ISSN 2229-5518
Abstract- Power quality standards (IEEE-519) compel to limit the total harmonic distortion within the acceptable range .This paper mainly deals with shunt
active power filter which has been widely used for harmonic elimination. Active power filter which has been used here monitors the load current constantly
and continuously adapt to the changes in load harmonics. The performance of three phase shunt active power filter using instantaneous power theory with
PI and Hysteresis current controller is explained in this paper.
Index Terms- Active power filters (APF), composite load, harmonic compensation, linear and non linear load, reactive power.
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1 INTRODUCTION
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doing so, the accuracy of current compensation for current requiring any operational amplifiers. Passive filters are
harmonics found at a nonlinear load, for the PQ theory inexpensive compared with most other mitigating devices.
control technique is supported and also substantiates the Its structure may be either of the series or parallel type. The
reliability and effectiveness of this model for integration into structure chosen for implementation depends on the type of
a power system network. The model is implemented across harmonic source present. Internally, they cause the
a two bus network including generation to the application harmonic current to resonate at its frequency. Through this
of the nonlinear load. approach, the harmonic currents are attenuated in the LC
The aim of the system simulation is to verify the circuits tuned to the harmonic orders requiring filtering.
active filters effectiveness for a nonlinear load. In This prevents the severe harmonic currents traveling
simulation, total harmonic distortion measurements are upstream to the power source causing increased widespread
undertaken along with a variety of waveforms and the problems.
results are justified accordingly. An active filter is implemented when orders of
One of the most important features of the shunt harmonic currents are varying. One case evident of
active filter system proposed is its versatility over a variety demanding varying harmonics from the power system are
of different conditions. The application of the positive variable speed drives. Its structure may be either of the
sequence voltage detector from within the active filter series of parallel type. The structure chosen for
controller is the key component of the system. The positive implementation depends on the type of harmonic sources
sequence voltage detector gives incredible versatility to the present in the power system and the effects that different
application of the active filter, because it can be installed filter solutions would cause to the overall system
and compensate for load current harmonics even when the performance.
input voltage is highly distorted. When filters alike do not Active filters use active components such as IGBT-
contain this feature and is installed with a distorted voltage transistors to inject negative harmonics into the network
input, the outcome is a low efficient current harmonic effectively replacing a portion of the distorted current wave
compensator with poor accuracy of compensation current coming from the load.
determination. This is achieved by producing harmonic
1.2 Harmonic filters: components of equal amplitude but opposite phase shift,
Harmonic filters are used to eliminate the which cancel the harmonic components of the non-linear
harmonic distortion caused by nonlinear loads. Specifically, loads. Hybrid filters combine an active filter and a passive
harmonic filters are designed to attenuate or in some filters filter. Its structure may be either of the series or parallel
eliminate the potentially dangerous effects of harmonic type. The passive filter carries out basic filtering (5th order,
currents active within the power distribution system. Filters for example) and the active filter, through precise control,
can be designed to trap these currents and, through the use covers higher harmonics.
of a series of capacitors, coils, and resistors, shunt them to 1.4 Passive Filters:
ground. A filter may contain several of these elements, each Passive filters are generally constructed from
designed to compensate a particular frequency or an array passive elements such as resistances, inductances, and
of frequencies. capacitances. The values of the elements of the filter circuit
1.3 Types of harmonic filters involved in harmonic are designed to produce the required impedance pattern.
compensation: There are many types of passive filters, the most common
Filters are often the most common solution that is ones are single-tuned filters and high-pass filters. This type
used to mitigate harmonics from a power system. Unlike of filter removes the harmonics by providing a very low
other solutions, filters offer a simpler inexpensive impedance path to the ground for harmonic signals.
alternative with high benefits. There are three different 1.4.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Passive
types of filters each offering their own unique solution to Filters
reduce and eliminate harmonics. These harmonic filters are The advantages of the Passive filters are:
broadly classified into passive, active and hybrid
structures. The choice of filter used is dependent upon the Shunt filters have the extra advantage of
nature of the problem and the economic cost associated with providing reactive compensation needed by
implementation. the harmonic producing devices.
A passive filter is composed of only passive The disadvantages of the Passive filters are:
elements such as inductors, capacitors and resistors thus not
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The source impedance influences the supplies,etc.) to improve system efficiency and
compensation characteristics of the LC filters. controllability is increasing the concern for harmonic
Frequency variation of the power system and distortion levels in end use facilities and on the overall
tolerances in filter components affect the power system. The application of passive tuned filters
compensation characteristics of the LC filters. creates new system resonances which dependent on
specific system conditions. In addition, passive filters
1.5 Representation of harmonics:
often need to be significantly overrated to account for
possible harmonic absorption from the power system.
Passive filter ratings must be co-coordinated with
reactive power requirements of the loads and it is often
difficult to design the filters to avoid leading power
factor operation for some load conditions.
Active filters have the advantage of being able
to compensate for harmonic without fundamental
frequency reactive power concerns. This means that
the rating of the active power can be less than a
comparable passive filter for the same non-linear load
and the active filter will not introduce system
resonances that can move a harmonic problem from
one frequency to another.
2.2 Types of Active Filters:
Active filter can be classified based on the connection
scheme as:
Shunt active filter
Series active filter and
Fig: 2 Harmonics from a Non Linear Load Hybrid active filter.
2.2.1 Shunt Active Filter:
Fig 2 illustrates components of shunt connected active
power filter with wave forms showing cancellation of The active filter concept uses power electronic
harmonics from a non-linear load. equipment to produce harmonic current components
that cancel the harmonic current components that
The current waveform for cancelling harmonics is
cancel the harmonic current components from the non-
achieved with the voltage source inverter and reactor. The
linear loads.. In this configuration, the filter is
reactor converts the voltage signal created by the inverter to
connected in parallel with the load being compensated
a current signal. The desired waveform is obtained by
.Therefore the configuration is often referred to as an
accurately controlling the switches in the inverter. Control
active parallel or shunt filter.
of the current wave shape is limited by the switching
frequency of the inverter and by the available driving Fig 3 illustrates the concept of the harmonic
voltage across the interface reactor. current cancellation so that the current being supplied
from the source is sinusoidal. The voltage source
The driving voltage across the reactor determines
inverter used in the active filter makes the harmonic
the maximum di/dt that can be achieved by the filter. This is
control possible. This inverter uses dc capacitors as the
important because relatively high values of di/dt may be
supply and can switch at a high frequency to generate
needed to cancel higher order harmonic components.
a signal that will cancel the harmonics from the non-
2 ACTIVE FILTERS linear load.
2.1 Introduction to Active Filters: The active filter does not need to provide any
The increasing use of power electronics-based real power to cancel harmonic currents from the load.
loads (adjustable speed drives, switch mode power The harmonic currents to be cancelled show up as
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reactive power. Reduction in the harmonic voltage done in such a way that it delivers a current which is
distortion occurs because the harmonic currents equal to the set value of current in the current control
flowing through the source impedance are reduced. loop. Thus the basic principle of Shunt Active Filter is
Therefore, the dc capacitors and the filter components that it generates a current equal and opposite to the
must be rated based on the reactive power associated harmonic current drawn by the load and injects it to
with the harmonics to be cancelled and on the actual the point of coupling there by forcing the source
current waveform (rms and peak current magnitude) current to be pure sinusoidal. This type of Shunt Active
that must be generated to achieve the cancellation. Power Filter is called the Current Injection Type APF.
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achieved when the current source is commanded to inject 3.1) Introduction to Open Loop System:
harmonic currents of the same magnitude but opposite
phase to the load harmonic currents. Before the inverter can In typical distribution systems the proliferation of
subtly inject opposing harmonic currents into the power diode rectifiers has resulted in serious utility interface issues
system, appropriate harmonic detection strategies must be as well as power quality degradation such as supply current
implemented to efficiently sense and determine the and voltage harmonics, reactive power, flicker and
harmonic current from the nonlinear load. resonance problems in industrial applications. Voltage
distortion due to current harmonics is becoming a major
2.4 Types of harmonic detection strategies: problem for the utilities at distribution levels.
There are 3 different types of harmonic detection strategies Utilities more frequently encounter harmonic
used to determine the current reference for the active filter. related problems, such as higher transformer and line losses,
These are: reactive power and resonance problems, required derating
1. Measuring the load harmonic current to be of distribution equipment, harmonic interactions between
compensated and using this as a reference command. customers or between the utility and load, reduced system
stability and reduced safe operating margins. This has led to
2. Measuring source harmonic current and controlling the
the proposal of more stringent requirements regarding
filter to minimize it.
power quality; standards such as IEEE-519 [5] reflect these
3. Measuring harmonic voltage at the active filter point of preoccupations.
common coupling (PCC) and controlling the filter to Passive filters are being used widely for harmonic
minimize the voltage distortion. elimination. However, they may create system resonances,
So out of these harmonic detection strategies here we are need to be significantly overrated to account for possible
using first method i.e., measuring the load current. harmonic absorption from the power system, must be
2.5 SPECIFICATION OF THE DESIGN coordinated with reactive power requirements of the loads
and need a separate filter for each harmonic frequency to be
2.5.1 PI Controller Gain value: cancelled. The concept of using active power filters to
KP=0.32 mitigate harmonic problems and to compensate reactive
KI=0.12 power was proposed more than two decades ago. Since then
Filter inductance=0.01H the theories and applications of active power filters have
Filter capacitance=1400µf become more popular and have attracted great attention.
The concept of using active power filters to mitigate
2.5.2 Active power filter: harmonic problems and to compensate reactive power was
proposed more than two decades ago.
Table 1: active power filter specifications
Dc link
600V
voltage
DC side
C 1000 F
capacitance
AC side
Lc 30mH
inductance
AC side
Rc 10 Fig:5 Main block diagram of an open loop system
resistance
. Without the drawbacks of passive harmonic
filters, the active power filter appears to be a viable solution
for reactive power compensation as well as for eliminating
3 SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTER harmonic currents.
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The schematic diagram of a power conditioner Above equations pandq can be written in a
system employing shunt APF is as shown above. The matrix form
composite load includes a three-phase diode rectifier, and a
three phase R load. The ac side inductance is often
sufficiently provided by the connected transformer. The
unbalance in the present study is created by connecting
resistive load between two phases. p and q are converted in to by using i ,i .
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CONCLUSION
Open loop Open loop Closed loop
Method only with with with
A current decomposition technique based on
Nonlinear Composite composite instantaneous power theory for shunt active power filters is
load load load studied, a simu link model is designed and total harmonic
distortion is calculated using FFT analysis.Active power
Instantaneous 14.12 18.26 2.75
filter which has been used here monitors the load current
Power Theory used
for active power
constantly and continuously adapt to the changes in load
filters with PI and harmonics. The performance of three phase shunt active
hysteresis current power filter using instantaneous power theory with PI and
controller hysteresis current controller is explained in this paper.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work is affiliated to the “Power Quality
Improvement “which has been supported by SRM
University, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering.
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