Proposed square lattice photonics crystal fiber for extremely high non linearity,

birefringence and ultra high negative dispersion compensation. (2017)

In square lattice structure it is proposed for broadband dispersion compensation is optical transmission
system. Here the simulated result reveals that there is a possibility to obtain an ultra high negative
dispersion to about -571.7 to -1889.7 (pm/nm.km) at an wavelength of 1340 nm to 1640nm. Here the
fiber covers a high birefringence of order 4.74× 10^ − 3 at an operating wavelength of 1550nm by
using finite element method. As well as it compensates the chromatic dispersion of standard single
mode. The attraction is they have successfully achieved promising value compare to some other PCF.
Here they have introduced elliptical air holes in the first two rings which results high dispersion. They
have evidently presented that it is possible to gain large chromatic dispersion by arranging the air holes
at 3rd layer. Their result provide more impressive penetration into structural PCFs with considerable
guiding properties. On the other side it is much more suitable is high bit rate transmission network and
sensing system.

Dispersion compensating photonics crystal fiber using double hole assisted core
for high and uniform birefringence. (2017)
The fiber is based on double on double-hole assisted core in the square lattice cladding. As extremely
low confinement loss can be obtained over the wavelength ranges from (1380~1780)nm . The
confinement loss of the single hole defect core PCF is very small which results is due to the smaller
perturbation to the guided mode by small by small air holes around the center assisted core can be
obtained by extrusion method and by mechanical drilling method. In this process air hole size shape and
spacing can be adjusted independently. It is also a good example of a combined integrated waveguide
with multiple functions of polarizations maintenance, broadband dispersion compensation and various
application is polar metric sensory system. Because of six pairs of double-hole. It provides as uniform
and high birefringence and large negative dispersion.

A single-mode highly birefringence dispersion compensating photonic crystal

fiber using hybrid cladding.
By using finite element method a large negative dispersion co efficient and an ultra high birefringence is
achieved. Residual dispersion, effective area, confinement loss and non linear co efficient are discussed
in five air holes as well as consist of both hexagonal and decagonal cladding in the same structure.
Hexagonal lattice has been used in a relatively large way to obtain birefringence and also good
confinement of light. In the first ring of hexagonal lattice two air holes are mining which creates artificial
defects in the core, thus it induced to ultra high birefringence. Without using any elliptical air hole it
produces ultra high birefringence which is the most exclusive part is hre. The proposed structure will be
suitable for broadband DC in high speed transmission system and polarization maintain application.
Design of Polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber for
dispersion compensation over the E+S+C+L telecom bands.
The design of this project is based on hybrid cladding in a single mode photonics crystal fiber. The main
goal of this project to get large negative dispersion over the E+S+C+L telecommunication bands. This H-
PCF have some special characteristics and variations, that’s why this is very useful and excellent project
for compensating dispersion and to maintain single polarization for optical transmission system and also
for optical sensing system. For high-data rate in optical communication it is essential to use polarization
maintaining fibers. In H-PCF there is a possibility to get a large negative dispersion -868 ps/nm.km and
the birefringence 1.06×10–2 at the operating wavelength 1550 nm. In this designing structure to reduce
the confinement loss five air holes are used. Compare with other design this design is more efficient, easy
and simple cladding structure.

Designing of Highly Birefringence, Dispersion Shifted Decagonal

Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Loss.
The proposed design structure is decagonal photonics crystal fiber which is very simple structure with
unique cladding, high birefringence, low confinement loss. For getting high birefringence and low
confinement D-PCF is better than other PCF square lattice, octagonal, circular, hexagonal PCF. D-PCF is
useful for laser technology, telecommunication, sensor technology and polarization maintaining
deficiency. This D-PCF can be manufactured by using power in tube technique. There are only two
external cladding air hole ring but still it will give high birefringence value and low loss. This design is
consists of two decagonal circular air hole rings in the outer cladding region and in the inner cladding
region there are two big circular air holes and four elliptical air holes. By this design, high birefringence
can possible to obtain which is approximately 1.02*10^-2 and low confinement loss is 0.07771db/m for
x polarized mode and 1.84469 db/m for y polarized mode.

Broadband Dispersion Compensation of Single Mode Fiber by using

Modified Decagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber having High Birefringence.
The paper is about microstructure modified decagonal photonics crystal fiber for broadband transmission
communication system. In the proposed design negative dispersion coefficient can possible to obtain -610
ps/nm.km and birefringence is about 2.18*10^-2 at operating wavelength 1550 nm. H-PCF is important
for sensing application and for high birefringence negative dispersion is important. So to get high
negative dispersion MHFs is very useful and effective also. It is consists of air hole arrangements in a
trilateral network with the same air hole diameter. Also this fiber has a modest number of design
parameters, five rings, three air hole diameters and air hole pitch.
A single mode hybrid cladding circular photonic crystal fiber dispersion
compensation and sensing applications:

In this structure it is extremely attractive for compensation of chromatic dispersion of standard single mode fiber (SMF) over
1360 to 1640 nm wavelength band. Simulation results confirm the possibility of large negative dispersion coefficient and
relative dispersion slope of −650 ps/(nm km) and 0.0036 nm−1, respectively, at 1550 nm wavelength and an effective dispersion
coefficient of about ±0.5 ps/(nm km) ranging 1360 to 1640 nm wavelength. It also demonstrates a high birefringence of order
2.1 × 10−2at 1550 nm wavelength that allows the fiber to maintain a single polarization. It also demonstrates a high
birefringence of order 2.1 × 10−2at 1550 nm wavelength that allows the fiber to maintain a single polarization. Few extra
elliptical air-holes are added into the cladding region to have much better dispersion properties and fiber
nonlinearity. This single mode hybrid cladding circular PCF high negative dispersion, high birefringence and high
non linearity those are crucial for PCF to be applicable in broadband dispersion compensation, sensing
applications, medical application as a light source and nonlinear optic applications and also it is capable of
exhibiting a high nonlinear coefficient of about 59 to 40.1 W−1km−1overthe wavelength ranging from 1340 to 1640
nm which is required for the nonlinear optics applications.

Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs

Linear waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs, two-dimensionally periodic dielectric structures of finite height, are
fundamentally different from waveguides in two-dimensional photonic crystals. The most important distinctions
arise from the fact that photonic-crystal slab waveguides must be index-confined in the vertical direction while a
band gap confines them horizontally. Photonic-crystal slabs, with their hybrid approach of in plane band gap
combined with vertical index-confinement; promise a viable route to achieving photonic-crystal waveguide effects
in real systems. We present a systematic analysis of different families of waveguides in photonic-crystal slabs, and
illustrate the considerations that must be applied to achieve single-mode guided bands in these systems. In this
way, the unusual features of photonic-crystal waveguides can be realized in three dimensions without the
fabrication complexity required by photonic crystals with complete three-dimensional band gaps. Photonic-crystal
slab waveguides require a full three-dimensional analysis, for which the formalism of the projected band structure
provides a powerful visual and analytical tool.

Design of hybrid photonic crystal fiber: Polarization and dispersion

properties

A highly birefringent dispersion compensating hybrid photonic crystal fiber is presented. This fiber successfully
compensates the chromatic dispersion of standard single mode fiber over E- to L-communication bands.
Simulation results reveal that it is possible to obtain a large negative dispersion coefficient of about _1054.4
ps/(nm km) and a relative dispersion slope of 0.0036 nm_1 at the 1550 nm wavelength. The proposed fiber
simultaneously provides a high birefringence of order 3.45 _ 10_2 at the 1550 nm. The designed fiber successfully
operates as a single mode in the entire band of interest. For practical conditions, the sensitivity of the fibers
dispersion properties to a 2% variation around the optimum values is carefully studied and the nonlinearity of the
proposed fiber is also represented. To induce extra birefringence, they used hybrid structure. The main advantage
of making artificial defect with hybrid cladding is the increasing asymmetry in core region. This will produce high
birefringence of the PCF. The propose PCF is hybrid in the sense that first two air-hole rings are arranged in
hexagonal pattern and others are given a circular shape with optimized air-hole diameters. The fiber is a promising
candidate for sensing applications, can be used to eliminate the effect of PMD in transmission systems, optical
amplification applications, fiber loop mirror, etc.

Designing an Ultra-Negative Dispersion Photonic Crystal Fiber with Square-

Lattice Geometry

PCF, based on square-lattice geometry by varying different parameters. The fiber exhibits a very large negative
dispersion because of rapid slope change of the refractive indices at the coupling wavelength between the inner
core and outer core. The dependence of different geometrical parameters, namely, hole-to hole spacing (Λ) and
different air-hole diameter (𝑑), was represented in detail. With an increase of bigger air-hole diameter, the peak
dispersion is red-shifted with higher negative dispersion at the cost of narrower FWHM while an increase of
smaller air-hole diameter in the outer core again red-shifted the coupling wavelength but with smaller values of
negative dispersion .Changing hole-to-hole distance has the effect of red-shifting the coupling wavelength with
smaller values of negative dispersion. Based upon the above findings we could achieve an ultra-negative dispersion
of −47,000 ps/nm/km around 1550nm of wavelength by properly changing the parameters.

A novel broadband dispersion compensating square-lattice photonic

crystal fiber

Perfectly matched layer (PML) is considered for the boundary treatment and an efficient compact two dimensional
finite-difference frequency-domain (2-D FDFD) method is employed to model square-lattice photonic crystal fibers
(SPCF). The air holes of the first ring are relatively large, since it is known that an increase in the air hole diameter
of the first ring causes the dispersion coefficient to decrease The air holes of the second ring are relatively smaller,
because a ring of reduced diameter induces a change in the slope of the evolution of the effective index versus
wavelength The total number of air hole rings was chosen to be five in order to simplify as much as possible the
structural composition of the PCF. By utilizing the FDFD mode solver, we used a 11 by 11 layers of hole and solid
defect at the center. The mode field of the PCF is largely inside the inner core, the dispersion characteristic of the
PCF is more sensitive to the inner core structure. Have achieved larger negative dispersion, closely matched
relative dispersion slope, low confinement loss and low splice loss in the entire E+S+C+L bands. Another main
advantage of the proposed SPCF compared with previously reported hexagonal PCFs is that, the design and
implementation process could be more efficient and less complex. Thus, the proposed PCF configuration can be
fruitfully used for dispersion compensation in ultra-broadband transmission applications and can be a potential
candidate for dispersion compensating in 40 Gb/s DWDM optical communication systems.