Sewage Design Report

Subject Covered: Environmental Engineering

Submitted to: Sir Shakeel

Submitted By: Farhan Majeed (20), Maryam Gull (34),

Mohsin Asif (02), Mehroz Imtiaz (22).

B.Sc. Civil Engineering (7th Semester)

Table of contents:
Topics page#
1. Introduction ............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
2. Design Criteria ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
3. Average Daily Flow ................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4. Infiltration ............................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5. Peak factor.............................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
6. Combined Sewage................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7. Design Flow ........................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.9. Pipe size Error! B
10. Slope....................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
11. Full Discharge ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
12. Depth to diameter ratio........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
13. Invert Levels .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1. Introduction:
In order to minimize land resumption, sewerage, sewage treatment and
disposal facilities should be located on Government Land as far as possible In
undeveloped areas, all sewers, rising mains and associated chambers should be
located either in road reserves or specially designated drainage reserves, which
should be non-building areas. Such reserves are essential in order to ensure that
there is free and unrestricted access at all times for construction, repair, operation
and maintenance.

2. Design criteria:
A sewer is subjected to a wide range of flow conditions. It must have
sufficient capacity to cater for the designed peak flow. On the other hand, it
must also minimize the deposition of solids under low flow conditions. Small
sized sewers are prone to blockage by sludge, silt or due to some other solids
present in waste water. To reduce the chance of blockage and to facilitate self-
cleansing velocity, the minimum sizes for public sewers are usually not less than
225 mm diameter.

3. Average daily flow:

 It includes the avg. water consumption, the designed population for each house or any
other residency place (such as flats or Apartments).
𝑤
×𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ×0.8
𝑐
Average daily flow = (m3/day)
1000
Where,
W/C is water consumption (Lpcd)
80 to 90% of sewage is usually part of waste water.

4. Infiltration:
It is amount of water that enters into the sewers through poor joints, cracked pipes,
walls and covers of manholes. Design of Sewer System

5. Peak factor:
The peaking factor (PF) is the ratio of the maximum flow to the average daily flow in a
water system. Generally, Herman Formula is used to estimate the ratio of Maximum to
Average Flow

𝑄 14
Peak factor = M = 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 + (4+ √𝑃)
𝑎𝑣𝑔

Where,
P is Population Sewer System
WASA Lahore considers the following relationship for sewer design:

Average Sewage
Peak Factor
Flow (m3 /day)
≤ 2500 4.0

2500 – 5000 3.4

5000 – 10000 3.1

Sewer Diameter Infiltration

225 mm to 600 mm 5 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

> 600 mm 10 % of Avg. Sewage Flow

10000 – 25000 2.7

25000 – 50000 2.5

 50000 – 100000 2.3

100000 – 250000 2.15

250000 – 500000 2.08

> 500000 2.0

6. Combined sewers:
It is the type of system in which sewer carries both the sanitary and storm water.
Combined system is usually used when; combined sewage can be disposed off without
treatment, economical status of society etc.

7. Designed Flow:
The design flow for sanitary sewer and partially combined sewers can by
calculated by using the following formulae. Design of Sewer System

 For Separate Sanitary Sewer:

Qdesign= Peak sewage flow + infiltration
 For combined sewer (WASA Criteria):
Qdesign = (2xPeak sewage flow + infiltration)/86400

8. Self-cleansing velocity:
Self-cleansing velocity is the minimum velocity that. “Self-Cleansing Velocity is the
minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended matter in sewers”.
Generally, self-cleansing velocities which are taken or assumed are 0.6 m/s to 0.75 m/s.

9. Pipe sizes:
Pipe sizes are directly linked with the diameters of pipes in which waste water flows in
the given direction. These pipe diameters should not less than 225mm, it is the least
dimension of sewerage pipe which is available in market.
Qact = A x V
𝜋𝑑 2
Qact = 4
x Vfull
4𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡
d= √
𝜋𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙

10. Slope:
The slope of laying of sewerage pipes is based on the manning’s eq. for the gravity flow:
1 2 1
𝑉 = 𝑅3 𝑆 2
𝑛
𝑉𝑛
𝑆 = ( 2 )2
𝑅3
Where,
 n is the manning’s coefficient, (n=0 .011 to 0.016)
R is hydraulic radius, usually equals to (d/4) for full or half flowing pipes
S is the longitudinal slope
V is the velocity

11.Full discharge:
The full discharge is can be determined by the following formula:
Qfull = A x Vfull
𝜋𝑑 2
Qfull = 4
x Vfull

12.Depth to dia ratio:

Depth to diameter ratio in sewerage design is necessary to get the depth of flow in sewer
pipes, this ratio can be taken form the graph given below:

13. Invert levels:

It is the lowest inside level at any cross section of sewer is known as the invert level.
Upper Invert level = NGL – Earth cover – pipe dia – thickness of pipe
Lower Invert level = Upper Invert level – (Length x slope) ∴ Fall = Length x slope
Lower Invert level = Upper Invert level – Fall