Settlement of Shallow Foundations

Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Reading Assignment
○ Ch. 9 Lecture Notes
○ Ch. 8 and 9 (Salgado)

Other Materials

Homework Assignment 8
○ Problems 9-5, 9-6, 9-8 (use Schmertmann's method), 9-16 (b) (use
Myerhof's method)

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 1

Introduction to Shallow Foundations
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 2

Loadings to Shallow Foundations
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Square footing

(Note that any horizontal loading to the footing that is not

through the center of the footing causes an overturning
moment.)

Rectangular footing

(Note that the moment is shown in this

figure. The overturning moment causes
eccentricity in the loading configuration that
effects the resultant load and the pressure
distribution that develops along the base of
the footing.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 3

Loadings to Shallow Foundations (cont.)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Strip footing

Strip footing with columns

and strip footing with
continuous wall panel

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 4

Construction of Footings
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Excavation and
compaction of
bearing level for
foundation.

Note that the

footing is placed
below the surface
at a depth below
frost penetration.

Reinforcement for
footing.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 5

Construction of Footings (cont.)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Forming of
footings

Forming of
footings

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 6

Construction of Footings (cont.)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Pouring of
concrete

Finished footing
with anchor
bolts

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 7

Construction of Footings (cont.)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Attaching steel
columns to
anchor bolts

Tightening of
nuts on
anchor bolts

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 8

Proximity to Buried Utilities and Other Foundations
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 9

Comparison of Settlement of Sands and Clays
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Note that this lecture deals with calculating the immediate settlement.

For calculating the consolidation settlement, see methods described in CVEEN

3310 or Salgado p. 389.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 10

Pressure Distribution Under Footing Versus Depth
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 11

Contact Pressure at Base of Footing
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Influence of soil type on contact pressure (assumption of rigid footing)

Sand has inverted parabolic shape Clay has parabolic shape

Influence of footing flexibility on contact pressure (non-rigid footing)

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 12

Contact Pressure (cont.)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

http://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2008/12/contact-pressure-distribution_24.html

http://civil-engg-world.blogspot.com/2008/12/contact-pressure-distribution_24.html

The fact that the contact pressure changes as a function of footing flexibility is
called soil-structure interaction.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 13

Contact Pressure - Uniform Distribution Incorporating Weight of
Footing and Overlying Soil
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

©Evert C. Lawton

qb Q = Wsoil + Qtop + Wftg

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 14

Contact Pressure - Uniform Distribution Incorporating Weight of
Footing and Overlying Soil - Example
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Show your calculations here:

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 15

 Immediate Settlement from Elastic Theory (Point Load)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Q = footing load (force)

E = Young's modulus
 = Poisson's ratio
r= radius of footing

Saint-Venant's Principle

The geometry of the loading has negligible effect on the calculated stresses so
long as the distance from the point where the stresses are desired to the
loading is much larger than the scale of the load.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 16

Immediate Settlement from Elastic Theory (Flexible Circular Load)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Settlement (Eq. 9-16 Salgado)

z = qb/E * Iz

The above chart is for a uniform circular load:

Or use chart above.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 17

Immediate Settlement from Elastic Theory (Flexible Rectangular
Load)
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

I is determined from Eq. 9.19

The settlement at the center of a flexible rectangular load can be calculated by

superimposing the settlements at the corners of four rectangles with the total
area equal to the desired area.

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 18

Settlement of Rigid Footings
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 19

Method of Estimating E
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

○ Method for Estimating Young's Modulus E from CPT data

○ Myerhof and Fellenius (1985)

E = k qc

where: qc = uncorrected CPT tip stress

k = 1.5 for silts and sand

= 2 for compacted sand
= 3 for dense sand
= 4 for sand and gravel

○ Jamiolkowski (1988)

E=[M(v+1)(2v-1)]/(v-1)

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 20

SPT-Based Methods
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Meyerhof (1965)

W = footing settlement, LR = reference length (1 m, 3.28 ft, 39.4 in), PA =

reference stress (100 kPa, 1 tsf).

Method for calculating N60 bar

Zone of
Influence=
Depth of 1B
1B for sq.
ftg.

2B for strip
ftg.
©Evert C. Lawton

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 21

CPT Based Methods
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

2B for sq. or circular footings

4B for rectangular footing with L/B > 10

For lowest y-coordinate for Iz0 = 0 (y-axis intercept)

For y-coordinate of break point (i.e., y-coordinate for Izp max)

For x-coordinate for zf = 0

For x-coordinate of break point

For Iz between zf and zfp (i.e., bottom part)

For Iz between z0 and zfp (i.e., top part)

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 22

CPT Based Methods
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

Ei = 2.5qc for young NC sand

Ei = 3.5qc for aged NC sand
Ei = 6.0qc for overconsolidated silca sand

C1 from Eq. 9.43 Salgado = C1 = 1-0.5('v|zf=0 /  q) > 0.5

C2 from Eq. 9.44 or usually set to 1 (see note below )

For an example - see course website

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 23

 Stresses Under Embankment and Slopes
Thursday, March 11, 2010 11:43 AM

Elastic Theory

I=
(influence
factor)

Note: Influence
factor values
from this chart
(z = depth below
must be double
ground surface (i.e.,
to account for
depth below base of
the right side of
embankment)
the
embankment.

a/z
Numerical Approach

Steven F. Bartlett, 2010

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 24

Blank
Wednesday, August 17, 2011 12:45 PM

© Steven F. Bartlett, 2011

Ch. 8 and 9 - Settlement Page 25