DC Drives - Working & Classification of Electrical DC Drives

3/24/2019 DC Drives – Working & Classification of Electrical DC Drives
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Classification of Electrical DC Drives
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What are DC Drives? Working & Operation of DC Drives
Table of Contents [Hide]
1 What are DC Drives?

2 Components of a DC Drive?
3 Working Principle of DC Drives
4 Digital and Analog DC Drives
5 Analog DC Drives
6 Digital DC Drives
7 What’s inside of Power Conversion make SCR DC Drives?
DC drive technology is efficient, reliable, cost effective, operator

friendly and relatively easy to implement. DC drive provides many
https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/11/what-are-dc-drives-types-of-electrical-dc-drives.html 1/16
advantages over AC drives, especially for regenerative and high power

applications. DC drives have been widely used in industrial drive
applications in order to offer very precise control.
Also read:
 What are Electrical Drives? Working & Operation of AC Drives
Of course, variable frequency drives (VFDs) and AC motors are now

offering an alternative to DC drives and motors, but there are many
other applications where DC drives are extensively used including
crane and hoists, elevators, spindle drives, winders, paper production
machines, crushers, etc. due to the advantages of DC drives.
What are DC Drives?

DC drive is basically a DC motor speed control system that supplies
the voltage to the motor to operate at desired speed. Earlier, the
variable DC voltage for the speed control of an industrial DC motor was
generated by a DC generator.
By using an induction motor, the DC generator was driven at a fixed

speed and by varying the field of the generator, variable voltage was
generated. Soon after this Ward Leonard set was replaced by a
mercury arc rectifier and later by thyristor converters. Nowadays, the
thyristor family of devices is used widely to control the speed of the DC

motor.
Components of a DC Drive?
The main components of a DC drive system are shown in figure below.
DC Drive Input: Some thyristor based DC drives operate on a single

phase supply and use four thyristors for full wave rectification. For
larger motors, three phase power supply is needed because the
waveforms are much smoother. In such cases, six thyristors are
needed for full wave rectification.
Rectifier Bridge: The power component of a controlled DC drive is a

full wave bridge rectifier which can be driven by three phase or single
phase supply. As mentioned above the number of thyristor may vary
depends on the supply voltage.
A six-thyristor bridge (in case of three phase converter) rectifies the

incoming AC supply to DC supply to the motor armature. The firing
angle control of these thyristors varies the voltage to the motor.
Field Supply Unit: The power to be applied to the field winding is

much lower than the armature power, so, most often single phase
supply is provided. A separate thyristor bridge or diode rectifier is used
for supplying the power to the field winding of the motor.
In many cases a two-phase supply is drawn from the three phase input
(that supplies power to the armature) and hence the field exciter is
included in the armature supply unit.
The function of the field supply unit is to provide a constant voltage to

the field winding to create a constant field or flux in the motor. In some
cases, this unit is supplied with thyristors to reduce the voltage applied
to the field so as to control the speed of the motor above the base
speed.
In case of permanent magnet DC motors, the field supply unit is not

included in the drive.
Speed Regulation unit: It compares the operator instruction (desired

speed) with feedback signals and sends appropriate signals to the
firing circuit. In analog drives, this regulator unit consists of both
voltage and current regulators. The voltage regulator accepts the
speed error as input and produces the voltage output which is then
applied to the current regulator.
The current regulator then produces required firing current to the firing
circuit. If more speed is required, additional current is called from the
voltage regulator and hence thyristors conducts for more periods.
Generally, this regulation (both voltage and current) is accomplished
with proportional-integral-derivative controllers.
The field current regulator is also provided where speed greater than
the base speed is required.
In modern digital microprocessor based drives, the speed control is

achieved with a lookup table to determine the current for the firing
circuit with additional digital circuitry.
Firing Circuit: It supplies the gate pulses to thyristors so that they

turned ON for particular periods to produce variable armature voltage.
Isolation is also provided in this gate drive circuit.
Working Principle of DC Drives

In DC motors, the speed is proportional to the armature voltage and
inversely proportional to the field current. And also, the armature
current is proportional to the motor torque. Therefore, by increasing or
reducing the applied voltage, the speed of the motor is varied.

However, it is possible up to the rated voltage. If the speed greater than
the base speed is required, the field current of the motor has to be
reduced.
By reducing the field current, the flux in the motor reduces. The
reduction of field current reduces the armature counter emf. The more
armature current flows if there is less counter armature emf. Further,
this armature current increases the motor torque and hence the speed.
These are the two basic principles employed in DC drives to control the
speed of the motor.
In armature controlled DC drives, drive unit provides a rated current

and torque at any speed between zero and the base of the motor. By
varying the armature voltage, variable speed is obtained as shown in
figure.
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Generally, a fixed field supply is provided in these DC drives. As the

torque is constant (which describes a load type) over the speed range,
the motor output horsepower is proportional to the speed (HP = T × N /
525). The motor characteristics of this drive are shown below.
In case of armature and field controlled drives, the armature voltage to

the motor is controlled for constant torque-variable HP operation up to
the base speed of the motor. And for the above base speed operation,
drive switches to the field control for constant HP- reduced torque
operation up to maximum speed as shown in figure below. In this case,
reducing the field current increases the speed of the motor up to its
maximum speed as shown in figure.
Digital and Analog DC Drives
Nowadays, digital implementations have replaced analog circuitry of

electric drive system in all forms of industrial control. Digital controllers
offer greater flexibility to produce the precise control, self-tuning, and
ease of interfacing with host computers and other drives. However, a
basic understanding of analogue version DC drive makes less difficult
to understand its digital equivalent. Let us look on both of these DC
drives.
Analog DC Drives
A standard analog DC drive with speed and current control is shown in
figure below. The objective of this system is to provide speed control
and hence the speed reference becomes the input to the system and
speed of the motor is the output of the system which is measured by
the tachometer.
The working of this drive goes like this; consider that motor is running
at a set speed. Now, the speed reference signal has increased to
somewhat greater than the actual speed. So there will be an error
speed signal at left-hand summing junction as shown in figure. This
speed error indicates the required acceleration by the motor, which
means the torque and hence more current.
The error is amplified by the speed controller (which is basically a

speed-error amplifier) and its output is given as current input reference
to the inner control system. As the current reference increases, the
inner current controller drives the more current to the motor thereby
extra torque is provided.
The inner current loop is responsible for maintaining the zero current
error between the actual motor current and current reference signal
which means to make actual motor current to follow the reference
current. The amplified current error signal from the current controller
controls the firing angle of the bridge and hence the output voltage of
the converter. The current feedback is achieved either by DC
transformer or by AC transformer (with rectifier) in the main supply
lines.
This entire operation is performed by a current error amplifier with a

high gain. In most cases, this amplifier is of proportional plus integral
control (PI) type circuit that maintains the actual and desired currents
exactly equal under steady-state conditions. This current controller also
limits the current through the motor by considering the minimum and
maximum currents of the motor.
The outer loop provides the speed control by comparing the actual
speed obtained by the DC tachogenerator with desired or required
speed from the speed reference. These two inputs are fed into the
speed-error amplifier, and then resulted error is amplified and applied
as an input to the current controller.
The speed amplifier produces the current output proportion to the

speed error. For this amplifier also a PI control is employed (by using
analog electronics) in order to achieve zero steady state error. Using
this, the actual speed of the motor is maintained exactly at reference
speed for all loads.
Digital DC Drives
With the advancements in digital control, DC drives become more

flexible and faster (due to faster response times) compared with analog
drives. A schematic arrangement of digital DC drive is shown in below
figure; of course it is similar to the analog scheme, but here analog
circuit (analog amplifiers) is replaced by digital circuitry.
A speed reference signal given as the drive’s input compared with the
feedback speed in the summing circuit. If the output of the summing
circuit is positive error, indicating that a speed increase is required and
if it generates a negative error, indicating that a speed decrease is
required (because motor is operating at faster than desired speed).
The error speed is given to the speed controller in the microprocessor

which determines output voltage to operate the motor at desired speed.
At the same time, current controller in the microprocessor determines
the firing signals to the SCRs in the bridge converter. SCRs then
convert the three phase supply to DC supply in relation to the desired

speed.
This drive can operate in open loop without any feedback and can
achieve a speed regulation of 5-8%. However, a speed regulation less
than 5% is required in many applications. In such cases, the speed
measuring/scaling unit switches to the EMF feedback measuring
circuit.
This feedback circuit measures the armature voltage, scales it in

proportion to the output voltage (scaling function in microprocessor)
and gives to the summing circuit. Further, it is transformed into a speed
error signal in speed controller.
If the speed regulation less than 1% is required, tachometer generator

feedback is used. So the speed measuring/scaling circuit then switches
to the tachometer feedback. This feedback achieves very precise
control compared with EMF feedback.
Also for field control (above rated speeds), this drive includes a
separate field exciter. A field current regulator in the microprocessor
determines the voltage to the field windings by accepting the flux/field
reference signal from the operator. This regulator provides the firing
signals required by the field converter unit to produce the required DC
voltage proportional to the speed.
What’s inside of Power Conversion make SCR DC

Drives?
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) are widely used thyristors for large
DC motor drives in its power conversion unit. An SCR conducts when a
small voltage applied to its gate terminal. Its conduction continues till
the starting of negative cycle and it turned OFF automatically once the
voltage across the SCR goes through natural zero till next gated signal.
The purpose of using these SCRs in DC drives is to convert the fixed

AC supply to variable DC supply that controls the motor speed.
As discussed earlier, some SCR DC drives are supplied from single

phase AC supply and use four SCRs in the form of bridge for the DC
rectification. In case of high power DC drives, a three phase supply
with six SCRs is used for DC rectification.
In case four quadrant operation (forward motoring, forward braking,

reverse motoring and reverse braking) of the DC drive, a bridge
rectifier of consisting of 12 SCRs with a three phase incoming supply is
used. During each quadrant operation, SCRs are triggered at a phase
angle in order to provide required DC voltage to the motor.
The connection of SCRs (for four quadrant operation of the drive) from
incoming three phase AC supply to the DC output is shown in figure
below. In this, the motoring SCR bridge and regeneration SCR bridge
achieve the drive four quadrant operation by receiving the appropriate
gate signals from (analog or digital) controller.
If the SCRs were gated with a phase angle of zero degrees, then the
drive function as a rectifier which feds the full rectified rated DC supply
to the motor and by varying the firing angle to the SCRs, a variable DC
supply is applied to the motor.
The DC output voltage waveform in relation to the AC waveform for

above circuit is shown below. This average DC output voltage is
obtained for 400, 320 and 240 firing phase angles. By this way, the
average output is controlled by varying the firing phase angles to the
SCRs.
As the field winding also requires the regulated DC supply, only four
SCRs are used in the field bridge converter. This is because field never
requires a negative current and hence another set of SCRs is not
required, which were used in armature for reversing the motor.
In modern DC drives, SCRs are completely replaced by MOSFETs and

IGBTs in order to achieve high speed switching so that distortion to the
AC incoming power and currents during switching is eliminated. Hence,
the drive becomes more efficient and accurate.
As discussed in AC drives article, DC drives are also available in

modular units that consisting analog and digital I/Os, multifunctional
keypads, remote operator panels in addition to the software
programming and configuring capabilities, from various manufacturers
such as ABB, Siemens, Rockwell automation, Emerson, etc. These
can be connected to the other drives or a computer host via
communication cables.
Programming macros of these drives enables to implement any control

structure to an application. These are also capable of receiving the
remote control signals from remote programmable logic controllers via
field bus communication systems.
 Tags AC Drives DC Drives Digital & Analog DC Drives Electrical Drives
Motor Control Speed Control
6 Comments
Carlos Arturo Pérez Parodi

GRACIAS POR DEJARME,SABER DE USTEDES..ESTOY MUY CONTENTO DE
HABERLOS ENCONTRADO..FELICITARLOS POR SU MUY COMPLETA Y
MAGNIFICA PAGINA…MUY BUEN ESFUERZO EL DE TODOS USTEDES…..LOS
SEGUIRE SIEMPRE…..GRACIAS OTRA VEZ,DESDE COLOMBIA…..
Reply
Ramchandra Kulkarni
I like this but ,I want practically wiring of all meters & control wiring .
Reply
Graham Johnson
What happens when the shunt field of a compound wound motor is left on whilst not
running, will this cause the shunt fields to burn
Reply
Doan Truong
Thank for you this article, very insightful overview!
Reply
Carlos Arturo Pérez Parodi

Hello, good evening, from Colombia
Could you please help me with the Electronic Diagrams, the Drivers, for the variators of
speed, of CCY where I could get all their parts? Thank you very much, greetings from
Colombia, do not know how much I appreciate and value, all this knowledge, what we
share
Reply
Manjula
can i know the advantages and disadvantsages of DC motor drive and AC motor drive
Reply

DC Drives - Working & Classification of Electrical DC Drives

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3/24/2019 DC Drives – Working & Classification of Electrical DC Drives

3 Phase Motor Electrical Wirin

Construction Work DC Drive Moto

Basic Electronics Control DC Circuits

EE-Tools, Instruments, Devices, Components & Measurements Motors Protection

DC Drives – Construction, Working &

Facility Management Solutio

What are DC Drives? Working & Operation of DC Drives

Table of Contents [Hide]

1 What are DC Drives?

DC drive technology is efficient, reliable, cost effective, operator

advantages over AC drives, especially for regenerative and high power

 What are Electrical Drives? Working & Operation of AC Drives

Of course, variable frequency drives (VFDs) and AC motors are now

What are DC Drives?

By using an induction motor, the DC generator was driven at a fixed

thyristor family of devices is used widely to control the speed of the DC

DC Drive Input: Some thyristor based DC drives operate on a single

Rectifier Bridge: The power component of a controlled DC drive is a

A six-thyristor bridge (in case of three phase converter) rectifies the

Field Supply Unit: The power to be applied to the field winding is

The function of the field supply unit is to provide a constant voltage to

In case of permanent magnet DC motors, the field supply unit is not

Speed Regulation unit: It compares the operator instruction (desired

In modern digital microprocessor based drives, the speed control is

Firing Circuit: It supplies the gate pulses to thyristors so that they

Working Principle of DC Drives

reducing the applied voltage, the speed of the motor is varied.

In armature controlled DC drives, drive unit provides a rated current

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Generally, a fixed field supply is provided in these DC drives. As the

In case of armature and field controlled drives, the armature voltage to

Digital and Analog DC Drives

Nowadays, digital implementations have replaced analog circuitry of

The error is amplified by the speed controller (which is basically a

This entire operation is performed by a current error amplifier with a

The speed amplifier produces the current output proportion to the

With the advancements in digital control, DC drives become more

The error speed is given to the speed controller in the microprocessor

convert the three phase supply to DC supply in relation to the desired

This feedback circuit measures the armature voltage, scales it in

If the speed regulation less than 1% is required, tachometer generator

What’s inside of Power Conversion make SCR DC

The purpose of using these SCRs in DC drives is to convert the fixed

As discussed earlier, some SCR DC drives are supplied from single

In case four quadrant operation (forward motoring, forward braking,

The DC output voltage waveform in relation to the AC waveform for

In modern DC drives, SCRs are completely replaced by MOSFETs and

As discussed in AC drives article, DC drives are also available in

Programming macros of these drives enables to implement any control

 Tags AC Drives DC Drives Digital & Analog DC Drives Electrical Drives

Motor Control Speed Control

Carlos Arturo Pérez Parodi

Carlos Arturo Pérez Parodi

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