FOLK HEALING: THE SEARCH FOR THE CURE OF PASMA

_________________________________

A Research Presented to the Faculty of the

Integrated Basic Education Department – Senior High School

Notre Dame of Kidapawan College

__________________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Course Research 1

(Qualitative Research)

BRYLLE T. BATOMALAQUE

JANNAH JEN A. TEVES

NOEMIE P. MARCON

___________________________________

March 2019
 JMJ Ch
Notre Dame of Kidapawan College
Senior High School Department
Datu Ingkal St., Kidapawan City

January 22, 2019

CHRISTOPHER JAMES D. FERRER, MA

NDKC IBEd – Principal

Dear Sir Ferrer:

Praise be Jesus and Mary!

We are conducting a research entitled: Folk Healing: The Search for the
Cure of Pasma. This study aims to know the perceptions of the participants
towards pasma and to gather different methods of reliving this illness.

Anent to this, we would like to ask your permission to allow us to conduct

our research among our informants whom we have chosen based on the criteria
which we have set. Their responses will be the source of the data needed in the
development of our study.

We assure that they will be treated with respect and shall be kept
anonymous in order to adhere with the moral and ethical principles and
considerations of qualitative research.

May your approval display your sheer support to us students. Thank you
very much.

Respectfully yours,

Noemie P. Marcon
Lead Researcher

Noted by:

NYL JOHN L. DANO

Research Teacher

Approved by:

CHRISTOPHER JAMES D. FERRER, MA

NDKC IBEd – Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The road to achievement within this research is paved with the assistance

and efforts of many who worked diligently to assist us as we stumbled and

caught footing during process. Without these individuals who comprised our

research, this would have never been possible.

We would like to thank Nyl John L. Dano, LPT, our research adviser. His

guidance and feedbacks were valuable in accomplishing this research. The time

he dedicated to check our research paper will never be forgotten. His

encouragements led us to heights we thought we could never attain, and for that

we are forever grateful.

We would also like to extend our sincere gratitude to Dr. Stella C. Flores,

Dr. Jerson S. Catoto, and Mr. Christoper James D. Ferrer. These three great

persons who were members of our panel and their knowledge of research taught

us incredible amounts.

Lastly, we would like to extend our deepest thanks to our subjects. Their

time and efforts are very much appreciated. The information they have imparted

to us contributed tremendously to the success of this research.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………..i

APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………..ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………………….iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………….v

LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………………….vi

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………vii

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………1

1.1 Research Problem…………………………………………………… 2

2. METHODOLOGY …………………………………………………………3

2.1 Design ………………………………………………………….…… 3

2.2 Participant ……………………………………………………………. 3

2.3 Instrument …………………………………………………………….3

2.4 Procedure ……………………………………………………………..4

3. RESULTS …………………………………………………………………7

4. DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………….15
IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE ……………………………………………………19

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………21

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………24

CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………40

 LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices

A. Guide Questions

B. Transcription and Translation

C. Letter for Permission

D. Consent to Participate Form

 ABSTRACT

The Philippine archipelago is located near the equator, where the weather

conditions are bipolar. This situation of the Philippines led to a mysterious folk

illness called pasma. This illness is not recognized as a medical condition in

other countries. The purpose of this research is to clarify if the illness really exist,

and if so, to find out the methods in providing relief to its effect. In order to gather

enough information about this illness, the researchers followed the correct

procedure and interviewed the right persons who possessed the exact

knowledge about the illness. To extract the right information, interview guide

questions were employed. The researchers also maximize the use of technology

such as the voice recorder. After gathering informations, the research was

analyzed using thematic analysis. The thematic analysis determined various

Alternative methods such as taking herbal medicines, steaming, and massage

can be an effective cure for pasma. The result for the causes of pasma has been

classified as an exposure to cold after a heavy activity. Moreover, skipping meals

is one of the stimuli that trigger the effect of pasma. In addition, preventive

measures should be employed. Based on the informants’ responses, pasma can

be lethal if not prevented.

Keywords: Folk Illness, Pasma, Thematic Analysis, Traditional Healers

1. INTRODUCTION

During the Spanish occupation in the Philippines, a mysterious disease

has stricken fear to its locals. Many Filipinos call the disease as “Pasma” where a

person could get ill or die after taking a cold bath after a very exhausting work

(De Leon, 2005). It is more of a folk illness, a specific illness to particular cultures

but are not discussed in medical textbooks nor in medical schools (Tan, 2007).

The belief about the interaction between hot and cold was represented in

the theory of humoral pathology. The concept of humoral pathology was brought

by Arabs to Spain from where it was brought to the Philippines (Hart, 1969). The

basis for the concept of “pasma” or “pasmo” was formed from hot/cold syndrome

which defines that it is an exposure illness (Frake, 1961) and this illness is

believed to be caused by an attack of cold on someone who is too hot, or vice

versa (Adams and Rubel, 1967). If someone becomes so hot from a very

exhausting physical activity they are not advised to bathe in cold water or else

they will be affected by Pasma. Spasm is an involuntary control of cold in the

body because the body did not relax the muscles due to heavy works;

unexplained musculoskeletal pain is carelessly attributed to spasm (Ingraham,

2016).

This illness is not highly recognized by mainstream medicine but the

ailment are very real as far as people are concerned, causing suffering and even

death (Tan et al, 2007). Because of its unpopular reputation, no accredited

medical protocols are applied in curing the disease. Everyone can be prone to

pasma without any warnings. A masseur would always remind their costumers
not to take a bathe after the massage in order for them not to experience pasma

(Espino, 1997).

The researchers aim to provide new horizons of knowledge from the topic.

If our research will become successful, it will contribute the cure and prevention

to pasma. In the same way that we deconstruct traditional medicine, we want to

challenge existing concepts around resistance and vulnerability, susceptibility,

and immunity.

1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research aimed to answer the problem and the mystery behind the

hot/cold syndrome called pasma syndrome. Hence, the researcher will sought to

answer the following questions:

1. What is the perception of the participant towards Pasma

syndrome?

2. How does the participant provide relief to those suffering from

pasma syndrome?

2. METHODOLOGY

This chapter highlights the methods and ways to achieve the goal of the

research. The methodology presents the research design, procedures,

participants, and instruments.

2.1 Design

We used a qualitative research, a form of systematic empirical inquiry into

meaning (Shank, 2002). We utilized the use of case study research design where

the researchers will explore a program, an event, an activity, a process, or one or

more individuals. The researchers collected detailed information using a variety

of data collection procedures over a sustained period of time from cases

bounded by time and activity (Stake, 1995).

2.2 Participants

The participants of this study were selected through the use of criterion-

based sampling which involves the identification of a particular criterion of

importance articulation, and systematic review of the study of cases that meet

the criterion (Cohen & Crabtree, 2014). There were 5 participants and each had

the right for anonymity and confidentiality where their identities are respectfully

concealed (Halai, 2016). The participant is either a traditional healer or a quack

doctor that owns the knowledge for the cure of pasma, the participant should be

an experienced healer of pasma.

2.3 Instrument

A semi–structured interview was applied where interviews are non –

standardized and are frequently used in qualitative research (David and Sutton,

2004). In the interview guide, the researchers applied guide questions (Corbetta,
2003) and probing questions to explore new paths which are not usually

considered (Gray, 2004). We also employed the use of audio recorder to

document the interview that will give the researchers the opportunity to probe.

(Bucher, Fritz and Quarantelli, 1956).

2.4 Procedure

We seek permission from the principal to allow us to conduct our

interview outside the school. It is to ensure the credibility of our research to be

done outside the campus. It made us credible to begin the study and access the

information needed (Mander, 1992).

The researchers wrote a consent – to – participate for the participants in

order for them to be fully informed about the procedure. This procedure is very

significant in ethical codes of research (Berg, 2001). After the approval of the

participant they will brief the participant about the interview and the roles that

they will take in the research (Benerjee & Rudnicky, 2004). Proper schedule for

the availability of the participant is also significant.

Before proceeding to the process, the researchers briefed the participant

about the questions if it is valid or invalid for them. We also briefed them on what

is going to happen, what they will do, and why should they do it in order to satisfy

the ethical consideration of research (Macfarian, 2014).

After the briefing the interview took place. The participants were

comfortable with the place of interview where disturbance is highly discouraged.

We also used nd adequate recording procedures for the documentation of the

research. We also designed interview guides and protocols that will help us run

the interview smoothly (Kvale & Brinkman, 2009). We accepted the answers of

our participants in our research questions where we determined the challenges

of a person suffering a pasma syndrome. There will be no risk and discomforts

since the interview was done in a secluded place and in your most convenient

time.

We gave the informant a token of gratitude and appreciation for their

participation and giving us their time in conducting this research (Given, 2008:

Budiu, 2014).

After gathering the data, continued to the transcription and the translation

process of the data where we interpret the answer of our informant which

became our basis and evidences of our study (Mondada, 2007: Davidson, 2009).

In order for the readers of the publication to understand our finding, we translated

it to English (Van Nes, Abma, Jonsson, Deeg, 2010).

All information collected were treated in strictest confidence and neither the

school for individual learners will be identifiable in any reports that are written.

(Munhall, 1988; Orb, 2001; Halai, 2006).The method of thematic analysis was

employed in order to analyze, identify, and report pattern or themes within the

data (Braun & Clark, 2006).

After the thematic analysis, the research paper undergone a plagiarism checker.

The plagiarism checker checked the verisimilitude and credibility of the research
paper, hence, the percentage of plagiarized articles, phrases, and sentences will

not exceed from 40% (Kang, Han & Gelbukh, 2006).

Afterwards, the research paper undergone the peer debriefer. The peer debriefer

manually checked the research paper one by one to check its credibility (Spall,

1998).

Since our research utilized the case study method, we used the thick

description as a way of achieving a type of external validity (Lincoln & Guba,

1985). Thick description refers to a context filled with detailed account and

experiences in which the researches will gather the patterns of cultural and social

relationships (Holloway, 1997).

Lastly, we are going to present the findings and evidences of the step from

the start until the presentation of data a qualitative study typically involves a large

volume of researchers gathered data. We will discuss the information that

contribute to credible issues (Rodgress & Cowles, 1993).

3. RESULTS

The results of the extraction of themes using thematic analysis are

presented in this chapter. Together with the themes are the thick descriptions.
Furthermore, the life stories of the subjects are located in this chapter.

CASE 1

Inday was born on October 21, 1976 in Antique, Western Visasyas but

due to poverty in their province, she transferred to the Municipality of Matalam

where she is now situated as a folk healer. She has been a folk healer for 20

years. She only accepts any amount of donations as an exchange for her service

to keep her life rolling. She’s been using herbal medicines and natural methods

in curing illnesses. Many individuals are consulting her when experiencing

uneasiness or illness in their body. So far, they are relieved by her methods.

Sometimes she is giving a home service when summoned by a customer.

Case 2

Jose was the oldest amongst his four siblings. His father was known as

the folk healer in their barangay and his mother was a laundrywoman. He was

the only successor of his father. When his second sibling finished his studies, he

was taught by his father to make ointments out of herbs and later he became a

folk healer.He didn’t finish college due to financial problem. In orer to help his

family, he attended different kinds of job to survive. Healing people using herbal

medicines became a source of income that fuels his life. He only collects any

kinds of donation and he does not set an exact price for his service.
Case 3

Maria was raised in Davao and is a former student at University of

Mindanao. She did not finish her study due to early marriage. After a year of

being married, they decided to move in Kidapawan City in hope for a better life

where she and her husband work as farmers until she gave birth to 6 children.

She became a catechist in cathedral church and later became a massage

therapist, she attended seminars in CBHP like a barangay worker which they

were train to massage and taught how to mixed herbal plants to make a syrup or

ointment. After learning different methods of healing, she made it as a sorce of

income to feed her family.

A. Perception of the participants towards of pasma

Exposure illness

Involuntary muscle movement and immobilization after exposing

the body to cold after undertaking a heavy activity is one the effect of pasma

as stated by a subject:

“The cause of pasma is

that if you are from a
basketball game; Of
course you already have a
pasma, and then if you
drink cold water, the
pasma will be triggered”
( KII1)
 Moreover, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated:

“Example of that are

basketball players, the
main reason of that is the
sweat after the game …
after the game you want to
wash your hands because
you thought that the
sweats were totally gone
because you already wipe
it after the wash, but you
did not know that the water
that you used during the
wash went inside your
body that is why on the
next day you will feel
weak; and the effect of
pasma like hand
tremors…if you had a
basketball game and you
haphazardly wet your body
without taking a rest; that
is one of the cause of
death because the veins
will tremble and veins are
the pathways of blood then
the heart will pump faster
and then you will suddenly
drown in your own blood
(Cardiac Arrest).” (KII2)

Due to the exposure of the tired area of the body - to cold - after

heavy activities, the participant could develop a musculoskeletal spasm

according to the participants. Symptoms such as hand tremors and

weakness of the body is visible after catching the stimuli of pasma.

Hungriness
 The body need food to produce energy and keep the homeostasis of

the body; skipping meals and not eating at the right time may lead to other

diseases such as pasma and ulcer as stated by a subject:

“…after skipping a meal,

there will be an
involuntary movements in
your hands, and next it
will attack the brain…not
eating is one of the
reason of headache, and
then stroke, and tremors”
(KII2)

In addition, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated by the subjects:

“Pasma is caused by
eating out of time, like 1
or 2 p.m. The effects are
stomach ache because of
an empty stomach and
head ache …” (KII3)

In fact, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated:

“…when a person is lack

of food intake, tired and
weak; you can easily spot
the presence of pasma…
Hungriness; it will really
attack the brain first.
When you are hungry, the
stomach will signal the
brain and it will react
which is now the tremors,
headaches, and it will go
throughout the body”
(KII1)
 When a person skipped meals, it will affect their stomach and the

stomch will send signals to the brain to provide action. Frequent skipping of

meals would sometimes lead to ulcer but the symptoms of pasma will also be

identified, such as hand tremors, head ache, and stomach ache.

Developed Dementia

Dementia is a mental illness that causes someone to be unable to

think clearly or to understand what is real and what is not real. When a person

frequently skipped meals, the homeostatsis would be disturbed and will signal

the brain to act, frequent act of skipping meals would affect the brain and

most dramatically would lead to dementia as stated by a subject:

“…the air will go in your

head and that is
pasmo…” (KII2)

In addition, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated:

“If not prevented, pasma

will lead to mental
illness such as
dementia because the
air from your body will
go to your head and the
vision will get blurry…”
(KII1)

Moreover, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated:

 “… After the trembling
of hands, the source of
life (air) will go up in
your head” (KII2)

Additionally, another participant also testified the truthfulness of

the emergent theme as stated:

“…that person will suffer

dementia…” (KII3)

When the body cannot prevent the effect of pasma, the result

would be lethal; it would probably lead to dementia. When skipping meals

the reflux inside the stomach will go to the head and would dramatically lead

to dementia.

B. Various methods of curing pasma

By Means of Herbal Steaming/ Fumigation

Steaming is a process of getting the nutrients from the herbal plant

through evaporation and steam emission. It will help the body precipitate the

bad chemicals and leave the good nutrients from the plants as stated by the

subjects:

“For example, we burn

the leaves of
mangosteen in order to
produce steam. The
steam will help the
person to precipitate the
sweat in order for the
 pasma to be normal.
There are different
herbal such as pasay,
alibhon, lemon grass,
ginger, and even
lagundi for cough. We
mixed different herbals
and all of its nutrients
will be enhanced by the
steam, it is a package
deal cure.” (KII1)

In addition, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated:

“…you should steam to

sweat, you can use
lemon grass and
ginger.” (KII2)

What’s more, another participant also testified the truthfulness of

the emergent theme as stated:

“…Boil a water with a

softdrink (Coke), add
salt and raw rice. After
the boiling, put the
boiler and the product
under the bed while you
are lying above it with a
covered blanket for 10
to 15 minutes. After that
you will sweat and the
illness will be gone…”
(KII3)

Burning the leaves of plant would release the nutrients that will

provide relief to the effect of pasma when the person is sweating due to the

heat of the steam, the pores would eventually open and the nutrients from the
steam will enter the pores. The participants witnessed the healing effect in

curing pasma.

Through intake of herbal medicine

Herbal medicines are commonly used in far places with no enough

access to Medical healthcare – as an alternative cure – to some common

illnesses. Herbal medicines are efficient to use because of its natural healing

effects to the body as stated by the subjects:

“…there are various

herbals like ginger, you
should drink before
starting the steaming…”
(KII1)

Moreover, another participant also testified the truthfulness of the

emergent theme as stated:

“…that herbal that they

called elephant plant,
you should boil it … and
add ginger, and then
you drink it.” (KII2)

Alternative herbal medicine are famous for its natural healing

properties.dringking the extraction of these herbal medicine would cure the

victim of pasma from within. Dingking the right herbal would allow the

individual to be cured from pasma.

Through Massage
 Massaging specific parts of the body will help in the regeneration of

dismantled veins and muscles. It is a common method in urban areas. It is

perceived as a safe therapeutic modality without any significant risk or side

effects. It is effective in relaxing the affected muscles cause by pasma as

stated by the subject:

“…I can see that he is

catching his breath. I
told him to sit and I
massaged him. After the
massage, he was
relieved. I pulled and
massaged each of his
fingers in order to
provide relief.” (KII1)

A massage is widely used method in relieving stress and pain

in the body. Giving someone a massage will relax and relieve the

muscle. Massaging a sufferer of pasma will allow his veins to circulate

the blood orderly and will allow the individual to feel relief.

4. DISCUSSION

A. Perception of the participants towards pasma

Exposure illness. The sudden exposures to cold after a heavy activity

will imbalance the homeostasis of the body that would probably lead to

pasma. The respond of the brain will be involuntary musculoskeletal

movements, or immobilization as verbalized by the subjects. The

homeostasis is the consistency of the internal environment that ensures

the stability of organism balance processes, also related to the relative

stability of cells and organisms in the chemical and physical

environment (Banfalvi, 2013). Illnesses may have a number of adverse

effects, including increased body temperatures, dehydration, and

malnutrition, which all represent homeostatic imbalance (Watson,

Fawcett, & J.N. Fawcett, 2003). Theory of Humoural Pathology states

that Filipinos widely use the hot and cold concept to explain certain

illnesses, which the illness is caused by four imbalance humours:

Plegm, blood, black bile, and yellow bile (Abril, 1977). When exposed to

hot or cold for too long, the blood thickens causing illnesses such as

high blood pressure and heart illness, the viscosity in circulation as well

as sticking to the walls of the veins (Jocano, 1973).

Hungriness. The body needs glucose for energy. If a person skips

meals, there will be a nutritional deficiency that will affect the normal

function of the body. Most of the participants verbalized that skipping

meals would affect the brain and the body function such as hand

tremors. Delayed meals nd skipped meals result in low – blood sugar

and increased physiological stress. The frequency of seizure increase

due to the stress of low blood pressure (Adams, 1993). The concept of

“Pasma sa Kaon” attributes illness to prolonged hunger (Hart)

 Developed Dementia. One of a severe effects of pasma is dementia if

this symptom are not prevented in an early stage. Two participants

evidently mentioned this theme and they also cited people

(Anonymous) they knew who developed dementia due to pasma. The

observation from the patience is that they are experiencing exaggerated

form of motor disturbance in dementia, And the musculoskeletal

electromyographic features of stiff – man syndrome is present

(Newsholme, 2010).

B. Various methods of curing pasma

Application of Steaming/ Fumigation. The result from boiling water

with herbal medicines will create a natural product of steam that will

make the body precipitate the bad ailments through sweating and

inserting the properties of the herbals through the pores. Applying

this method in curing pasma is very effective. The one suffering

from pasma may apply steaming by putting the boiled product

under the lower area, and cover the body with a blanket to conceal

the steam. There is an emerging evidence, even small, that

supports the effectiveness of massage therapy in relieving body

pains. The preservation of endocrine homeostatsis can be

stabilized by steam bathing (Pleshakov, 2011). Involvement of hot

steam baths with herbs and incense, which has a significant

symbolic qualities of purification but also the restoration that

alleviates pain (Hart, 1965). It defines stress as an exposure to hot

and cold.

Through Intake of Herbal Medicines. Nature has been an

alternative pharmacy for people in rural areas who cannot afford

expensive medicines. The healing properties of herbal medicines

generate a new façade for curing many illnesses. Finding the right

herbal medicine and extracting its healing properties may

immediately provide relief to the effect of pasma. The medicinal

herbs are composed of natural substances which has the ability to

cure a corresponding illness of a person together with a ritual or

procedures which are involved in the preparation on the use of

medicinal herbs that will assure the intended therapeutic effect

(Ramirez, 2017). The use of herbal plant has become an effective

medicine to cure a certain diseases (Muaña, 2014). The herbal

plants offers a standard treatment and well-indulged remedy for a

chronic illnesses (Chevalier, 2016). Herbal medicine bring out the

good and beneficial therapeutic effects in relieving the mental and

physical pains of a person (Ebadi, 2010). Herbal plants are usually

use in other countries to cure severe diseases (Lall, 2017).

Through Massage. When someone is experiencing many benefits

in the body; evidence related to the use of massage can improve

the pulmonary function (Huth, 2008). Numerous studies provided

 good evidence for massage therapy in managing anxiety, stress,

and promoting relaxation which was trailed in intensive care

patients and adults (Best, 2008). The use of massage has been

recognized in providing various ways for the solution of different

pathological situation (Montraville & Green, 1951). It will provide

detoxification, tonifying and the prevention of the recurring stress or

injury (Sinclair, 2007). Massage is a non-invasive and effective

treatment method for reducing a repetitive pain (Ysmael, 2012).

Implications for Practice

As we conducted this study, we found out the different Causes and

relievers of pasma. Multitudes of people can benefit from the new set of

information gathered using this research. Many individuals are vulnerable to the

effects of pasma as they do usual activities that triggers the illness. The

information from this study may provide tremendous help to the Folk Healers,

Medical Sciences, Doctors, Sufferer of pasma ,and students.

Folk healers may apply methods cited in this study in order for them to

provide relief to their patients. Moreover, the informations in this study can add

new techniques and herbs to their methods of healing such as

steaming/fumigating and many uses of herbal medicines. Furthermore, results of

this study can be a big help to other folk healers in treating patients using

traditional medicines and methods.

 The result of this study can provide new set of knowledge to medical

science. Pasma is not highly recognized by mainstream medicine in other

countries but this study may provide evidence that will disprove their claims.

Doctors who are experiencing difficulties in treating pasma patients with

allergy to drugs can apply the result of this study. Methods used by the folk

healers are far different and safer to use in allergic people because most of the

ingredients and methods are natural. Many information in this study contains

different methods and herb supported by medical science and can be used by

doctors especially if this is more effective than the common method.

A sufferer of pasma can benefit from this study. It may help them relieve

the effects of pasma. This study provides information about various methods of

curing pasma that could help the sufferer recover from the illness. This study

may provide traditional and natural methods that has no side effects to cure

pasma that will help the sufferer of pasma.

Students may be influenced by the result of this study; many students are

not bringing lunchbox or not taking lunch during lunch time causing them to be

very vulnerable to pasma. This study will inform them the possible outcome of

skipping meals.
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 Marist Brothers
NOTRE DAME OF KIDAPAWAN COLLEGE
Kidapawan City

INTERVIEW GUIDE

Research Title: “FOLK HEALING: THE SEARCH FOR THE CURE OF

PASMA”

Researchers: Batomalaque, Brylle T., Marcon, Noemi P., Teves,

Jannah Jen A.

Department: Senior High School

Research Questions Guide Questions Probing Questions

1. What is the 1.1. How do you perceive 1.2. How can you
perception of the pasma? diagnose pasma in a
participants towards person?
pasma syndrome?

2. How do the 2.1. What are the means 2.2. What are the means
participant provide to be relieved from in relieving pasma?
relief to those pasma?
suffering from
pasma?
 APPENDICES

AUDIT TRAIL

SUBJECT 1
Verbatim Response English Translation
1. What is your own perception for
pasma?

Ang panan aw pud na nga sakit ka tao I can perceive that illness when the
kanang makita ko siya nga amo na kay skin color of the person turns yellow.
And when a person is lacking food
na yellowish ang kuan, iyang lawas kay
intake, tired and weak; you can easily
kana, Oo kana ang kuan haw sa aton, spot that pasma is present. And also
ang yellowish na kel no? Oo, yellowish when a person has no appetite when
tapos yellowish ang panit kay ug kuan, eating because everything seems
kulang sa kaon kag dayun sa kakapoy tasteless.
bitaw ng hina siya dayun ka pud ang
kuan dayun kanang makita mo na na
siya dayun kay kung kuan; hinay siya
magkaon, tapos ng sa aton ng las – ay,
Las –ay. Ang Oo.

2. How serious is this illness?

Hindi, hindi na siya makapatay; ng

No, It is not deadly. When you feel the
kung magkuan ka lang mag kung symptoms you can drink herbal such
magkuan ka lang sina kung mag inom as alibhon. Then, when you have
ka sang kanang ano ng pangalan sana symptoms like hand tremors, you
ng imnon nila sana ah? Ng mga herbal. should inhibit yourself from drinking
Herbal: ng medyo kung alibhon, cold water because it is highly
prohibited.
alibhon kay pasmo, alibhon; pwede ka
magkuan ng alibhon, mag inom ka ng
alibhon st… Oo, Alibhon! Tapos,
kaning mga kuan pud sakit nimo nga di
nimo ma kuan, kanang sa mga
nagakudog imong lawas. Kana, kana
bawalan mo gid na sa pasma, kanang
pasma pud, bawalan pud nimo ng
lamig nga tubig kung mag inom ka kay
bawal gid na siya. Oo, Pasmo!

3. Is pasma has a superstitious

intervention or it is a common
illness?
Those persons that feel tremors, Of
Kanang tao nga makuan sana kana ng course I will apply cure because if the
magkudog? Kanang naga kuan, core of the body is not normal, I can
syempre applyan na sila sang kuan, see it because I will test their pulse. If
they were touched by supernatural
kanang mga tao nga magkadto dre nga
beings like “Tao sa Talon”, Of course I
lain ang ilang pang ginhawa, kanang will cure it using “tayhop”. “Tayhop” is
kuan ti makita mo na na siya kay imo my specialty and I can use it as a cure
man e tan-awon iyang pulso na. Oo. for supernatural intervention. After
Kay ah , amo ni, na kuanan, na giving a “Tayhop”, you should give a
kuannan sang iban nga tao nga hindi massage and after that, he will feel the
pareha naton; kanang mga tao gud sa relief because of “tayhop” and “luy – a”.
talon, na syempre imo na siyang
bulongon, Hmmm. Dili naman na siguro
ng ibutang naton na kel nga na pay
tayhop kay pwede ng pag tayhop, pag
tayhopan mo na siya. Kay tana akon
tayhop gid tana kay bulongan mo gid
tana pay ti pagkakuan sato hiloton, ti
syempre pagkakuan sato daw
maumpawan nato siya gawa kay
natayhopan na, kay naluy-ahan,hmmm,
naluy-ahan.

4. What is your basis to say that the

illness is pasma?
For people? They are lack of food
Sa tao? Kulang na sa kaon, kulang sa intake, lack of sleep or unable to sleep,
tulog then dili siya makatulog, tapos and then stress.
(cough), kanang na stress, Oo.

5. What are the reasons why do you

keep reminding your costumers not
to take a bathe after the massage?

Kay kana kay bag- o ko lang siya
gihilot, mga bale duha ka adlaw dapat
siya nga dili siya maligo, sa ikatatlo nga
That is because I just massaged him
and he is not allowed to take a bathe
for two days. He is not allowed to take
a bathe because their muscles and
adlaw pwede na siya maligo. Kay veins has been dismantled during the
bawal maligo, syempre nabungkag dun massage and if they take a bathe,
ang iyang mga ugat ng nga iyang everything will be back to its normal
places before I took the massage; he
katawhan kay gihilot amo ng bawal siya
will return to his tired body.
maligo. Oo magkuan man siya, hindi
mag kanang iyang, akon tong pag
paghilot magbalik sa iyong
kaugalingong lawas, na daw kapoy,
Oo.

6. What is your first encounter of

pasma? Yes of course, one example is *****. He
went here at 4:00 a.m. because I can
Oo may ara eh, ah, halimbawa si *****, see that he is catching his breath. I told
***** nga *****, Oo nagkadto na siya him to sit and I massaged him. After
dire alas kwatro sang aga kay nakuan the massage, he was relieved. I pulled
man nakon nga naga (Hingal), naga and massaged each of his fingers in
order to provide relief.
hingal, siya, Oo naga hapo na. ti
pungko, ginhilot ko to siya. Oo,
muingon ko, te kuon ko, gihilot ko to
siya, te pagkatapos nakon hilot na kuan
dun, kanang, Oo naumpawan. Ahmm.
Ng sa mga kamot gina amo na. ganyan
gina pang butong, gina pang massage
aron lang maumpawan siya.

7. What are the causes of pasma?

Ang kana, kanang kuan ng pag pasma
sina kanang naay gikan ka sa kuan,
panglitan gikan ka sa basketball, te
syempre may pasma kana daan, may
pasma kana daan tapos mag –inom ka
bugnaw nga tubig amo ng pagbalik
sang imong pasma. Di ka mag – inom
sang tubig nga lamig. Oo, Oo, Oo
pasmo, pasmo! Nakuan na to pasmo.
Oo amo na na Hmmm. Amo na na sila
The cause of pasma is that if you are
from a basketball game, Of course you
already have pasma, and then if you
drink cold water; the pasma will be
triggered. One more example is from a
carpenter, they are exposed to the sun
and when they take a break; and drink
cold water, the outcome would really
be pasma.
da kay kanang mga panday kung pasar
sa kaon kay ara sila sa initan then
magbaba, mag – inom sa tubig, amo
na na siya da, pasmo gid ang gwa niya
da.

8. What part of the body is prone to

pasma? If you are weak, your core will be easily
affected by pasma and other diseases.
Kung kuan ka hiyang ka, ang Imong
All originated from the head until it
ginhawaan, nga na dali ka matakdan reaches the body, the hands, and the
sang pasmo, dali matakdan pud sang heart.
sakit. Tanan gikan sa ulo gid hantod
dire sa lawas nimo na mga kamot nimo
og mga dughan nimo.

9. What are the various faces of

pasma?
Daw nabal-an nakon isa lang man ning
pasma king, Oo, sa lawas mo lang gid
na oy, gikan ka sa kakapoy. Sa gutom,
then sa gutom gid; ang ulo gid na kuan
unahon. Ulo nimo kay naga kudog man
dire sa tiyan nimo nga ah nagutom ko
te unahon gid ang ulo sa pag kuan na
nga sakit ang ulo nimo na , Oo,
magkalat sa lawas nimo, Oo.
Pasma is only one based on my
knowledge. It is only in your body after
taking heavy workload. Hungriness; it
will really attack the brain first. When
you are hungry, the stomach will first
signal the brain and the brain will react
and that is now the tremors, headaches
and it will go throughout the body.

10. What are the effects of pasma in

the body? If not prevented, that is the time that
you will have mental problems like
Te amo na na kung dili ka matambalan, dementia. You will have dementia
magkuan ka; magbuang ka. Oo, Oo because the air from your body will go
(laughs) mabuang jud ka kay pasmo to your brain. Then after that the eyes
will be blurred. Luckily some just turned
mo! Kay ang hangin sa imong lawas crazy.
masaka naman sa utok nimo, te
syempre pag kuan sato lain naman,
blurred naman panan –aw to. Nabulag.
May nalang ng iban kay nabuang te
pag buang mo sina.

11. What is the history of your

knowledge about pasma? You can see it in the face of the person
if what is the result, if what is the illness
Te sa imo na sa itsura na sa tao, in his body. I just knew it, I can easily
matan- aw mo, kung ano ang iyang detect the illness by just looking at it.
resulta, kung ano ang sakit sa iyang
lawas. Saakun lang, mabal – an ko na
sa tan –aw ko lang daan ma bal – an
ko na nga amo na iyang sakit.

I hereby certify that the transcription has been done in a manner which ensures
transparency and the thought of the responses were preserved in the translation.

Subject 1

SUBJECT 2
Verbatim Response English Translation

1.1 What is your own perception for

pasma?

Ah kuan kanang malipasan ka ug gutom, When you skipped meals, that's the time
tapos kanang ah... kanang magkurog kurog that your hand will involuntarily shake and
imong kamot unya, musaka ang kabuhi sa the reflux inside the stomach will go in the
imong ulo head.

1.2 How serious is this disease?

Isa naa jud na siya, isa na jud na siya Some of the effects of pasma are fever,
maglagnat, magsuka, mao na magtuob nausea, and that is when you do
naka, una una, magtugnaw na, steaming, at first, you feel cold, and
magkalibanga ka, dili lang ang kalibanga na indigestion. Indigestion is not always
cause by dirt, it is cause by pasma,
ingon lang sa hugaw, gikan na sa pasmo,
because our stomach keeps on trembling,
kay ang atung intestine, sige manag bag it if you do not eat, it will soften. And will
kung wala kay ginakaon mahilis to siya... cause ulcer.
mao na ang magcause ug ulcer, ang
hinungdan ana pasmo.

1.3 Is pasma has a superstitious

intervention or it is a common illness?
Ang cause pud sa bughat kay pasmo, kay
kasagaran dili makabughat ang trabaho,
ang makabughat kanang wala kay kaon
mao nang magsakit imong ulo, dili naka
makalihok, tapos mag epek na siya
maglagas ang imong buhok, magkurog ka,
daghan man ug kuan ang bughat, usually
ang herbal ang tambal ana, usahay kanang
elepante, kanang elepante kanang
ginatawag nila na elepante na tanom, ang
gamut lagaon tapos ang tubig ipainom,
tapos iligo kanang warm na tubig, tapos
naa siyay gabon tapos hiloton ang lawas.
The cause of bughat is also pasma,
because usually, it is not work that
causes bughat, but the habit of skipping
meals that will cause headache, unable to
move your body, hairfalls, and shaking.
There are a lot of remedies for bughat.
Usually, the common cure is herbal,
sometimes, the elepante, it is what they
called elepante plant, boil the roots then
drink the water of it, and take a warm
bath with gabon and massage the body.

1.4 How can you say that a person is

suffering pasma?
The skipping of meals, your acid reflux
Kanang, malipasan na ka ug gutom ana, can get into the head that is the reason
imong kabuhi musaka sa imung ulo, mao you will get mad. You will easily notice a
nang mabuang ka, mao na Makita na person has encounter pasma, Usually;
person who uses drugs and never eats.
napasmohan jud ning tawhana ni… Usually
The air can get to your head and will
kanang maliso-a… kanang gamit ug ano
result to pasmo and there are many
tapos wala gaakaaon. Magsaka ang causes of pasma.
hangin sa ulo, pasmo na siya, and daghan
man ang cause sa pasmo.
1.5 What are the reasons why is it
probihited not to take a shower after
doing a hasstle activity under a hot
weather? Example, a sweaty basketball player,
Example jud ana mga basketball; pawis jud after the game they are use to sit down?
na siya pawis, pagkahuman magdula ug Your sweat are still appearing then you
wanted to wash, because you though it’s
basketball maglingkod ka dba? Gagawas
all gone because you wipe it off. After
paman imong pawis ana niya gusto naka
manghimasa, abi nimo wala nay, wala nay,
kay pawis ana, kay natrapuhan na nimo,
pagligo nimo ana pag observe nimo,
makaligo ka ana, paghuman nimo ug ligo
ana, maggawas gihapon ang pawis ana, sa
atua pa ang tubig na giligo nimo nakasulod
nato didto, imong lawas ato didto luya na
kay pagkaugma ana mabati na nimo, unsay
epek ana magkurogkurog na ang mga
kamot.
taking a bath, you observe that your
sweats are still coming out. Therefore, the
waterdrops went inside your body, your
body will feel weary. And on the next day
you’ll feel ill and the effect is the hand
tremor.

1.6 What is your first encounter of

pasma?
The person who lose conciousness, then
Katung tao na nalipong, tapos akong I assisted the person with a blow because
gitabangan…gitayhupan…kay hangin na the hangin is within your stomach then it
ang sulod sa imong tiyan tapos mao na siya is what they called heartburn. There are
ang ginatawag na kabuhi. Oh kanang two types, hangin in the head and in your
hangin ba kay duha man gud sa ulo ug sa stomach.
imong kanang sa tiyan.
1.7 What are the causes of pasma? The skipping of meals, then the shaking
of the hands, then the kabuhi will go up
Ah kuan kanang malipasan ka ug gutom,
into your head then the first thing you do
tapos kanang ah... kanang magkurog kurog
is to boil a water, put a ginger into it then
imong kamot unya, musaka ang kabuhi sa drink after that do a steaming until you
imong ulo, tapos, ah ang una kuan ana perspire. Lemongrass is totally
himuon nimo pabukal ka ug tubig butangan acceptable.
nimo ug luy-a tapos inumon nimo,
magkurog kurog imong kamot, sakit imong
ulo,… ah mao na to magpabukal naka tubig
unya butangan nimo ug luy-a mao na..
Inomon nimo... tapos Tuob ka. Oo
singhot…murag isteam ba isteam ana...
Kanang mga tanglad ana pwede mana.
1.8 What part of the body is prone to
pasma?
Then the cause of death are the factor of
Tapos katung maka cause ug katung playing basketball then taking a bath
makapatay kanang gikan magbasketball, immediately without taking a rest and it is
tapos basa dayon, wala siyay pahulay, mao the leading cause of death because your
na siya ang cause na mapatay ka kay blood vessels are shaking and in the
ngano hago, imong mga ugat, gakurog blood vessel is where your blood can flow
mana tapos imong mga ugat syempre the your heart will pump blood too fast,
galatay dara imong dugo tapos hago si diba and your heart will get drowned and die
unya, imong heart magpump mana ug immediately.
kusog, mao na murag malumos imong
heart , kanang naderetsohan
1.9 What are the various faces of
pasma? Pasmo sa kusog, pasmo sa gutom.
Pasmo sa kusog is the result of Bone-
Pasmo sa kusog… pasmo sa gutom, weary where you came from a hot then
pasmo sa kusog kanang naghago ka, gikan taking a bath, getting wet with a water
ka sa init tapos nagligo ka, nagbasa ka ug and will cause the shaking of the blood
tubig mao nang magkurog imong ugat, ang vessel. Some are having difficulty in
uban usually maglisod naa ug clamp mag closing and opening of the palm. It is
clamp imong mga kamot, Dili na siya ma... pasma.
Pasmo na siya, pasmo…
1.10 What are the effects of pasma in the
body? The effects are hairfalls, shaking of the
body, there are many type of bughat and
Mag epek na siya maglagas ang imong usually the treatment is herbal.
buhok, magkurog ka, daghan man ug kuan
ang bughat, usually ang herbal ang tambal
ana.
11.1 How to decrease the effect of
pasma?
Boil a water with a lemongrass…for me
Bukal ka ug tanglad ana... Basta akoa nga lemongrass is an effective herbal plant,
cure jud na siya tanglad, mga luy-a ana o, just like ginger then never skip meal the
reason you will caught by pasma is
unya di ka magpalipas gutom mao na
because of not eating in time *laugh* and
pasmo jud ka ana magpalipas ka ug gutom will result to bughat. Pasmo came from
*laugh* mao na to bughat...Dili ay ang playing a basketball then getting wet.
pasmo gikan ka sa … nagdula ka ug
basketball tapos magbasa ka dayon pasmo
jud ka ana.

I hereby certify that the transcription has been done in a manner which ensures
transparency and the thought of the responses were preserved in the translation.

SUBJECT 2
 Verbatim Response English Translation

1.1 What is your own perception for

pasma?

Ang pasmo gikan na sa kuan kanang

nalipasan ug gutom kung magkaon ka
ug kuan alas dose, alas onse o alas
dose dili ka ana mapasmo pero mga
ala una mga alas dos dyan na
mapasmo na, magsakit na imong tiyan
ana---gutom o… tapos mabutangan ug
hangin ang tiyan o ug dili na dayun
ganahan magkaon, maglabad naa
imong ulo, o mao na mao na pasmo
nana siya..
The pasma came from starvation. If
you eat at 12 pm, 11am or 12pm you
will not get pasmo but if you eat at
1pm or 2pm you will get caught by
pasmo. You will feel stomachache
then the air will get to your stomach
then no appetite to eat, then you will
start to feel headaches and that is
pasma.

1.2 How serious is this disease?

Basta dili tung dugay na nga pasmo If a person is not experiencing the
kadyot lang ngay kuan mo kay pasma too long it is not that severe.
nalipasan mo ug gutom inyong tyan But if you do a habit of skipping a
sigeg ka guok ana... bsan gutom mo meal it will lead to another disease
like ulcer because your stomach
pasmo. *grrrgrrr* ana mana… ulcer na
keeps on growling and might
ang tawag sa sobra na pasmo...
damage your intestine then you will
Paingon sa ulcer... Ang tinai nimo puke a bitter taste liquid because the
nagsamad na tapos magsuka na pait, pasmo is very severe already and
pait ang suka... o kay grabe naman might lead to ulcer. When you always
kaayo na pasmo... Basta madugay ang drink the water of coconut without a
pasmo mahimo na to siyag ulcer. food intake is also a deadly one. You
Makapatay gihapon nang labi nag will feel headache that last long if you
butong imong ginakaon niyog… do not do steaming.
makapatay gihapon na kay grabe
kaayo ug pasmo ana labad kaayo ang
ulo... Dugay kaayo mawala... Basta dili
ka maggamit atung tuob dili na
maawala ba... Labad kaayo na imong
ulo murag kuan ba…..
1.3 Is pasma a superstition or it is a
common illness?
Ang init sa tao blanse ug ang bugnaw
balance sa sulod sa lawas. Unya kung
sobra ang bugnaw naa na kay gibati
ana--- sa-sakit ang tiyan ana. Unya
daghan na ug bugnaw ubuhon ka sip
unon... diba labi na karo bugnaw inig
gabei magbukot ka ug habol... ug
sobra kasa init kalintura ang labas
nimo, katung napasmo ka kalinturahon
gyud ka ana… kanang nalipasan ka ug
gutom kalinturahon gyud ka ana tapos
magsige lang ka ug higda dili naka
ganahan magkaon.
The hot and cold should be balance
inside of the body of a person. Then
if the coldness is too high means you
will felt stomach-ache, then you will
catch cold. Now in the night we feel
much cold, we should use blanket.
And if toomuch hot, and always skip
a meal the result is fever and always
laying in bed.

1.4 How can you say that a person is

suffering pasma?

Kanang mabuang na hmmhmm...

Dapat likayan jud nang pasmo
mageskwela mo magbalon jud mo
magkaon jud mo eksakto mao nang
mga buang diha dagandagan pasmo
na siya *laugh* na sobrahan sa gutom
ohh... Nagligo
nagligo...Pasmooo...mao pud na sa
mga bukog

1.5 What is the reason why is it

probihited not to take a shower
after doing a hassle activity
under a hot weather?

Mao na ang ingon nila na pasmo sa
kusog o mga bukog ang kay gikan
naghago ang ilaang lawas tapos
manghimasa ang uban dili na kalakaw
tungod na sa pasmo gihapon
It is what they said pasmo sa kusog
or pasmo sa bukog because it is
cause by having a tired body then
taking a bath. Some people are
unable to walk because of pasma.

1.6 What is your first encounter in

Pasma?

Kay basta mga kasagaran mga

estudyante ang apektadokay akong
anak napasmo kay dili magbalon
lage... Kung amua mga binisaya lang
gyud amua mga herbal.
1.7 What are the cures for pasma?
Kanaa pud tuob…kanang mag kuan...
Ug mapasmo ka sa mga softdrink mga
coke... magpabukal ka ug tubig
butangan ug coke, ug asin tapos
butangan ug dukot kanga dukot sa
kan-on oo...ipabukal to tanan tapos I
ano na ipa ano pagka kuan bukal,
tapos magkulob ka unya ibutang didto
sa kanang gihigdaan ninyo ibutang ang
kolon unya abrihan tapos magbukot ug
baga na habol mga 15 minutes 10 o 10
pwede 10 kuan man siya inig abri nimo
hinay-hinayon lang nimo..Magpiyong
dapat ka kay aron aron di maabot ang
init-lisgaw oh.. Hinay-hinayon nimo na
siya ug abri tapos iekuan na siya sa
pusod na... Unya human maagbukot
mo ug habol tapos magsinghot naka
ana... Tapos mawala naa imong sakit...
Kay na ano naman sa singhot.
Naggawas na sa singhot uban sa
pasma... tapos dili mo magpahangin...
1.8 What part of the body is prone to
pasma?
Sakit sa tiyan, labad sa ulo, o mag
ulcer ka ug perminti naka mapasmo
ulceron naka magsamad na imong
tinae o ana o, ulcer naman tapos
dugay na maayo. O mamatay na ang
uban kay magsuka naman na siya.
Because usually, students are the
affected ones. My child also
encounters pasma because of not
bringing food in school. Commonly,
we use traditional healing like
herbals.
If you catch pasma by drinking
softdrink like coca-cola. Boil a water
add coca-cola and salt then add a
burnt rice. Boil them together then
after it boil, lay your face down then
put the pot in the lower area of the
bed then wrap your body with a thick
blanket in 15 minutes or 10 minutes
after that slowly open the enclosed
porch, you should close your eyes so
that the heat coming from the pot can
not get into your eyes. Slowly open
the pots then eat the inside of it after
you wrap yourself with a blanket,
your sweat will come out then your
illness will disappear because you
already perspire, the pasma went
with your sweat. And never get
ventilated.
Stomach-ache, headache or will
result to ulcer if always skipping a
meal, because your intestine will get
damage and if having a long time
ulcer might result to death, some
people may vomit.
1.9 What are the effects of pasma in
the body?

Sakit sa tiyan, labad sa ulo, o mag

ulcer ka ug perminti naka pasar ug
kaon, kay ulceron naka magsamad na
imong tinae o ana o, ulcer naman
tapos dugay na maayo. O mamatay na
ang uban kay magsuka

1.10 How to decrease the effect of

pasma?

Dapat likayan jud nang pasmo

mageskwela mo magbalon jud mo ug
magkaon jud mo eksakto mao nang
mga buang diha dagandagan pasmo
na siya *laugh* na sobrahan sa gutom
ohh... Nagligo
nagligo...Pasmooo...mao pud na sa
mga bukog
Pasma should be avoided. If you go
to school, make sure to bring food
and eat well. That is why those
people running around with mental
illness *laugh* has an excessive
hunger, taking a cold bath and that is
what with pasmo sa bukog.

I hereby certify that the transcription has been done in a manner which ensures
transparency and the thought of the responses were preserved in the translation.

SUBJECT 3
 JMJ CH
NOTRE DAME OF KIDAPAWAN COLLEGE
INTEGRATED BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
DATU INGKAL ST., KIDAPAWAN CITY

Researchers: Marcon, Noemie P. (R1) Date: 3/ 1/ 19

Batomalaque, Brylle T. (R2) Section: St.Jerome
Teves, Jannah Jen A. (R3)

Title: FOLK HEALING :THE SEARCH FOR THE CURE OF PASMA

Senior High School Oral Evaluation Form

Criteria Percentage Score

(R1) (R2) (R3) (R4)

A. Research Paper
1. Originality of the topic/extent of 10%
contribution to the community
25%
2. Critical discussion of the research
3. Consistency/correctness of the 15%
contents

B. Presentation
20%
1. Mastery of the topic/subject
2. Quality of presentation 10%
3. Ability to answer questions
20%

TOTAL 100%

Remarks

Panelist’s signature
 JMJ Ch
NOTRE DAME OF KIDAPAWAN COLLEGE
Senior High School Department
Datu Ingkal St., Kidapawan City

CONSENT-TO-PARTICIPATE FORM

Research Title: Folk Healing: The Search for the Cure of Pasma

Researchers: Noemie P. Marcon

Jannah Jen A. Teves
Brylle T. Batomalaque

Dear Participant:

Greetings!

As part of our academic requirement in the Senior High School

Department of the Notre Dame of Kidapawan College, we are conducting a
research entitled: “Folk Healing: The Search for the Cure of Pasma”. This study
aims to know the perceptions of the participants towards pasma and to gather
different methods of reliving this illness. You were chosen to be one of the
informants based on the criteria set. We ask that you read this form before
agreeing to participate in this study. There will be no risks and discomforts since
the interview will be done in a secluded place and in your most convenient time.

As an informant, you have the right for voluntary participation which

enables you to withdraw from the study anytime you wish should you feel
uncomfortable. Also, your identity will be kept anonymous and the information
that you shall give to us will be kept confidential to uphold the ethical
considerations of qualitative research. We assure that your responses will only
be utilized in this research and for academic purposes.

Please affix your signature with the full knowledge of the nature and
purpose of the procedure. A copy of this consent form will be given to you for
safekeeping.

Participant’s/Informant’s Signature

Date: