EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
(CHAPTER 2)

Problem 2.1) Convert the following base-10 numbers to base-2 and check. (a) 13
(b) 94 (c) 356
Solutions:

Using Repeat Division Method: (For 1310)

NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up

Answer: (a) 1310 → 11012

Using Repeat Division Method: (For 9410)

NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up

Answer: (b) 9410 → 10111102

Using Repeat Division Method: (For 35610)

NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up

Answer: (c) 35610 → 1011001002

Submitted by: Karen Joy G. Delgado, MEE-1

Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz,
Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

Checking: (NOTE: Using Positive Power Notation of 2) (a) 13io ^

11012
Power
Notation 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Decimal
Value 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary
Value 1 1 0 1
By adding the equivalent decimal values pointed to by binary 1 value, we get:
8 + 4 + 1 = 13 (b)
9410 ^ 10111102
Power
Notation 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Decimal
Value 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary
Value 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
By adding the equivalent decimal values pointed to by binary 1 value, we get: 64 + 16 +
8 + 4 + 2 = 94
(c) 35610 ^ 1011001002
Power
Notation 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Decimal
Value 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary
Value 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
By adding the equivalent decimal values pointed to by binary 1 value, we get: 256 + 64
+ 32 + 4 = 356
Problem 2.2) Repeat Problem 2.1, converting to base-5.
Solutions:
Using Repeat Division Method: (For 1310)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ON 1
NUMBER SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 2) 1
Solutions: 1
Solutions: 2
Solutions: 7
Solutions: 8
Solutions: 9
Solutions: 12
“Great distances are conquered by many small steps in a single direction.” 12

Submitted by: Karen Joy G. Delgado, MEE-1

Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

Using Repeat Division Method: (For 9410)

Q R
94 - 5 = 18 4
18 - 5 = 3 3
3 - 5 = 0 3

NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up

Answer: (b) 9410 ^ 3345

Using Repeat Division Method: (For 35610)

Q R
356 - 5 = 71 1
71 - 5 = 14 1
14 - 5 = 2 4
2- 5 = 0 2
NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up. Answer:
(c) 35610 ^ 24115
Checking: (NOTE: Using Positive Power Notation of 5)
(a) 1310 ^ 235
Power
Notation 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50
Decimal
Value 3125 625 125 25 5 1
Base-5
Value 2 3
By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-5 value, we get:
(2 x 5) + (3 x 1) = 10 + 3 = 13
(b) 9410 ^ 3345
Power
Notation 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50
Decimal
Value 3125 625 125 25 5 1
Base-5
Value 3 3 4
By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-5 value, we get:
(3 x 25) + (3 x 5) + (4 x 1) = 75 + 15 + 4 = 94
(c) 35610 ^ 24115
Power
Notation 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50
Decimal
Value 3125 625 125 25 5 1
Base-5
Value 2 4 1 1
By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-5 value, we get: (2 x 125) + (4
x 25) + (1 x 5) + (1 x 1) = 250 + 100 + 5 + 1 = 356
Problem 2.3) Repeat Problem 2.1 for base-8 and base-16.
Solutions: (NOTE: Conversion for Base-8 Value)
Using Repeat Division Method: (For 1310)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ON 1
NUMBER SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 2) 1

Submitted by: Karen Joy G. Delgado, MEE-1

Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

Solutions: 1
Solutions: 2
Solutions: 7
Solutions: 8
Solutions: 9
Solutions: 12
“Great distances are conquered by many small steps in a single direction.” 12

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Power 00
81
Notation
Decimal
Value 4, 096 512 64 8 1
Base-8
Value 1 5
By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-8 value, we get: (1 x 8) + (5 x
1) = 8 + 5 = 13

Submitted by: Karen Joy G. Delgado, MEE-1

Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

(b) 94io ^ 1368

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Power 81

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Notation
Decimal
Value 4, 096 512 64 8 1
Base-8
Value 1 3 6
By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-8 value, we get:
(1 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (6 x 1) = 64 + 24 + 6 = 94 (c) 35610 ^ 5448
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Power 00
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Notation
Decimal
Value 4, 096 512 64 8 1
Base-8
Value 5 4 4
By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-8 value, we get: (5 x 64) + (4
x 8) + (4 x 1) = 320 + 32 + 4 = 356
Solutions: (NOTE: Conversion for Base-16 Value)
Using Repeat Division Method: (For 1310)
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ON 1
NUMBER SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 2) 1
Solutions: 1
Solutions: 2
Solutions: 7
Solutions: 8
Solutions: 9
Solutions: 12
“Great distances are conquered by many small steps in a single direction.” 12

NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up.
Answer: (b) 9410 ^ 5E16
Using Repeat Division Method: (For 35610)
Q R
356 - 16 = 22 4
22 - 16 = 1 6
1- 16 = 0 1
NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up. Answer: (c) 35610 ^ 16416
Checking: (NOTE: Using Positive Power Notation of 16) (a) 13io
^ D™
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Power 162 161

CD

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CD

CD

Notation
Decimal
Value 4, 096 256 16 1
Base-16 D
Value

By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-16 value, we get:
(13 x 1) = 13
(b) 9410 ^ 5Ei6

Submitted by: Karen Joy G. Delgado, MEE-1

Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

cn
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CO
Power 162 161

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Notation
Decimal
Value 4, 096 256 16 1
Base-16 5 E
Value

By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-16 value, we get:
(5 x 16) + (14 x 1) = 80 + 14 = 94 (c) 35610 ^
164i6

cn
00

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Power 162 161
CD

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CD
Notation
Decimal
Value 4, 096 256 16 1
Base-16
Value 1 6 4

By adding the products of the decimal values multiplied by the base-16 value, we get:
(1 x 256) + (6 x 16) + (4 x 1) = 256 + 96 + 4 = 356

Submitted by: Karen Joy G. Delgado, MEE-1

Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY
Problem 2.4) Convert the following base-10 numbers to base-2. (a) .00625 (b)
43.32 (c) .51
Solutions:
Using Repeat Multiplication Method: (For .0062510)
Decimal Whole
Value Value
00625 x 2 = .0125 0
.0125 x 2 = .025 0
.025 x 2 = .05 0
.05 x 2 = .1 0
.1 x 2 = .2 0
.2 x 2 = .4 0
.4 x 2 = .8 0
.8 x 2 = .6 1
.6 x 2 = .2 1
.2 x 2 = .4 0
.4 x 2 = .8 0

NOTE: Reading from the Whole Value column is from the top going down.
Answer: (a) .00625i0 ^ 0.000000011002

Using Repeat Division Method (For 4310)

Q R
43 2 = 21 1
21 2 = 10 1
10 2 = 5 0
5 2 = 2 1
2 2 = 1 0
1 2 = 0 1

NOTE: Reading from the R column is from the bottom going up.
4310 ^ 101011 2

Using Repeat Multiplication Method: (For .3210)

Decimal Whole
Value Value
.32 x 2 = .64 0
.64 x 2 = .28 1
.28 x 2 = .56 0
.56 x 2 = .12 1
.12 x 2 = .24 0
.24 x 2 = .48 0
.48 x 2 = .96 0
.96 x 2 = .92 1
.92 x 2 = .84 1
.84 x 2 = .68 1
Prepared and Submitted By: AL D. HORTEZA, Ph.D.
MEE-1 Student, Graduate School Department
Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 .68 x 2 = EE.36
721 - ADVANCED
1 SWITCHING THEORY
.36 x 2 = .72 0
.72 x 2 = .44 1
.44 x 2 = .88 0
.88 x 2 = .76 1
.76 x 2 = .52 1
.52 x 2 = .04 1
.o4 x 2 = .08 0
.o8 x 2 = .16 0
.16 x 2 = .32 0
NOTE: Reading from the Whole Value column is from the top going down
.3210 ^ 0.010100011110101110002

By combining the binary value for 4310 and .3210, we get:

Answer: (b) 43.3210 ^ 101011. 010100011110101110002

Using Repeat Multiplication Method: (For .51 10)

Decimal Whole
Value Value
.51 x 2 = .02 1
.02 x 2 = .04 0
.04 x 2 = .08 0
.08 x 2 = .16 0
.16 x 2 = .32 0
.32 x 2 = .64 0
.64 x 2 = .28 1
.28 x 2 = .56 0
.56 x 2 = .12 1
.12 x 2 = .24 0
.24 x 2 = .48 0
.48 x 2 = .96 0
.96 x 2 = .92 1
.92 x 2 = .84 1
.84 x 2 = .68 1
.68 x 2 = .36 1
.36 x 2 = .72 0
.72 x 2 = .44 1
.44 x 2 = .88 0
.88 x 2 = .76 1
.76 x 2 = .52 1

NOTE: Reading from the Whole Value column is from the top going down.
Answer: (c) .51io ^ 0.1000001010001111010112
Problem 2.5) Find the base-8 equivalent of the following base-2 numbers.
(a) 10111100101 (b) 1101.101 (c) 1.0111
Solutions:
Using 3-Bit Equivalent: (For 101111001012)

Prepared and Submitted By: AL D. HORTEZA, Ph.D.

MEE-1 Student, Graduate School Department
Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY
3-Bit Equivalent 010 111 100 101
Octal Equivalent Value 2 7 4 5
Answer: (a) 101111001012 ^ 2745s
Using 3-Bit Equivalent: (For 1101.1012)
3-Bit Equivalent 001 101 . 101
Octal Equivalent Value 1 5 . 5
Answer: (b) 1101.1012 ^ 15.5s
Using 3-Bit Equivalent: (For 1.01112)
3-Bit Equivalent 001 . 011 100
Octal Equivalent Value 1 . 3 4

Answer: (c) 1.01112 ^ 1.34s

Problem 2.6) Express (a) 7348 and (b) 41.58 in base-2.
Solutions:
Using 3-Bit Equivalent: (For 734s)
Given Octal Value 7 3 4

3-Bit Equivalent Value 111 011 100

Answer: (a) 7348 ^ 1110111002

Using 3-Bit Equivalent: (For 41.5s)
Given Octal Value 4 1 . 5

3-Bit Equivalent Value 100 001 . 101

Answer: (b) 41.58 ^ 100001.1012

Problem 2.7) Express the base-2 numbers of Problem 2.5 in base-4 without employing division.
Solutions:
Given:
(a) 10111100101 (b) 1101.101 (c) 1.0111
Using 2-Bit Equivalent: (For 101111001012)
2-Bit Equivalent 01 01 11 10 01 01
Base-4 Value 1 1 3 2 1 1
Answer: (a) 101111001012 ^ 113, 2114
Using 2-Bit Equivalent: (For 1101.1012)
2-Bit Equivalent 11 01 . 10 10
Base-4 Value 3 1 . 2 2
Answer: (b) 1101.1012 ^ 31.224
Using 2-Bit Equivalent: (For 1.01112)
2-Bit Equivalent 01 . 01 11
Base-4 Value 1 . 1 3
Answer: (c) 1.01112 ^ 1.134

Problem 2.8) Construct addition and multiplication tables for base-4.

Prepared and Submitted By: AL D. HORTEZA, Ph.D.
MEE-1 Student, Graduate School Department
Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
Answers: EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

ADDITION TABLE FOR BASE-4

0 1 2 3

0 0 1 2 3

1 1 2 3 10

2 2 3 10 11
3 3 10 11 12

Prepared and Submitted By: AL D. HORTEZA, Ph.D.

MEE-1 Student, Graduate School Department
Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY
MULTIPLICATION TABLE FOR BASE-4

0 1 2 3

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 2 3

2 0 2 10 12
3 0 3 12 21

Problem 2.9) Perform the indicated arithmetic operations in base-5. (a) 1435
+ 2215 (b) 124.225 + 21.345
(c) 4135 x 325 (d) 4045 - 2135
Solutions:

Carry 1
NOTE: Adding 4 and 2 resulted to a
Operand 1 1 4 3 value of 6 and 6 = 5 + 1. Write 1
down and carry a 5. However, use 1
Operand 2 + 2 2 1 to represent 5 just like in base- 10.
4 4
Result 1
For 143a + 2215:
Answer: (a) 1435 + 2215 ^ 4145
For 124.225 + 21.345:
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS ON 1
NUMBER SYSTEMS (CHAPTER 2) 1
Solutions: 1
Solutions: 2
Solutions: 7
Solutions: 8
Solutions: 9
Solutions: 12
“Great distances are conquered by many small steps in a single direction.” 12

Answer: (b) 124.225 + 21.345 ^ 201.115

For 4135 x 325:

Carry 1 1 2 1
Op 1 4 1 3 4 1 3
Op 2 x 2 x 3
Results 1 3 3 1 2 2 4 4

Prepared and Submitted By: AL D. HORTEZA, Ph.D.

MEE-1 Student, Graduate School Department
Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019
 EE 721 - ADVANCED SWITCHING THEORY

Add the two resulting products above:

Carry 1 1

Operand 1 1 3 3 1

Operand 2 + 224 4

Result 2 4 3 2 1
For 4045 - 21 35: Solutions: 2
Answer: (c) 4135 x 325
Borrow ^ 24321
Solutions: 7 5
Operand 1 Solutions: 8
Operand 2 Solutions: 9
Result
Solutions: 12
SOLUTIONS TO “Great distances
PROBLEMS ON 1 are conquered
NUMBER by many small
SYSTEMS steps in a single
(CHAPTER 2) 1 direction.” 12
Solutions: 1
Answer: (d) 4045 - 2135 ^ 1415
Problem 2.10) Convert the base-5 number 4, 433, 2145 directly to base-12.
Solutions:
From the Conversion Table of Base-5 to Base-12:
15 = 112 25 = 212 35 = 312 45 = 412 105 = 512
Therefore: (NOTE: 512 = 2112 )
2

4, 433, 2145 = (412 x 5126) + (412 x 5^5) + (312 x 5^4) + (312 x 5^3) + (212 x 5^2) + (112 x 5121) +
(412 x 5120)
= (412 x 2112 x 2112 x 2112 ) + (412 x 2112 x 2112 x 512 ) +
(312 x 2112 x 2112 ) + (312 x 2112 x 512 ) + (212 x 2112 ) +
(112 x 512 ) + (412 x 112 )
= (412 x 44112 x 2112 ) + (412 x 44112 x 512 ) + (312 x 44112 ) +
(312 x A512) + (4212) + (512) + (412)
= (412 x 906112 ) + (412 x 198512) + 110312 + 27312 + 4212 + 512 + 412 = 30,
20412 + 792812 + 110312 + 27312 + 4212 + 512 + 412 4, 433, 2145 = 38, 8A512
Answer: 4, 433, 2145 ^ 38, 8A512
“Great distances are conquered by many small steps in a single direction.”

1 4 1
Prepared and Submitted By: AL D. HORTEZA, Ph.D.
MEE-1 Student, Graduate School Department
Western Institute of Technology, Luna St., La Paz, Iloilo City
Second Semester, Academic Year 2018-2019