Standards PDF

Wireless Cellular Networks:
1G and 2G
Raj Jain
Professor of Computer Science and Engineering
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
Audio/Video recordings of this lecture are available at:
http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse574-10/
Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain
15-1
Overview
Cellular Architecture
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
Wireless Cellular Generations
GSM
CdmaOne

15-2
Cellular Frequency Reuse
Cluster Size =4 Cluster Size =7
Cluster Size =19

15-3
Characterizing Frequency Reuse
D = minimum distance between centers of cells that use the same band of
frequencies (called co-channels)
R = radius of a cell
d = distance between centers of adjacent cells (d = R√3)
N = number of cells in repetitious pattern (Cluster) R
¾ Reuse factor d
¾ Each cell in pattern uses unique band of frequencies D
Hexagonal cell pattern, following values of N possible
¾ N = I2 + J2 + (I x J), I, J = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Possible values of N are 1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16, 19, 21, …
D/R= 3N
D/d = N
Ref: Derivation in Section 3.2 of Murthy and Manoj

15-4
Frequency Reuse Example
What would be the minimum distance between the
centers of two cells with the same band of frequencies
if cell radius is 1 km and the reuse factor is 12?
D/R = √3N
D = (3×12)1/2 × 1 km
= 6 km

15-5
Cellular Architecture
Base Home Visitor

Station Location Location
Base Register Register
Controller
Transceiver
Station
Subscriber Base Mobile services
Station Switching PSTN
Identity
Module Controller Center
Mobile Base
Equipment Equipment Authenti-
Transceiver
Identity cation
Station
Register Center
Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem

15-6
Cellular Architecture (Cont)
Base station controller (BSC) and Base transceiver
station (BTS)
One BTS per cell.
One BSC can control multiple BTS.
¾ Allocates radio channels among BTSs.
¾ Manages call handoffs between BTSs.
¾ Controls handset power levels
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN

and switches calls between BSCs. Provides mobile
registration, location, authentication. Contains
Equipment Identity Register.

15-7
Cellular Architecture (Cont)
Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location
Register (VLR) provide call routing and roaming
VLR+HLR+MSC functions are generally in one
equipment
Equipment Identity Register (EIR) contains a list of
all valid mobiles.
Authentication Center (AuC) stores the secret keys of
all SIM cards.
Each handset has a International Mobile Equipment
Identity (IMEI) number.
15-8
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
First generation analog system for North America
Two 25-MHz bands are allocated to AMPS
¾ Forward (Down): BS to mobile unit (869–894 MHz)
¾ Reverse (Up): Mobile to base station (824–849 MHz)
In each market two operators are accommodated
Each operator is allocated only 12.5 MHz in each direction
Channels spaced 30 kHz apart ⇒ 416 channels per operator
21 Control/paging/access, and 395 traffic channels
Each call uses two traffic channels
Forward = Reverse + 45 MHz
Control channels are 10 kbps digital channels
Traffic channels are analog using frequency modulation

15-9
Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
Allows data to use idle cellular channels
Data hops from one channel to next as the channels become
busy or idle
Quickly hops-off a channel grabbed by cellular system.
In practice, dedicated channels.
Voice Call Data packets

Idle Channel
15-10
Wireless Generations
1G: Analog Cellular Phones. Needs a modem. 9.6 kbps max.
2G: Digital Cellular Phones. No modem required. 19.3 kbps
max. GSM, CDMA => Clear voice, Encryption
2.5G: GPRS. 144kbps. Data only.
3G: Future high-speed data with Voice. 64 kbps to 2 Mbps
4G: IP based
1G:Analog 2G:Digital
Voice Voice + Low Speed Data
FDMA TDMA CDMA
AMPS TACS IS-54 D-AMPS GSM IS-95

(U.S.) (Europe) IS-136 US TDMA DCS1800
IS-54 has analog control channel for compatibility DCS1900
with AMPS. Did not succeed.
Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s
NA GSM ©2010 Raj Jain
15-11
Wireless Generations (Cont)
Acronyms:
¾ Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
¾ Total Access Communication System (TACS)
¾ Interim Standard (IS) from Electronic Industry Association

(EIA)/Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
¾ Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS)
¾ Global system for mobile communication (GSM)
¾ Digital Communication Network (DCN)
¾ North America (NA)
¾ Frequency/Time/Code division multiple access

(FDMA/TDMA/CDMA)

15-12
PCS
Personal Communication Service (PCS)
Personal = User specific (vs location specific)
⇒ Phone # for user regardless of his/her location
FCC spectrum for PCS requires digital service
PCS = Digital Cellular = IS-136, GSM, or CDMA
PCS Spectrum:
Unlic.
A D B E F C A D B E F C
PCS
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 MHz
Blocks A, B are for major trading areas.
Blocks C, D, E, F are for basic trading areas.
Unlicensed PCS is nationwide.
15-13
CdmaOne
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
CdmaOne = 2G (IS-95a), CdmaTwo = IS-95b,
CDMA2000 = 3G
Each user uses the entire spectrum. 22-40 calls per carrier.
Different spreading code for each user.
Neighboring cells can use the same frequency spectrum (but
different codes).
Precise power control is critical.
Can serve more users than TDMA or GSM
Data users limited to 4.8 and 14.4 kbps
CdmaTwo extension offers up to 115.2 kbps
Verizon, Sprint networks are CdmaOne networks

15-14
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
1982: Started as "Groupe Special Mobile" by
Conference of European Posts and Telecom (CEPT)
Good speech quality, ISDN compatibility, and fraud
secure.
Specs completed in 1990, Service began in 1992.
900 MHz operation in Europe.
UK allocated 1800 MHz and adapted GSM standard
as "DCS 1800"
DCS 1800 also used in Russia and Germany.

15-15
GSM (Cont)
FCC allocated 1900 MHz for PCS. Many carriers
adapted GSM standard as "DCS 1900" or "North
American GSM"
VoiceStream, Powertel, and Bellsouth Mobility use
NA GSM.
280 GSM networks in 100 countries worldwide.

15-16
GSM Radio Link
Slow Associated
Control
Traffic Channel (SACCH)Traffic
Channels Channels Unused
0 1 2 10 11 12 13 14 23 24 25 Multiframe
120 ms
Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst TDMA

Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Period Frame
120/26 ms
Tail Data Stealing Training Stealing Data Tail Guard Burst
Bits Bits Bits Sequence Bits Bits Bits Bits 15/26 ms
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25 bits
15-17
GSM Radio Link (Cont)
890-915 MHz uplink, 935-960 MHz downlink
25 MHz ⇒ 124 × 200kHz Channels
Each channel is TDMA with burst (slot) period of 15/26 ms.
Eight burst periods = TDMA frame of 120/26 ms.
One channel = one burst period per TDMA frame.
26 TDMA frames ⇒ one Multiframe
24 are used for traffic, 1 for control, and 1 is unused.
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
If SACCH does not have sufficient capacity, Fast Associated
Control Channel (FACCH) is used by stealing ½ of some bursts.
Stealing bits identify whether the 1/2-slot carries data or control
200 kHz = 270.8 kbps/8 slots ⇒ 34 kbps/slot
15/26 ms/slot ⇒ 270.8*15/26 = 156.25 bits/slot
⇒ 9.6 kbps/user after encryption and FEC overhead
Full rate vocoders ⇒ Voice is sampled at 64 kbps compressed to
16 kbps.
15-18
GSM Specs
Subscriber Identify Module (SIM) contains a micro-controller
and storage. Contains authentication, encryption, and
accounting info.
Owners need 4-digit PIN.
SIM cards can contain additional info such as emergency
medical info.
Mobile Assisted Handoff: Mobile sends identities of six
candidate base stations for handoff. MSC selects.
Short Message Service (SMS)
¾ Up to 160 characters
¾ Sent over control channel
¾ Unicast or broadcast

15-19
Cellular System Capacity Example
A particular cellular system has the following characteristics: cluster size
=7, uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq km, allocated frequency
spectrum = 900-949 MHz, bit rate required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10
kbps downlink, and modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.
A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
3. What is the cell area?
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?
B. If the available spectrum is divided in to 35 channels and TDMA is
employed within each channel:
1. What is the bandwidth and data rate per channel?
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to support the
required number of users?
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in the frame?
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?

15-20
Cellular System Capacity (Cont)
A particular cellular system has the following characteristics:
cluster size =7, uniform cell size, user density=100 users/sq
km, allocated frequency spectrum = 900-949 MHz, bit rate
required per user = 10 kbps uplink and 10 kbps downlink, and
modulation code rate = 1 bps/Hz.
A. Using FDMA/FDD:
1. How much bandwidth is available per cell using FDD?
49 MHz/7 = 7 MHz/cell
FDD ⇒ 3.5 MHz/uplink or downlink
2. How many users per cell can be supported using FDMA?
10 kbps/user = 10 kHz ⇒ 350 users per cell
3. What is the cell area?
100 users/sq km ⇒ 3.5 Sq km/cell
4. What is the cell radius assuming circular cells?
πr2 = 3.5 ⇒ r = 1.056 km
15-21
Cellular System Capacity (Cont)
B. If the available spectrum is divided in to 35 channels and
TDMA is employed within each channel:
1. What is the bandwidth and data rate per channel?
3.5 MHz/35 = 100 kHz/Channel = 100 kbps
2. How many time slots are needed in a TDMA frame to
support the required number of users?
10 kbps/user ⇒ 10 users/channel
3. If the TDMA frame is 10ms, how long is each user slot in
the frame?
10 ms/10 = 1ms
4. How many bits are transmitted in each time slot?
1 ms x 100 kbps = 100 b/slot

15-22
Summary
1. Geometry of cells and frequency reuse

2. Generations: 1G (Analog), 2G (digital), 3G (Data)
3. AMPS is 1G cellular technology using FDMA
4. IS-95 is 2G cellular technology using CDMA
5. GSM is 2G cellular technology using TDMA
15-23
Reading Assignment
Read sections 3.1 to 3.5 from Murthy and Manoj or
read chapter 14 of Stallings Data and Computer
Communications, 8th edition (Both books are in 2 hour
reserve section of the WUSTL library).
“GSM Mobile Services,”
http://www.geocities.com/gsmmobilereport/index.htm

15-24
Wikipedia Articles 1G and 2G
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_site
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_frequencies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network#Frequency_reus
e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_Mobile_Radio
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_sta
ndards
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_wireless_data_sta
ndards
15-25
Wikipedia Articles 1G and 2G (Cont)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telecommunications
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Communications_Servic
e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1G
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_Service
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_Sy
stem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IS-95
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDMA2000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_digital_packet_data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_AMPS
15-26
Wikipedia Articles 1G and 2G (Cont)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_bands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_services
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_transceiver_station
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switching_subsystem
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Subscriber_I
dentity
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_Identity_Module

15-27
List of Acronyms
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
BS Base Station
BSC Base station controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data
CEPT Conference of European Posts and Telecom
COW Cells on Wheels
DCS Digital Cellular Service
EIR Equipment Identity Register
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FDD Frequency Division Duplexing
FEC Forward Error Correction
GSM Global system for mobile communication
HLR Home Location Register
15-28
List of Acronyms (Cont)
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
IP Internet Protocol
IS Interim Standard
MHz Mega Hertz
MSC Mobile Switching Center
MTSO Mobile Telephone Switching Office
NA North America
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
PCS Personal Communication Service
PIN Personal identification number
SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel
SMR Specialized Mobile Radio
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

15-29

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Wireless Cellular Networks:

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Cluster Size =4 Cluster Size =7

Cluster Size =19

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Ref: Derivation in Section 3.2 of Murthy and Manoj

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Base Home Visitor

Mobile Station Base Station Subsystem Network Subsystem

¾ Manages call handoffs between BTSs.

¾ Controls handset power levels

 Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Voice Call Data packets

AMPS TACS IS-54 D-AMPS GSM IS-95

¾ Total Access Communication System (TACS)

¾ Interim Standard (IS) from Electronic Industry Association

¾ Global system for mobile communication (GSM)

¾ Digital Communication Network (DCN)

¾ North America (NA)

¾ Frequency/Time/Code division multiple access

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst Burst TDMA

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

1. Geometry of cells and frequency reuse

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

Washington University in St. Louis CSE574s ©2010 Raj Jain

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Mobile Switching Center (MSC) connects to PSTN