Sanitary Design Report

Table of contents

1.0 BASIC DATA................................................................................................1

1.1 LOCATION......................................................................................................1
1.2 SITE CONDITION............................................................................................1
1.3 DESIGN DATA.................................................................................................1
1.3.1 Population..............................................................................................1
1.3.2 Water Demand.......................................................................................2
1.3.3 Waste Water Production.........................................................................2
1.3.4 Plumbing System....................................................................................2
1.3.5 Availability of Pipe Materials................................................................2
1.3.6 Waste Treatment and Disposal System..................................................2
2.0 THE DESIGN...............................................................................................3
2.1 WATER SUPPLY..............................................................................................3
2.1.1 Source....................................................................................................3
2.1.2 Storage...................................................................................................3
2.1.3 Distribution............................................................................................3
2.2 WASTE WATER COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM..............................8
2.2.1 Source....................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Sewer Line..............................................................................................8
2.2.3 Vents.......................................................................................................8
2.2.4 Disposal.................................................................................................9
2.3 STORM WATER COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL...........................................10
2.3.1 Source..................................................................................................10
2.3.2 Drainage Lines.....................................................................................11
2.3.3 Disposal................................................................................................12

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1.0 BASIC DATA

2.1 Location

Location of the caption project is in Addis Ababa. It is a standard drawing. The

construction area shall be higher class of the city, expected to have adequate water
supply system and sewerage or Waste disposal system which this sanitary design
could have taken benefit from in cross-connecting the sanitary systems.

2.2 Site Condition

The project site condition shall depend on the nature of the selected site, but as a
standard it is taken as flat.

2.3 Design Data

3.2 Population

The population of the caption project can be categorized into two major
groups. The Residence, and Shops & building management staffs are of the
second group categorized as "office". The project contains forty eight houses
of which 8 one bed room type, 22 two bed room type and the rest 18 of
three bed room type, & 8 shops & 1 Supper market at ground floor. Take 10
staff members.

Table 1: Estimated Population of the Project

Ser Number of
No Group Members\Seats

1 Residence 48x5=240

2 Office 14 x2=28

3.3 Water Demand

The daily water demand calculation of such building is based on the

population number served. The domestic Water demand of the project has
been established on the basis of 100lits/capita/day for Residential part and
25lits/capita/day for Office.

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 Table 2: Water Consumption per Day

Rate of
Ser No of water Total
. Group Member demand, Demand, l/d
No s lpcd

1 Residence 240 100 24,000

2 Office 24 25 600

Total -------------- 24,600l/d; or 25 m3/days

3.4 Waste Water Production

The quantity of liquid waste produced is estimated on basis of type of

SANITARY FIXTURES and their safety and economical simultaneity factors.

3.5 Plumbing System

Standard and common engineering practices have been used in determining

the plumbing system, including ease of installation and accessibility for
maintenance purposes.

3.6 Availability of Pipe Materials

The available piping materials in the local market are galvanized steel, HDPE
compression pipe, UPVC, the Hydro system (PP-R) pipes which, including
their fittings, are of imported quality. PVC (polyvinyl chloride), UPVC and
concrete pipes are the major available materials for sewerage. The design
therefore envisages the use of GS pipes for internal conveying of water
supply (since already installed), and HDPE for the external water distribution
system. For internal and external sewerage systems, UPVC drainage pipes
are recommended; and also concrete pipes for small size crossings in the
storm water drainage system.

3.7 Waste Treatment and Disposal System

Waste water collection pipe system from all facilities will be connected to the
municipal sewer line, which is expected in the nearby proximity of the caption
project.

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2.0 THE DESIGN

2.4 Water Supply

4.2 Source

As it is assumed that Municipal potable water supply is dependable, there was

no need for locating or investigating for an independent source.

4.3 Storage

As a safeguard against interruption and resolution for any fluctuation of water

supply, the project is provided with a water reservoir adequate enough to
meet the water requirement, at least, for twenty-four hours including that of
fire-fighting. A ground reservoir and elevated water tanks over roof systems,
together with boosting pump units facilitate the gravity distribution of water to
sanitary units in all floors; except the fire-fighting system, which has a
separate direct pumping system. The ground reservoir capacity designed to
accommodate both the daily Domestic Demand and the water Demand to the
Fire Fighting; the daily demand of 25m3/day including the reserve for
expected fire-fighting, 28.8m3, is 55.8m3, which can be taken 60m3.

4.4 Distribution

The water requirement/water demand of the building was calculated by

assigning specific load values from Codes of Standard (EBCS-9) to all fixtures
in order to achieve economy in selecting pipe sizes and to ensure adequate
supply to all fixtures at all times.

A. PIPE SIZING:

A1. DISTRIBUTION PIPES: sizes of pipes are determined from

Monograms, charts and/or tables based on fixture loading units and
Hazen Williams's formula, namely V= 0.85cR 0.63 S 0.54

This was performed on basis of load values of sanitary appliances under

consideration and was taken from standards.

The determination and selection of each pipe section is based on the water
flow in each pipe section, as directed from the water flow required at each
fixture draw-off points.

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 Table 3: Flow Required for Various Fixtures at Draw-off Points

Discharge at draw-off
Fixture Type Points (q) in l/s
Hand wash basin (HWB) 0.125
Urinal (U) 0.125
Water closet (WC) 0.125
Kitchen Sink(Ks) 0.250
Shower unit (Sh) 0.250

The above water flow from each fixture is used to calculate the design flow, or
the total simultaneous demand in each pipe section by taking into account
simultaneity coefficient.

Qd =kxq
Where:
Qd = Design Flow (l/s)
k = 1/(n-1) 0.5 = probable simultaneity coefficient
n = number of fixture (n> 2)
q = discharge at draw-off points (l/s)

The flow velocity range was also considered where a minimum of 0.6 m/s and
maximum of 2.0 m/s was used for convenience of the water flow that would
show that there will be no excessive friction loss, no noise disturbance and no
stagnation of flow occur.

A sample pipe sizing calculation for W3 riser diagram, is shown in tabular form
in Table 4 and the schematic diagram is presented in the following page.

In Table 4: V = velocity of flow (m/s)

A = area of pipe size (m2)
I = unit head loss (m/m)
L = pipe length (m)
HI = IxL (m)
hf = total head loss (m)

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 Table 4: Pipe Sizing W4 (Dormitory Block)
Section n q (l/s) k Q(l/s) d(mm) A(m2) V(m/s) I(m/m) L(m) Hl(m)
a 1 0.125 1 0.125 15 0.000177 0.706 0.017 1.0 0.017
b 2 0.25 1 0.25 15 0.000177 1.412 0.0407 0.75 0.0305
c 3 0.50 0.707 0.35 15 0.000177 1.977 0.1098 2.2 0.8756
d 1 0.25 1 0.25 15 0.000177 1.412 0.0407 0.9 0.037
e 4 0.75 0.577 0.433 20 0.000314 1.379 0.0294 2.4 0.01176
hf 0.972

The same procedure, as shown above, have been adopted for each main supply
pipe, and the sizes of all branch pipes are similarly determined and shown on floor
plans and riser diagrams.
Water Supply Pipe Line
Schematically Diagram

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A2. Rising Main Pipes: These are pipes feeding the elevated water tank,
where their sizes were determined from the volume of the elevated
water tank in respect to pumping period to fill it.

B. Sizes of Roof Mounted Water Tank

Roof water tank provision is selective, based on the fact that any cut-off in the
main distribution system may interrupt, or seriously affect, the proper
functions of the buildings.

Roof water tank sizes are determined from the daily water requirement for
sanitary units located in the part of the building under consideration or the
population being served, seats, beds or other furniture provisions, whichever
fit to the building type. In this case the caption building is sub-divided in to two
major parts, the part below 9th floor inclusive is the first and the part above 10 th
floor inclusive is the second part.

Roof mounted water tank capacity calculation for each part :

Volume = 30% daily demand

= 18,000lit. ≈ 20m³

Therefore, provide four water tanks each with volume of 5m³.

C. Pumping

The pumping station (pump house) will be at the third basement of the
building, as shown on the drawings provided. Two pairs of pumps are
allocated for Domestic purposes, each pair containing one for daily operation
and the other as a stand-by pump. That of fire fighting system is allocated
separately as described below.

C1. Domestic pump: Two pairs of pumps are allocated for Domestic
purposes, one for lower part, to lift water from ground reservoir to the elevated
water tank at the second SERVICE FLOOR, and the other that of the upper
part, to lift water from ground reservoir to the elevated water tank at the roof
level of the building.

The pump characteristics was determined from the basic data such as the
volume of the elevated water tank, the time allocated to fill it, and the
elevation to where water has to be pumped along with the head loss in the
riser pipe.

Analysis:

 Volume of elevated reservoir, (V) =20m3

 Pumping hours to fill it, (T) = 1hrs = 7200 sec.
 Pipe size, Ø63mm.

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  Height of reservoir feeder pipe, (H) =54m
 Discharge capacity, (Q) =V/T = 20x103 liter/7200 sec. =2.8l/s
 Q = 3.0l/s
 Head loss (hf) of the rising main including that of fitting is taken from
charts entering discharge (Q) with respect to diameter of riser pipe =
26m
 Effective pump head (He) = H+hf =54m+26m
 He = 80m
 Efficiency of pump (Ŋ) = 70%
 Power of pump, (P) = (Q x He)/(102x Ŋ) =(3x80)/(102x0.7) =3.36Kw
 Pump characteristics:
o Q = 3l/s
o H = 80m
o P = 4kw

C2. Pump For Fire Fighting:

This pair of pumps is also installed in the same block as shown in the detail
plan provided. The main purpose is to boost water through fire hydrants
during breakout of fire or for any other purposeful operation.

I. The discharge capacity of the pump will be:

 One fire-fighting equipment =2l/s

 Two fire-fighting equipment with pump's discharge capacity
= 2.0x2= 4.0l/s
 Q = 4l/s

II. The total head at which the pump will be operational is:
 Static head (Hs) = 47m (the most extreme hydrant point, within the
system, which is the fire hydrant point at 12th floor.
 Head loss due to friction pipe (hf) = 28m
 Head loss due to fittings, (ht) = 0.30 x hf =0.2x35 =8.40m)
 Pressure required at fire fighting NOZZLES (Hn) shall be = 10m
 H = Hs+hf+ht+Hn = 47+28+8.40+10
 H = 93.40m ≈ 94m

III. Power required for pump (P):

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  Gravitational acceleration (g) = 9.81m/s2
 Efficiency of pump (Ŋ) = 70%
 P = (g x Q x H)/ Ŋ = (9.81x4x94)/0.70 =5269.37watt
 P = 5.5kw

2.5 Waste Water Collection and Disposal System

5.2 Source

The main sources of wastewater are the bathing, toilet, laundry, kitchen and
other sanitary facilities within and outside the block. The rate of wastewater
production is established on the basis of standard engineering practices.

5.3 Sewer Line

The appropriate sewer pipe material and size have been selected and the
sewer lines have been arranged in such a way that the installation and
maintenance that would involve none or minimum demolishing works and
accessibility for inspection.

 Branches from fixtures: waste water running from individual or group of

fixtures to the vertical stack is collected by PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
pipes.

 Pipe size is determined based on fixture type, size of outlet and nature
and quantity of waste flow, as well as using Nomograms and tables
which are prepared using manning formula.

 The external sewer lines are of UPVC pipes of suitable size and quality,
with manholes at every change of direction or invert elevation,
branching/joining points, before and after road crossings, and at 40 m to
50m interval in straight run.

5.4 Vents

Since waste water flow during the flushing a fixture, or group of them, tends to
loosen the water seal of fixtures at upstream and create an access to the foul
gases in the rooms, vent pipes are provided to lead foul gases in sewage
drainage system to the external of the building, thereby maintaining
atmospheric pressure in the system that is reducing air turbulence.

A stack vent, which is an extension part of the vertical stack collecting soil and
waste water products down to the ground floor, is extended up through the
roofing system to the exterior of the building and terminates with a vent cap,
mostly at 30cm above the roof terminal.

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5.5 Disposal

Waste water collection pipe system from all facilities will be connected to the
municipal sewer line, which is expected in the nearby proximity of the caption
project.

2.6 Storm Water Collection and Disposal

6.2 Source

The main sources of storm water are the roofs of the blocks, parking areas
access roads and other pavements, and greeneries. The run off quantity is
determined using the Rational formula,

Q = CIAc
Where,
Ac = is the catchment area under consideration
I = is rainfall intensity (mm/hr)
C = Rational coefficient related to surface conditions.

N.B ''I'' is taken to be 75mm/hr for roof runoff and 50mm/hr for site work
analysis. The data is adopted from a study document entitled
"ACTION PLAN FOR FLOOD CONTROL and DRAINAGE OF
BAHIRDAR TOWN May 2002” prepared by Metaferia Consulting
Engineers PLC.

6.3 Drainage Lines

Pipes, ditches, outfall systems and road crossing systems are selected taking
into account ease of flow, provision of adequate gradients to develop silt
dragging velocity.

Sizing Gutters and Down Pipes: All gutters were constructed from concrete
which would be treated with Xypex, upon which would be laid a mortar mixed
with poly cap water proofing; the down pipes will be PVC of approved quality.
The size of gutters and down pipes are determined and checked against the
formula adopted from Building Research Establishment Digest 189, Part 2.

Q = [A03 /B x 10-4 (l/s)]

H0 = A0 , Hd =2H0 + Free board (taking into account force flow)
B

Where

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 Q = roof run off = CIAe (l/s)
3600N
C = Rational coefficient (C=1 for impervious surfaces)
N = Number of assumed down pipes.
Ao = x - Sectional area of flow at out let
B = Gutter width
Ho = depth of flow at outlet
Hd = Designed gutter depth

Block and parking side ditches are of U shaped RC channels with metal or
concrete grill covers at entrances and shoulder walls, wherever required due
to slope provision. Lines crossing pavements and roads are of small-sized
box culverts. And concrete grilles will be provided at specific points to drain
large paved areas. Road sides and the outfall ditches will be U shaped RC
channel per the design details.

The sizes of the channels are determined using manings formula.

Q = A 1/n R 2/3 S 1/2 ; R= A/P

Where:
Q = design flow (m3)
A = X-sectional area of pipe or duct
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = channel bed slope (%)
n = manning coefficient
P = wetted perimeter (m)

NB:
n = 0.013 for concrete pipes

6.4 Disposal

As described in 1.2 the project site, being strategic spot for Municipal sanitary
infrastructures, the storm water drainage system will be connected to the
municipal storm sewer there to.

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Bibliography

1. Ethiopian Building Code of Standard (EBCS 9)

2. Technical Briefs on Health, Water and Sanitation by John Picck Ford.

Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991.

3. Water Supply and Sewerage, E.W. Steel and Tenenced Mc Ghee, Mc

Grew Hill, 1997

4. Civil Engineering Hand Book, Leonard Church Urguhart, 4 th edition

Mc Grew Hill, Book Company

5. Standard Hand Book of Civil Engineering.

6. Gurcharan Singh, Standard Publishers Distributers.

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