EXPERIMENT 4

PREPARATION OF SOLUTION

Objective :
Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to:
1. Prepare sodium hydroxide solution with stated concentration,
2. Prepare a series of solution with different molar concentration.

Concept :
1. To understand molarity, normality and mole concept.
2. To learn dilution technique.
3. To learn the way to use M1V2 = M2V2 equation in dilute liquid calculation.

Introduction:
Concentration can be expressed in many different ways such as percentage volume and percentage
weight etc. In laboratory, normally concentrations were expressed as molarity and normality.

Molarity is the mole of material in 1000 mL (1 liter or 1 dm3) of solution, as shown as followed
equation:
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒
Molarity (M) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑑𝑚3 )
M=n/V
Stock solution is the solution with known concentration. When the solution was diluted, only the
concentrations will change while the mole number is remain the same. Based on this principle, the
concentration of dilute solution can be determined by using followed equation:

M1V1 = M2V2
Where M1 = concentration of concentrated solution (mol dm3)
V1 = volume of concentrated solution (dm3)
M2 = concentration of dilute solution
V2 = volume of dilute solution
Apparatus :
1. Weighing boat 4. Volumetric flask (10mL) 8. Dropper
2. Glass rod 5. Glass funnel
3. Beaker 6. Test tubes
4. Volumetric flask (250mL) 7. Pipette

Materials :
0.10 M FeCl3 solution
0.10 M KCNS solution
FeCl3 solution (B)

Procedures:
Activity 1: Prepare 250mL 0.1 M NaOH solution
We prepared 250mL 0.1 M based on the result. (refer to the result activity 1.1)

Activity 2: Determine the concentration of an unknown solution

1. Based on given equation, the following solution is calculated and prepared from standard
solution of 0.10 M FeCl3 by using pipette.

a. 10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 x 10-2 M)

b. 10 mL FeCl3 solution (1.0 x 10-2 M)
c. 10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 x 10-3 M)
d. 10 mL FeCl3 solution (1.0 x 10-3 M)
e. 10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 x 10-4 M)
The volume of solution used is recorded.

2. 5 mL of prepared solution is transferred into 5 test tubes and 2 drops of KCNS (potassium
thiocyanate) is added to each test tube. The test tubes were shaken until homogenous and the
color changed.
3. 5 mL of unknown solution(solution B) is transferred into another test tube and 2 drops of
KCNS solution is added. The test tube was shaken and the color of the solution is compared
with the series of solution that have prepared previously (2). The concentration of solution B
is determined.

RESULT
Activity 1:
1. Describe the steps in the preparation of 250mL 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution. (Use diagram
in your explanation).

Step 1: Weigh exactly Step 2: Transfer the

1g NaOH into a little solution to a graduated
distilled water. flask.

Step 3: Rinse out the Step 4: Fill the flask to

beaker with distilled up to 250mL with
water. distilled water.
2. List four precautions that must be taken during the preparation of solution.
i. We must clean the all apparatus by distilled water before use.
ii. We must measure the volume the solution with properly and use the right apparatus.
iii. Wear appropriate protective clothing such as gloves, lab coat and goggle.
iv. Rinse completely the beaker that contain NaOH to get the accurate molarity.

Activity 2:
Name the stock solution: FeCl3 solution
Concentration of stock solution: 0.10 M

1. Calculate the volume that needs to be pipetted from stock solution for each new concentration.

10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 × 10-2 M)

M1V1 = M2V2
(0.10 M) V1 = (5.0 × 10-2 M) (25.0 mL)
V1 = 5.0 mL

10 mL FeCl3 solution (1.0 × 10-2 M)

M1V1 = M2V2
(0.10 M) V1 = (1.0 × 10-2 M) (25.0 mL)
V1 = 1.0 mL

10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 × 10-3 M)

M1V1 = M2V2
(0.10 M) V1 = (5.0 × 10-3 M) (25.0 mL)
V1 = 0.5 mL

10 mL FeCl3 solution (1.0 × 10-3 M)

 M1V1 = M2V2
(0.10 M) V1 = (1.0 × 10-3 M) (25.0 mL)
V1 = 0.1 mL
10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 × 10-4 M)

M1V1 = M2V2
(0.10 M) V1 = (5.0 × 10-4 M) (10.0 mL)
V1 = 0.05 mL

2. Complete the following data

Volume of
Volume of water need Colour after add
Solution
FeCl3 (mL) to be KCNS
added(mL)
10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 × 10-2 M) 5 5 Blood red

10 mL FeCl3 solution (1.0 × 10-2 M) 1 9 Dark brown

10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 × 10-3 M) 0.5 9.5 Brown

10 mL FeCl3 solution (1.0 × 10-3 M) 0.1 9.9 Light brown

10 mL FeCl3 solution (5.0 × 10-4 M) 0.05 9.95 Light peach

3. Discuss about the colour observation and predict the concentration for unknown solution.

From the observation, the dilution solution in test tube A change to blood red color. Dilute
solution of test tube B changes to dark brown, the dilution solution in test tube C change to
brown, while dilute solution of test tube D change to light b rown and the dilution solution
of test tube E change to light peach. The darkest color of the solution in the test tube determine
as higher concentration.

This experiment, we compared the unknown solution (solution B) that have been prepared with
the five solutions, we compared based on the color of the solution B that have been prepared
with the all five solution. From the observation, we can see that the color solution of B same
the color solution of dilute solution that we have prepared. So, we decided that the
concentration of solution B is the same. So based on the result we know that, the concentration
of solution B is 5.0 × 10-3 M.
Discussion:
In chemistry, molar concentration also called molarity. Molarity is a measure of the concentration
of a solute in a solution. The equation of the molarity is :

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒
Molarity (M) =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑑𝑚3 )
M=n/V

Normality is measure of concentrations. It is equal to number of gram equivalents of a solute

per liter of solution. Equation of normality is :

Weight of solute in grams

Normality = × Volume in litre
Gram equivalent weight

In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed
with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the
concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent.
Dilution in chemistry is process reducing the concentration of a solute in solution, usually simply
by mixing with more solvent. Colorimetric techniques are used to identify colored solutions and
to measure their concentration. Colorimetry relies on colored solutions absorbing light of a
particular wavelength. However the technique can also be used to analyze colorless substances if
they react with a dye.

In this experiment, before during the dilution process, the volume of the FeCl3 is calculated using
the formula M1V1=M2V2. M1 is concentration of concentrated solution and V1 is the volume of the
solution. M2 is the concentration of dilute solution and V2 is volume of dilute solution.

After the volume of the dilute solution already calculate, the dilution process. In these
experiment five dilute solutions is prepared. We can determine the concentration of thesolution
according to the color concentration of the solution after added the KCNS solutions the indicator.
After the KCNS is dropped into all dilute solution the color of dilute solution is change.

Figure 1 : After drop KCNS

From the observation, the dilution solution in test tube A change to blood red color. Dilute
solution of test tube B changes to dark brown, the dilution solution in test tube C change to brown,
while dilute solution of test tube D change to light b rown and the dilution solution of test tube E
change to light peach. The darkest color of the solution in the test tube determine as higher
concentration.

This experiment, we compared the solution B that have been prepared with the five solutions, we
compared based on the color of the solution B that have been prepared with the all five solution.
From the observation, we can see that the color solution of B same the color solution of dilute
solution that we have prepared. So, we decided that the concentration of solution B is the same.
So based on the result we know that, the concentration of solution B is 5.0 × 10-3 M.
The precaution during doing this experiment is we must clean the all apparatus by distilled water
before use. Besides that, we must measure the volume the solution with properly and use the right
apparatus.
Conclusion:
From this experiment we can know about the molarity, normality and mole concept. We also learn
dilution process and use the equation.

Reference:
1. Brown, T. L. (2014). Chemistry : The Central Science (3rd ed.). Pearson Australia Group Pty
Ltd.
2. SKU3013 Chemistry I, Laboratory Manual.