In the previous chapter, selection procedure of tubing diameter was based on well performance
analysis. In this section, the procedure for selecting tubing material properties is presented.
Selection of material is carried out by considering different forces that act on the tubing during
production and workover operations and then a graphical method is used to present the tubing
load against material properties.
During the life of the well, tubing is subjected to various forces from production and workover
operations which include:
* production of hydrocarbon,
* squeeze cementing,
The activities result in change in temperature and pressure inside the tubing and casing-tubing
annulus, which can cause a change in tubing length (shortening or lengthening).
The change in length often leads to increase in compression or tension in tubing and in extreme
situation unseating of packer or failure of tubing (Hammerlindl, 1977 and Lubinski et.al, 1962).
* helical buckling,
* ballooning and
* thermal effect.
Changes in pressure inside and outside the tubing can cause tubing movement due to piston effect.
According to Hooke’s law, change in length of tubing caused by this effect can be calculated using
the Equation 4.1.
Where is the change in forces due to the change in pressures inside ( ) and outside () tubing and
can be expressed as:
E= modulus of elasticity,
Notes: DL, DF, DPi or DPo indicates change from initial packer setting conditions. It is assumed Pi =
Po when packer is initially set.
HELICAL BUCKLING
The difference in pressure inside tubing and casing-tubing annulus acts on the cross sectional area
of packer bore at tubing seal and leads to a decrease in the length of tubing due to buckling. This
effect is known as helical buckling. When the tubing is restricted from movement, a tensile load is
developed. This effect is increased with increase in inside tubing pressure.
The change in length caused by helical buckling can be calculated by the Equation 4.3.
where
w = ws + wi – wo,
wi =weight of fluid contained inside tubing, lb/in. (density multiplied by area based on ID of
tubing),
wo= weight of annulus fluid displaced by bulk volume of tubing, lb/in. (density multiplied by area
based on OD of tubing),
BALLOONING EFFECT’S
The radial pressure inside the tubing causes tubing to increase or decrease in length. When the
pressure inside the tubing is greater compared to the pressure inside the casing-tubing annulus, it
tends to inflate the tubing, thus shortening the tubing. If the pressure inside the casing-tubing
annulus is greater compared to pressure inside the tubing, then the tubing length is increased. This
effect is known as ballooning and the change in length caused due to this effect is given by
Equation 4.4.
Where,
R= tubing OD/tubing ID
THERMAL EFFECT’S
Due to the earth’s geothermal gradient, the temperature of the produced fluids can be high
enough to change the tubing length. The effect is opposite (decrease in length) when a cold fluid is
injected inside the tubing. It is ideal to take the change in average string temperature. The change
in length due to temperature can be calculated using the Equation 4.5.
Where,
DT=temperature change, oF
The setting of packer requires forces which may lead to change in length of tubing.
This change in length can be calculated using the Equation 4.6., which is derived based on
Equations 4.1 and 4.3.
The force on packer should not exceed critical values whereby it can cause permanent damage to
the tubing. The initial weight on packer may cause “slack off” and to check if this situation might
exist, one could use Equation 4.7.
The tubing can suffer permanent damage if the stress in the tubing exceeds the yield strength of
the tubing material. It is therefore advised to determine the safe tubing stresses for a given
production or workover operation. The safe tubing stress can be calculated by using the following
Equations (Allen and Roberts, 1989):
The critical values can be calculated using Equations 4.8 and 4.9.
Where,
When the packer exerts some force on the tubing, an additional term Ff should be added to Fa and
the sign in Equations 4.8 and 4.9 varies in way to maximize the stresses.
The following operations are to be performed on a well completed with 9,000 ft of 2-7/8″ OD
(2.441″ ID), 6.5 lb/ft tubing. The tubing is sealed with a packer which permits free motion. The
packer bore is 3.25″. The casing is 32 lb/ft, 7″ OD (6.049″ ID). Calculate the total movement of the
tubing (note: ” notation is used for inch).
Final Fluid
Final Pressure
Production:
Temperature Effect
(Tubing lengthens)
Fracturing:
Ballooning Effect
Temperature Effect
(Tubing shortens)
Cement:
Ballooning Effect
Temperature Effect
(Tubing shortens)
Tubing selection should be based on whether or not the tubing can withstand various forces which
are caused due to the variations in temperature and pressure. The API has specified tubing based
on the steel grade. Most common grades are: H40, J55, K55, C75, L80, N80, C95, P105 and P110.
The number following the letter indicates the maximum yield strength of the material in thousands
of psi. The failure of the tubing can be attributed to the loading conditions. There are three modes
of tubing failure which include:
The graphical design of the tubing can be achieved by creating a plot of depth vs pressure. This
design is carried out by calculating pressures inside the tubing and casing-tubing annulus at the
bottom hole and tubing head. The maximum differential pressures at surface and bottom hole are
examined using the plot. This maximum condition usually occurs during stimulation.
When the maximum allowable annular pressure is maintained during stimulation, a considerable
amount of reduction in the tubing load can be achieved. The burst pressure load (difference
between the pressure inside the tubing and annulus) is mostly experienced in greater magnitude
close to the surface but may not necessarily be always true. The burst load lines are plotted
followed by plotting collapse load lines.
The collapse loads are calculated with an assumption that a slow leak at the bottom hole has
depressurized the tubing. This scenario is sometimes expereinced after the fracturing treatment
when operators commence kickoff before bleeding off the annular pressure.
If the data for pressure testing conditions (usually most critical load) is available, it should be
included in the plot.
Based on the data given below, select a tubing string that will satisfy burst, collapse and tension
with safety factors of 1.1, 1.0 and 1.8 respectively.
Planning Data:
C_H40 =4960psi.
Solution:
Referring table 4.1 in the manual, determine the ratio of surface and BHP at the given reservoir gas
gravity,
At a gas gravity = 0.8 and Depth 9000 ft, the ratio is 0.779
At a gas gravity = 0.7 and Depth 9000 ft, the ratio is 0.804
Assuming during the production and killing of well, packer fluid is present inside the casing tubing
annulus.
For Stimulation:
KILL SITUATION:
When a well is killed, the bottom hole pressure is given as sum of CIBHP and maximum allowable
annulus pressure.
At bottom hole, pressure inside tubing during kill situation (BHIP) = CIBHP+Pann
Tubing head pressure during kill situation is calculated by multiplying BHIP with gas gravity.
At tubing head kill pressure (THIP) = ratio * BHIP = 0.792*7280 = 5765 psi
During stimulation the bottomhole pressure is the formation break down pressure and can be
calculated by the density of the fracture fluid .In this problem the break down pressure is specified.
The tubing head pressure can be calculated by subtracting the hydrostatic head generated by the
fracturing fluid from the bottomhole pressure.
During stimulation (propagation), we experience some pressure drop due to friction. Based on the
pumping rates and properties of proppants we can determine the drop in pressure. Assuming a
pressure drop of 0.35 psi / ft (usually calculated through properties of fracturing fluid and pumping
rate), the bottomhole pressure at fracture propagation (BHFP) can be calculated as:
Burst Load pressure = pressure inside tubing – pressure in the casing- tubing annulus
In order to plot critical collapse load conditions (CLL) normally, we assume that a slow leak in
tubing has changed the pressure inside casing-tubing annulus to CITHP and that tubing is empty
and depressurized.
Plot the burst load and collapse load lines for various completion operations, burst and collapse
resistance lines for the available tubing grades. The obtained plot is illustrated in Fig. 4.4.
It can be observed from plot that formation breakdown situation has the maximum burst pressures.
The maximum burst pressure line and collapse line are plotted with the available ratings of tubing.
The resulting plot will look like Fig. 4.5.
Then by inspecting the graph we can come to a conclusion that L-80 grade is the best grade
available that can withstand the collapse and burst pressures during various operations. But in
other situations we have an option to select multiple grades on tubing which are guided by the
estimated loading conditions.
This load being one of the significant and causes most failures compared to failures due to burst
and collapse pressures.
A higher safety factor is used while designing tubing. The design can be initiated by considering
only the weight of tubing on packer. Some companies even ignore buoyancy effects while
calculating weight to have a better design.
Example 4.3
Tension Design
Joint Specifications
J55 L80
EUE HYD CSEUE HYD A95
API joint strength (Klb)99.7100 135.9150
Review questions
2. A 10,000-ft, high-rate oil well is completed with 5½” 15.5 lb/ft tubing (wall thickness 0.275″).
Under producing conditions the flowing temperature gradient is 0.40F/100 ft, and under static
conditions the geothermal gradient is 1.8oF/100ft from a mean surface temperature of 40oF. When
the well is killed with a large volume of 40oF seawater, the bottom-hole temperature drops to 70oF.
If free to move, what tubing movement can be expected from the landing condition to the hot
producing and to the cold injection conditions? If a hydraulic packer were to be used and set in
30,000 lb tension, what would be the tension loading on the packer after killing the well? (Ignore
piston, ballooning and buckling effects).
3. A 7000-ft well that is to be produced with a target of 15,000 STB/D using 5½” tubing
encounters 170 ft of oil-bearing formation with a pressure of 3000 psi. What rating of wellhead
should be used? If a single grade and weight tubing is to be used, what is the cheapest string that
can probably be run, assuming that
1. Hammerlindl, DT, Movement, Forces and Stress Associated with Combination Tubing Strings
Sealed with Packers, JPT, February 1977.
2. Lubinski, A, Althouse, WS, Logan, TL, Helical Buckling of Tubing Sealed in Packers, JPT, June 1962.
3. Well completion design and practices PE 301-IHRDC E&P Manual Series, Boston, MA 02116,