語料庫(corpus)介紹

 A corpus is a collection of texts of written (or

spoken) language presented in electronic form

(Oxford, 2017).

 Eg. Improve a problem

⇩
solve/lessen/eliminate a problem
1. “”：只搜尋引號內的字 Click me
Click me
2. “ * ”：搭配詞搜尋 Click me
3. “ ( ) “：內嵌搜尋 Click me
http://linggle.com/
http://www.netspeak.org/
http://www.just-the-word.com/
http://candle.cs.nthu.edu.tw/collocation/webform2.aspx?funcID=9

(找搭配詞)
http://candle.cs.nthu.edu.tw/care/

(學術英文寫作搭配)
Sentence Problems & Parallelism

Lily Chen, Sandy Huang

 Sentence
fragments

Run-on Comma
sentences Common splices
Sentence
Problems

Choppy Stringy
sentences sentences
 Grammar Cop
1. Because some students work part-time while taking a full
load of classes.

2. We must find new sources of energy. Natural sources of

energy are decreasing. Solar energy is a promising new
source of energy. Solar energy is energy from the sun.

3. Schools were cancelled for a second day because of the

typhoon.

4. My family went to Australia then they emigrated to

Canada.

5. Many students attend classes all morning, and then they

work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night,
so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.
 Sentence Fragment
 A word group that pretends to be a sentence

(Diana Hacker, 2011).

 A group of words punctuated like complete

sentence but lacking the necessary structure:

it is only part of a sentence (David Rosewasser
and Jill Stephen, 2008).

LAWS: p. 194
 Sentence Fragment
 Is a good idea to do volunteer work.

→ It is a good idea to do volunteer work.

 Students never too busy to help others.

→ Students are never too busy to help others.

LAWS: p. 194
 Ways to Fix Sentence Fragment

1. Attach fragmented
subordinate clauses or turn
Pull the fragment them into sentences.
into a nearby
sentence.
Attach fragmented phrases or
after before turn them
so that into sentences.
until while
although even though than when who
as how that where whom
as if if though whether whose
because since unless which why
 Ways to Fix Sentence Fragment

1. Attach fragmented
subordinate clauses or turn
Pull the fragment them into sentences.
into a nearby
sentence.
Attach fragmented phrases
or turn them into sentences.
also for example mainly
and for instance or Attach other fragmented
word groups or turn them
but in addition that is into sentences.
 Ways to Fix Sentence Fragment

1. Attach fragmented
subordinate clauses or turn
Pull the fragment them into sentences.
into a nearby
sentence.
Attach fragmented phrases
or turn them into sentences.
2.
Rewrite the
fragment as a Attach other fragmented
complete sentence. word groups or turn them
into sentences.
Sentence Fragment
1. Because some students work part-time while
taking a full load of classes.

Because some students work part-time while

taking a full load of classes, they have very
little free time.

LAWS: p. 194
Sentence Fragment

2. To live and work for at least a year in a foreign

country.

To live and work for at least a year in a foreign

country has always been my dream.
Sentence Fragment

3. Teachers who give too much homework.

Teachers who give too much homework are

unpopular.
Try it!
 My best friend is Suzanne. We have known

each other since childhood. Helped me in a

very special way. At the age of ten, I moved to
a new town. Was a very scary for me to go to a
new school. I very shy. In fact, I was afraid to
speak to anyone.
Try it!
 My best friend is Suzanne. We have known

each other since childhood. Helped She helped

me in a very special way. At the age of ten, I
moved to a new town. Was a very scary for me
to go to a new school. I very shy. In fact, I was
afraid to speak to anyone.
Try it!
 My best friend is Suzanne. We have known

each other since childhood. Helped She helped

me in a very special way. At the age of ten, I
moved to a new town. Was It was a very scary
for me to go to a new school. I very shy. In fact,
I was afraid to speak to anyone.
Try it!
 My best friend is Suzanne. We have known

each other since childhood. Helped She helped

me in a very special way. At the age of ten, I
moved to a new town. Was It was a very scary
for me to go to a new school. I was very shy. In
fact, I was afraid to speak to anyone.
Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices
1. Run-on (fused) sentence:
No mark of punctuation and no coordinating
conjunction between independent clauses.

Men like to shop quickly

women like to take their time.

LAWS: p. 199
Run-on Sentences and Comma Splices
2. Comma splices:
Two or more independent clauses joined by a
comma without a coordinating conjunction.

Men like to shop quickly,

women like to take their time.
 Rules Example

Insert a coordinating
1 Topic sentences are important, for they introduce
conjunction / a comma and
the controlling idea of a paragraph.
coordinating conjunction.

Make the less important clause

into a dependent clause by
2 Topic sentences are important because they
beginning it with a
introduce the controlling idea of a paragraph.
subordinating conjunction.
(eg. while, when since)

Rewrite one of the clauses so

3 Topic sentences, which introduce the controlling
that it begins with that, which,
idea of a paragraph, are important.
or who.

4 End the first statement with a Topic sentences are important. They introduce
period. the controlling idea of a paragraph.

5 Join the two clauses with a Topic sentences are important; they introduce
semicolon. the controlling idea of a paragraph.
Other Sentence Problems

• Choppy Sentences

• Stringy Sentences
 Choppy Sentences

 Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short.

Equal ideas coordination

Unequal ideas subordination

LAWS: p. 196
Choppy Sentences
1. Wind is an enduring source of power. Water is
also an unlimited energy source. Dams produce
hydraulic power. They have existed for a long
time. Windmills are relatively new.

Both wind and water are enduring sources of

power. Dams have produced hydraulic power
for a long time but windmills are relatively new.
 Choppy Sentences
2. We must find new sources of energy. Natural sources
of energy are decreasing. Solar energy is a promising
new source of energy. Solar energy is energy from the
sun.

We must find new sources of energy because natural

sources of energy are decreasing. Solar energy, which
is energy from the sun, is a promising new source of
energy. Solar energy is energy from the sun.
 Stringy Sentences
 A stringy sentence is a sentence with too many
clauses, usually connected with and, but, so, and
sometimes because.

 Divide it and / or recombine the clauses,

remembering to subordinate when appropriate.

LAWS: p. 201
Stringy Sentences
 Many students attend classes all morning, and then they
work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night, so
they are usually exhausted by the weekend.

Many students attend classes all morning and

work all afternoon. Since they also have to study
at night, they are usually exhausted by the
weekend.
 Because many students attend classes all
morning, work all afternoon and study at night,
they are usually exhausted by the weekend.
Parallel Structure

Words, phrases and clauses that are joined by and,

or, but, both…and, either…or,
neither…nor, and not only…but also are
written in parallel form.

Phrases Phrases

Clauses Clauses
LAWS: p. 192
Examples
 An ideal environment for studying includes good
lighting, a spacious desk, and a comfortable
chair.
 You can learn a second language in the classroom,
at home, or in a country where the language is
spoken.
 My new personal computer is both fast and
reliable.
 Young people buy computer not only to do
schoolwork but also to play games.

Let’s Practice p. 193 Practice 1

 Try it – Choppy sentences
1. Many American children eat unhealthy food. They do not get
enough exercise.

2. Many children won’t eat healthy food. They don’t like the
way it tastes.

3. People watch too much television. They spend too much time
on computers and cell phones. They don’t get enough exercise.

4. Too many American get diabetes. Too many die of heart

attacks. These may be related to their diets. They may also be
related to lack of exercise.

5. People have stressful lives. They tend to overeat. They do not

get enough exercise. They smoke. They develop heart disease.