 0 0
Jawab
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AYO DISKUSI KELOMPOK...
x
2
1. Hitung yz 3 dV , bila B {( x, y, z ) : 1 x 2,2 y 3,0 z 2} , bila diambil
B
pendekatan dV=dx dy dz !
Jawab
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2. Hitung f ( x, y, z )dV , jika f(x,y,z) = xz . S adalah benda pejal yang dibatasi silinder
S
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odul Kalkulus Lanjut 37
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3. Hitung volume benda pejal dibawah bidang y + z = 4 dan dibatasi silinder paraboloid
y x 2 , y 2 x 2 , bidang-bidang x = 0 dan z = 0 !
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KUIS
odul Kalkulus Lanjut 38
Kerjakan soal-soal berikut ini!
+ y = 2, z = 0, x = 0 !
x2 y2 4 !
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odul Kalkulus Lanjut 39
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odul Kalkulus Lanjut 40