OBESITY

MEMBERS
 Araujo Suárez Claudia
 Cubas Rojas Humberto
 Dávila Gamonal Luis
 Delgado Villena Marcia
 Sánchez Tello Astrid
 OBESITY

1. DEFINITION

Obesity is defined by WHO as a situation in which an excess of fatty tissue damages

health and increases mortality. A simple way to measure obesity is the body mass index
(BMI), this is the weight of a person in kilograms divided by the square of the height in
meters. A person with a BMI equal to or greater than 30 is considered obese and with a
BMI equal to or greater than 25 is considered overweight. The magnitude of its
prevalence and increase throughout the world, justify the qualification of an authentic
epidemic and requires the urgent implementation of preventive treatments and correct
therapeutic strategies. But as important as the epidemiological data is the need to
produce in society and among professionals a conceptual revolution, a profound change
of mentality that leads to consider obesity as a chronic disease, and to propose coherent
medical strategies for multidisciplinary treatment. Obesity requires a paradigm shift and
a sustainable strategy, requires "being rescued" as a real health problem and taking its
management to the only responsible area: that of evidence-based medicine away from
"para-medicine" and unscientific business.

Moving in the field responsible for the treatment of obesity means correctly diagnosing
all obese patients and proposing appropriate treatment strategies, as with any other
chronic disease: treatments that are maintainable in the medium and long term, that do
not cause harmful side effects and that have tells the complex reality of eating and energy
homeostasis. It implies a sustainable change in the environmental conditions that allow
the phenotypic expression of obesity, that is, a change in lifestyle in the three
fundamental axes of action: food, physical exercise and attitudes towards food, to which
Drugs and surgery are added to patients and / or times when it is indicated.

Overweight and obesity are risk factors for many chronic diseases, including diabetes,
cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Once considered problems of countries with high incomes, obesity and overweight are
increasing in low and middle income countries, especially in urban areas.
2. SYMPTOMS

The accumulation of excess fat under the diaphragm and in the chest wall can put
pressure on the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing and choking, even with minimal
effort. The difficulty in breathing can seriously interfere with sleep, causing momentary
stoppage of breathing, the cause of daytime sleepiness and other complications. Obesity
can cause several orthopedic problems, including pain in the lower back (low back pain)
and worsening of osteoarthritis, especially in the hips, knees and ankles. Skin disorders
are also frequent. Since obese people have a body surface in relation to their weight,
they can not remove body heat efficiently, so their sweat more than thin people. In the
same way, swelling of the cakes and ankles is frequent, caused by the accumulation of
small and moderate amounts of liquid at this level (edema).

The most obvious symptom is weight gain, so the symptoms will depend on this weight
gain that, among others, may be:

 Difficulty sleeping. Obesity is related to sleep apnea, which is the cause of

daytime sleepiness and unrefreshing sleep.
 Back and joint pain.
 Excessive sweating.
 Heat intolerance.
 Infections in the skin folds.
 Fatigue.
 Depression.
 Feeling of shortness of breath (dyspnea).
 Skin .The skin thickens and darkens in some parts of the body (acanthosis
nigricans). Appearance of stretch marks.
 Edema and varicose veins in the lower extremities.
 Body Mass Index greater than 30 kg / m2.
 Waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men and 88 cm in women.

3. PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OBESITY

PREVENTION
 Healthy nutrition
 Drinking water
 Perform one hour of daily exercise
 Evitar el consumo de grasas: fiambres, embutidos, aderezos, snaks.
  Have breakfast daily
 Sleep in sufficient quantity
 Control body weight
 Restrict foods with a high content of refined sugars: soft drinks, sweets.
 Avoid the consumption of alcoholic drinks
 Choose varied foods from all groups.

TREATMENT

At present it is not possible to prevent type 1 diabetes, despite the many attempts that
have been made.
Type 2 diabetes, which is the most frequent, can be prevented. Since the most important
cause is obesity, "all the actions that have to do with the prevention of obesity - avoid a
sedentary lifestyle, junk food, sugary drinks ...- will have a positive result," says González
, who states that it is known "that a healthy lifestyle reduces by 80 percent the chances
of having type 2 diabetes."
Once the disease has been diagnosed, it is necessary to prevent the appearance of
micro and macrovascular complications. The follow-up of the prescribed treatment, as
well as the dietetic and physical activity recommendations, is fundamental to avoid
complications such as cardiovascular, renal, diabetic retinopathy or diabetic foot. In
addition, it is advisable to carry out periodic reviews, among which the following stand
out:
• Fund of eye.
• Analysis of renal function.
• Foot checks.
• Electrocardiogram.
• Measurement of blood pressure.
People with diabetes should also be aware of the occurrence of hypoglycaemia (low
blood glucose). It is currently considered that a person has a hypoglycemia when their
blood sugar level is less than 70 mg / dl. It is the most frequent acute complication of
diabetes and can appear in a multitude of circumstances:

• Excessive insulin dose.

• Insufficient carbohydrates in meals.
• Meals delayed in time.
• Extra exercise for the dose of insulin administered.
• Some oral antidiabetics can also cause hypoglycaemia.
• Administration of insulin in muscle instead of subcutaneous tissue.
• Errors in the administration of insulin (administer fast insulin instead of delayed or dose
errors).
• Take a bath or shower with very hot water soon after the insulin has been punctured.
Among the measures to prevent hypoglycaemia, it is worth mentioning the performance
of a greater number of glycemic controls during the day, especially if physical exercise
has been done, as well as the planning in advance of the physical exercise that will be
performed in order to adjust the insulin which is going to be administered and the
carbohydrates that are going to be eaten. In this sense, the experts emphasize that
insulin should never be administered without a blood glucose control.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

 https://portal.hospitalclinic.org/enfermedades/obesidad/sintomas
 https://www.britannica.com/science/obesity
 https://www.vivasaludable.org/know-your-risks/obesity-symptoms.php
 https://www.who.int/topics/obesity/es/
 Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), Notadescriptiva N°311 junio de 2016.
Disponible
en: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/es/ [ Links ]
 Ezzati M. Comparative quantification of health risks. Global and regional burden
of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Ginebra, Organización
Mundial de la Salud, 2004. [ Links ]

 Villabona L, Bergel E, Cafferata M, Belizán J. TREATMENT OF OBESITY.

MEDICINE AGAZINE; 63 (1): 1 – 105. 2005. available in:
https://cuidateplus.marca.com/enfermedades/digestivas/diabetes.html

 McDonald S., Philippa S. PREVENTION OF OBESITY. MEDICINE MAGAZINE;

WHO/RH: 14 – 19; 2013. Available in:
https://www.sanitas.es/sanitas/seguros/es/particulares/biblioteca-de-
salud/prevencion-salud/san039296wr.html