Anda di halaman 1dari 16

:

  
                  !
"# $  % &   
 '( ) ! *       + "  
., # - .    

4  0!    "# -  ! 4  0! .1 & 2! 1 -
 3) 
.5 4  $5 !  6)    
*5 
    &   3   7   8  ! -95     "% # 
, ' ;
 
 1 4 1930 4  :9: .1 .! .  9
<7# 
' = .1 ;
 $ >  ?1 .1 3(
.  @ .1 05 
 2,      05 2, 5 05  2,< A1  #      :

4
. 
   4   "    ,# B8 "# C -    :
4 
<  .1 <7! A7  C 4 -5 <
    < .# <
 B
.4# 1
    5  4 ! 0! B  5) &5  B = C 
         9! !) ' 2> .1   &! '(   D8 
. : -5 B <  !E 2! *  .  @ -! $ > 

       


 :


  F & # C  & %  5    G  -


) !  2H "#
! =  .7   = ,95 4!85 -   4    $I ( ,1#
4  + .1  = -   -
4 .  #7     $ >
"# 3( 
A   #7     2 > & 7  .1 8  2,     

 .1 $95  & B J  # B7 *  "#   )! &=   .1  * 


. ,   8  2> $#  ') B7  % K  71 (    ! +
 =  ( . %  
   -!  8    .6  47 
"% 7 =L8 # 1 B7 - (6# &7  A1  # 8  <7# D8 "
 ! !  5  "% '    "%J 45 B -  -81   =
4A7 (
     2  45 B   L  .1 1    2# -  4(

1
-  '( ' 2 $ > & &7   H  = 7   #  H  #    
.- 2> B -!    4!) ! & 8  &7   8  "#

 
: 
  25  &   ! = !  ! 6 ) 3  !    M ' %
 :
 3  3( # (     K   7  &
 
  -
.1 4  -
.1
<  $    ) A )  N( :  - .1 = 
45    A )  
.  H ...  7 O ')
   '( A.) 3( ,F – 5      –   $ ! 0! -  
.  $ ! Q1 - ' "# 4# 1 .1 2! -  A.) ( B     &F
A ) -   81  1   3( .1  ' -  0L  8 +   
  
  N '( A.) - .1 45 B B   81   
  
 .1 2! -  B   .1 . . A )  B 7 .    "#   B7
(Q1 4# 1  # .1 = 
2# -
) 25 3(
45 B    .1  
     # !    0# 
. 2! -    ! ( =
, 
 #     =1 
       ! Q1 3  * = 4 B6 
.    .1    A%   8 

 :  
49! B 7 "1 A1  25 "
 1
 * 2# -  B A") * "   4

!   * J B7 ( 1: *  R 1 J B7 "1  
& ! A") ( Q1 J
J(1) "#7 &> 2 7 J       &   B7 (  "1  
5
8 (
! 0! J  ) D
4  -  0! 45 2: 
."  4!7 "1  

# #$ % &' "  


    
      
  !   (1)
  & ( ) *    &  + ,   -   ) .% -  /
.
+   0  3/ )  4$   % 0 
5 *  ) 6   7 0 2
1  %
# 8

 )    9


 :;  ) + <  )   ; 7 =  ( ) :; 
-#  B#  <#  
 4@ 4?6  CD ?6
 @ + 7  -A <  1'... 
;
." 4$ 3*  E$  3@ B  - )   ,( 
 4A6

2
) J "1: "#   "#  = R!    ! *5 
R 
)   4(5 2:
"6 "#   " 4!7 "1 6 4= 4
)
 1   25
.   
    ,> "1 4 ) "7 
 2 2 R 5 J ,  "1

  J  !   " J(2)     6 G  :9:    ( "1 <  

:   
   J  6

commodity money 


 -1

"1   4( ! # 3( J  ,5 "   G  2  !   !
. & 1     " 
   ! B7

, " J 4    J !   J  #< B    N( 


  

G  0!  !   4  "1  
 ) 45 1 . B7 (,   !
"1 
 J   7 1 "1 5 J 4 "1 = L8 *)  ? J   1% "1 ) 
. (3)  "1 

 J  L , <7

 < * ,! "1 ,      <  7 R  B N( 
 "
.(4) # !
,  #  

B 2  , + J 2  R  ,


< 7 21 J R  R   !   4! 
  2     J Money of Account    41# ( J , = *5 
D  &# "L   B      C = # 
   J B - "1 =  
3( J(5)9
R :  !)   A)   ) 3 *) 2: J  ) 4  # -
. A<7 "% & !   2  "% 7   B -  +  !   4


# 4#* #  F  ) 46


5 ' &0  1*
) 
 CD   3
 G;
 C
 CD (2)
0#A   7  *
 
 ,  '  ) 4
$  4*     3A  0 4@;
#
,   <D ) 4
   
H   ) 4*   & B ( 4@   
   . : 21 ;6
-  ) 4$0  G; 4 A    )  G;  &I A ,  @
# #D 7 # 4*    ! 3A ))34 : G25  @ G25. )31 : )30 : )  
managed  # #  ) 4  D;

4 !    ) 
5 4*   0
 


4* 
B# #@ ) 1
/  90 CD  4* 4*  *  F D ;   K 4  3!


money
: #' .  L < 4 /

4;   )   &/ * CD D.  - 4  0*

M. Keynes : Treatise on Money , Vol. 1. Chps. I,II.


.9 : )      . (3)
.33 : ) * !  . (4)
.7 : )      . (5)
3
 D1 J *5 45 , 
 J -!  7 4  ,F  !   <
. R  ,
7 J <  )
 A(L
,5 
 J 8  (  J *)

+   -> (% J 4 B 7 "1 R  9


R , 8   -!7 , , # ! 

G    3( J C  ?  "% 7 "1  
(5 ! - - - B
. , 7 7 J !

0!    J , <5  !   R<5 


  #  !   0! <7! 

.   ?  $  =!

(6) 5I B7 , " B # $5 J  ! B7 * 


R   ! B <   RH
# *(   J -  # 4 C= B  J ,8! "# 4!7 \ C   J
.  !   " JB  C= "# - C     5I G  25 "#

Metallic Money 




27  <  = ,7  "# R 


2  !  
 #< -   5  >9
"1  <  & % *  J  2  ?5 "% B7 N7  < ,#  49!
& A1  # 4  5  !   0! <7! *(   J 45 "# = 
! -!7  J  #< B -  <5  !  J 8   6<7 ,  2! J
. (7) 
, 81

J & J NA, &  , J 4# !  


!   ! G   5 #
.  L 4 "% 2  6<7 &  J $    =  &6 J &! 9

C   & B  J  


5 ! 6 "# ( 4!7 " " 4 N(
25 2:  J A: -  &6 -!7  J *5  !    &7% 27  J
. !  N L  R7  =  ! % $ &8! 2# # 9
R 81 J 

1  L 49!  J  


 49! "1 25 1 & (   G R>
. (8)  -  *5  ! 8 , "1 25

.160 : )  !8  @ . (6)


-# # *

 3  &  4*   0' 0 %  0 0*  5I  (7)
#A -# #  4 4*A  &0' 3/ ) &@ 4  B   
3 % 9D & ) .  
#
4# -A @ @ D ) B    B  @ ,8; M   4  <  2
William A. Scott; Money and Banking , : ' . -  
 - & @ 0
 *

4 *
Ayer publisher, 1981.
.32 : )      . (8)
4
J  ! < ! -
 
   J !  N H J ( 25 2< 
$95 9
R  
1 R   < &  -
<  $5  " J , # C   7
-5 =  J &  +51 &   - *5 ! ! (, =5 J   ,  "#
! O ,  3( "#  J &  7 ! -
 " <    "1  
. ;L R !  
!

!   ! B=   * J ! 3 2  -   "1   -5 C=  2:
 R ! J !   H      " 
  !  # < J ?5 2 4(
-
"1 &  7 ! < C  "1 1  #  B1  J ! -  "1 ;L
. 2,   1 !

& # = 7 J *5  4! "1 &  "# 


+  !     !
(
)  ! !  5  J "   2F  : &  
  
 J -   !

"5) -! "1 & # =  :


F & # =  <  "1   !  
 (9:
"# -  & 1 $  2,
 2# -  B &  &  <6 : # 9
R 81 J  <
. 4 * "1 & 

  & ! 2 J C  "1 &  4 


! ( # "5 2  J : N( 4< (%
. , "% *_  "5) -!9 & # =  * 

2> (5F -  4


J  
*5  !   R< R
 8 (   
: (9)  ! 2> 4(5 2: J  !

  -

1E 
  J 8 (  J  !  , 1  
  -  0! 4
-
      R1 J 5a &  -!  "%  -  2  J , F -!  
  1834 2#  J1803 "1 11792 J "1  4   4   . , !
.8   15.5 -!  (   

F -! 1  8 


J -  J -! "1    N  2> ( <
. 5a !  0 ! ?  "1  !

  ) ,#; #;  ,# 3' 4;5 4  - ) 4;  4 3' :   @  . (9)
.13 : N11 : )1988 ) D ) 4* 4?0
5
C  &7 2<   J 2> ( C = "1 7 4 ! # $)
"! B  

RH  2   J  
, "  ! B !
8 (  -
 *7 !
J   &  #  7 &   < *( ! 1  >  7  4
2:  J
! = 6  ! F  *( 2) 7   R 1 * -!  ! ( 5 
. -!   7

&  #    &  ? " J ,   R! 81  R( ! N( 
 
"1  
4 
  5  $)
 ! (   # 8   G >    J  7
4 
 8 $)
 ! 1870 2#  : (   4! 2: J 1850 2# 
  
.  4   "1  

.   ! 2> -  4(5 4 ! N(, 7 

   -

$! J 8  ( J  !       =   ! 2> "8
"1 9! 
  J (10)4< A1  "1    H A%   N ! (, G)
  (       D  J 8 ( + "#   -5   0#
. 

    3( J * -! "1 ( # 1821 2# ( -  2>! 4= 
. ( 4: ! ! 
* J (   ! <     =  !

   "% )# B  $ ( J * -! 6 "  !   4>
(  R , J      "< ! -  481   J 19142# "   !
 J  ,7  *
# #  -  N( 2<  A) "1 &5 J * -! 
J 5 "1    4 :  8 * % -!  ,    J * A=L
& >9
. * -! "1 ( 4 
 )      -! "1 B  "% * 

,  $   H   N( D  "%   "< !   01 *_
4 "1 3( J  3 * (     ! ( 01 "%   F7 J R(
: , # J (11)

.32 : )1994/1993 ) D ) + @ 4


 ) <   &;
A : B
*  0 . (10)
.39: )38 : )      . (11)
6
 =  3  "% + B1   J   ,  " 4=8  "1 c
3  N( * (    
 ? *(   J ( "%      2,   - 
"< ! 0 -5   -!7  J + 47   "
 ,  
   J
.  , =5  3       

"1 &5 (    7 )   


    4 "1 c
"< !   "# ? " J 5  _ #  ,<  "# - 
,   O  . 5 "% & 1  ,  J (    ?  R!  
 A:     9 
 9 "1 -  
J 5 "% (   2  "%
. "   !

    
0 "%  3      J " ! 4 "1 c7
 !1 1 J 1  - 5  < "1 0 (   25   $ 5 3 
 J   
"< ! 0   2  ( J & A1  B=   R ( 2,  $  = 3 "%
. ( = B1 B J 3 "1  F= 

credit money 


 2

"% !
,  B 
,  *  "  !   "# #   -
  $!  J & #     # 
&  $5 J    5I G  -!
.  6

% ,7 "1  ! : "# R# -  "1 +   -! "   , "!
& 7
(4 
 )     1 J = # R! ,  A1  "# 2, J   N(
- 2,   1 + ,  " J  ! & 7 B ;  )!
 !   J &6<7
!    ! B   J 49! N(,     # ( !  C  ) ,  
" 45 B -:      #   N( , #  !  C  N(
 =  
  R# 49! N( -: % J , 9
R  , _  , #  
.,     -!  !  4  $ ,  "1 R ,  F , 

   N( J    O B1 #  "! 6  J  6   N( 4 
.(12)#  "  "1  ! : - " J,7 #  #  (  , 

# F# ) CD @  4A  *


H 4 
6   0*
 @ D 
   (12)
#@ - ( 0*
 " :  D% < ' -A
 0 * 9D 4; 4A     1  (
4;   0*
D 6
5 3/ ) "  D  ( 2
1 / &0 45  ( ,;      C 
7
F
! 45  !    "1  6   #  !   $5 2: 
  "1 ?5 # ! G  -!7  J *5 0H "1 ! -! 7 -
      #    ,  -   6   -!   J   
,7 "# R  ! " J  6     "1 # - 4   N( Q1 2:  J ,
. ,  ! D %

  J  < 4

   !   " J :9: G  "%  6   2
: B6    J   

  !" #$ 


 -

  < 4

  ! J ,
   "  J !   "   "
.  !     < ",1 " J ( ,      )    ,   -  7 , 

 L 
 J ( 9
R : & 7 )      61  4

 N(   

# , J # 4

 "1 ( 9
R : ;  )!  5 ) , A<7 "1 
.(13) 6<7 C F -! 47  "1      
  461

0 !  
+ "#  J 4< A1  "1  ! A%   # 4


.    < 3( 0   J , ?5   & 8  R1 J ,

 <  B  1 J R 


R# 4

 N( ,  " ! ! 4! (%
"# 
 "# + B7)  J A "1    ,  # 4

 N(,  7  
*( Gresham's Law 2) 7   R1 J   !
,  
 "5 1 , <5 ,6
" Bad money drives out good C    7   = 6    F (14)
money"

#* #! . : ' . CD   0 


 4  3!
H 4
 .   -

4A    & 


 *
.31 : ) ;
.44 : ) * !  . (13)
N1519 ) Sir Thomas Gresham3# +#
# ,!    5    D C (14)
# # # )  % F !   4    4@  @   %  D 0' A )(1579
&2* # '6
#
+  'H F ) 4  &2*  0 Q


&2*   G2
5H   1 
) * @A '   D B; <  * 0' 3/) G 4 Q
 &2* B   

 ) 4 
. ,
0 * @ 4 *  * G
5 @
# 4# *  30 *
 @  % '    ) B2  @ 0 3  4  D  *H <   
#
@ A +   ) 4  A 4$ 4 * & &  <  ) B  4$ 4 *    3R S @
.D   *
?   4 *  @
.30 : )29 : ) -  . : - 
8
 
 + -!7 -! "1    ,  # 49! N(,  7   G  3(
$ - "# J 8 4  "1 , 1 -! 2# J 5 49! N(, > "#
  -  49! 2 R  -! C  3  J ,  G  9 - "1 ,
.

J  # 0 5  J &  ! G   L -5 "% 


 =8 3( -!
.  7 ,   "#F !       ! "

Paper Money %& 


 

 Banknotes 4 
 C F  3  C = #  "      $!
. ! C    
   "1 J    "     


 % "% "   !   N   ! !   G * 
 -
 3( ! 
R  49! N( 4 2: J !  
R  C   #  49!
. (15) ! 


 R! ?5  C    , "% > ,


0 5 49! N( < (%
:
 J R< -:   !   $95 J 5a 
  , - ,  , J !
 *7 09  -! 47  % "% 
 N7  
J  8#
% $ 
   !        C "# -    + "# ) 1 
.  !   % 4
%  :
 J   , ( 85

  J    L 4   8 4  "1 #        


 =L   , # -  7% 0  :   N( -!7  J ,# 61 B1 2< 
3 A1   =  !   "1 <7!   J   8 , % "1 4_ <7!
. 49!

    N( -  :


# &=  J #    49! %   
=81 J -!   H ,!7  J (16)
 # 49! N( $ "% *_  !

C#D  30  @   % 


@ F )  0@   4A  3 5
 &
 T* - 
(15)
# @ <#  #  ;  ) 30 B/ 
T* , 4*   4% 6;
 4R;  
T* :;5
<  -
 ) +  0  
; ) &   4@ * /
"receptum" 7  & 0
#@ -#   4A  3 5
 
3/ ) -$   % & / 4*  A  4;
# H1  ) 4
B   30*  < D , ;5 (  L 1    ) 3 0
 < ?6
) 4# <
 4*  - 0 0*
 1 A  3D@ B % <
4 4 4* 1 < 30* 
.19 : )  I . )12 : ) 11 : )      .: '. ) <    % CR 
9
 J % #% $ 
   <  *(   J , 0 !   :
 "%  
. C  ! G   $ 
 -   C  27  L "%   N7 

J 4 
 C F $!        7 G   ,> "%  1 -#   = *
,   C  N( - = # B1 F   N(,  3  R,! -: 
.R !

 3   * 8  


J +   -! "1 C   G  ( ) 
# 8  )5 J  ( = 8 J C  N( % "1 C  , " 3 
(17) F) ( "1 <  "=  * 2>    & % *_   J C  3 C =
: 7

&,- ./ 0 1 23  4 : '$( )*

7  3     ( J Currency School -    N7 ( "
, +  4,)  C  N(  J (  N<   C  4,)    R    
. ,  3 <5 * (  &:   % -! "1  

&,- ./ 0 1 23 6789 : .5 )*

 C     J C   N7 Banking School 3    0!
7 2:  J *5    ?65 -
 B J   " 3  " 4,)
   % 3( "1    J "( A=L       N( %   3  $#
. #   2 > -  ,!8 "

3   N H    3 "1 4 


 C   =   "1 -  45 
. *<
 3 $) B85 J  

4 
 C F   ,! ! 2 "   !  ( ( # # "5 !
  
, % ,6 7 J C  3 % 2 > "#   4  ! 5 J N 
 ! , * J  6, R       -!7  . $ 2<   * J *7 0
. (18)*5    G  -
& % -   ", *(

4@;  R   !

<
2 B$A  7; B  0
@ 4@;   
 &  (16)
# # & # +#5 # @ !  ) 4* 4A     U*
 ) 
  /

H ) 
. 4
2  !
  4*; - ) G/ *
H
17 : )B -  )   @  . (17)
.172 : ) :  !8  @ . (18)
10
+ - J !
 ( ,    J - #        " 4!=
 1 J    
B "1 -!  68  (   4( C   4 7 "1 -!
N(   "1 B7 : "# R# J C  N(   ! ! _) 
 B : 
.   N(,   8 J A "# C 

Ad  (   4(      "   ! "1   L   3( "!
       "# , A "# ,   , J      $!   J
. -!  # ) , # O *(

- < 7  J *5  !   "%  ( "% -  "%  ,  6,   "
 , 
 % J ( "% ,  
  *<
 3 =      
.(19) *5 ! * *) 
81  R ( , *)

checking deposits :



$ ;#
 

 G  = "# A J     4   ! O B1 & #  * 3 2<
.  #  D 3 ( "1 "   B6    7 B6    "1 J N 4

*_   J    A%   , R  4 


 C F
3  B6  -!7 2< (
- O 3 )   *  G  "# 1 J $ 2# -     3 & _  B6 
. G9= 7    3 )  R 3 )   $ 3 2   -!

91 J  8# , - J & 9


R  $5 ,F      "#< B6    % -
R1 -  & 
% J&9!  &9 "1  C   $a -  G  
0!  
J 4, 7  9 O  -! O &  "1  J(20) 4
)  R L
4
) 3 -  2# = J & # e9 &
 *( G  R :
8   1
. & #  L A9   F "1 G    -!7  J & 

A  (% J 4 
 C F  -  "1   C= 4( B6    Q1 3( B
A =8    J R7  L ,  4
  5a B &! "1 3  C  -  2<

.162 : )161 : ) , 6;. (19)


#0 

  
4 4  D <  ) &  4
    5 3@ C  K <  - (20)
3!#
 #
4
  D ) < 4  
-$  K ,5 *  ) 5M   :5  4
 
#

4*  < K 3/  . 3 ! H 0 . <  @ C 

4  D <  ) 0 . 
) 4#*  # ) <#   : 4;A +
; . )71 : )      . : '. -$ 
.23 : )22 : )1985 ) 4%
11
  "# -  =)  & - J ,  ! <7% "1 G  #  3 ) -  "%
. R -!

, "! J(21)    H ?5)  &  


  , ,>1J B6    4 = 
 8 4
) ,:  J & % -   C  N( 2 ?5) * ,   8
travelers    4
) cashiers checks $  4
) J certified checks
   % c B  "1 – " 1 J,( R  4  4
) N(   2H J checks
. 5I "% ?5)    -  
 " J B1 -6

4 J -7 B6  "# near money   N)  ! (22) 
 0! C=
46 , "# R  # J    1  C  5 3   7 3  "1 5
N( & B  J - "1  J , # C  ! 1   ! B1 C J ,  # 
. (23)  &)   
 3( " J 
     
7   

 R ! - -6 25 "1 3  B  ! B  1  1    = R!

9 4= C = # 3( J 3  $ "1 R :
 J &=) "1 3 )
( 5 
)  3 ) =   "# 2  " J Plastic Payment Cards
#   =   ( B1 F 3( J = - *) J B6   R  R=  !
"% #8 N( : *)   "# J ) " 5  #8   *)
. ,  &  R5  ) #8 

C = # R 6 - ! "% 3  -   -     "1  a N( 25 : 3( #
& # <5 Magnetic Stripe " =L = ) "# *  Credit Card 6 =
 ,   , 
  J & ?5 * 2 & 2 = - # 4 !
,7 *   J 4 * "1 &75 ) &6<5   J 3 -5  ) $
"# =L8 *  = ) *   J =  3 8 45  B A) *5
! R >    , 1 -! 27  < J - ! ?5 * 2 -5% ! < 
.  5  4  "1 J 2

"# *  = # # " Smart Cards 


( = $!  3( ! ,> 2:
J 6 4= ,8 " 4 !  
 4 ! , 1 <5 Chip   
% 
J 3 B "a $ <,7  
B =5 = N( -!7 
 "1 D  

.576 : )  5  . (21)


.106 : )1979 )  % 4* ) *
;
AH ., :  @     . (22)
.8 : )1980 ) D ) <   &;
A : C8   . (23)
12
= "1 "a $  F & 1  45 -) 4= N( 45 B "

. 

7 , J 


 * "! R  # 
  4= N( -
 D8 
.(24)  ( A%   B    J   - # -   J 3  )     

$#  % J  ! B 7    - - *( 3 )
4  "
- J  4
)  3  2 J 2 H   , = $=  "# 4= N(,
.4= 3 -! -  "# 4
) 3  B ! 4,7 J =

$6> 0!  ?    


  B1 -6 25  <  (25) 
 0! !
.  f
   > "# :_    J 

Electronic Money $<#-


 c3

"1 J 4 -!  " J 4  7  


 "1 -(  = *
E.   
 7 $!  C = # 45 B 4 2% J 4 ! -
0! =5   H . 49! N( <7 6 4=    < "% Commerce
  7 G  -95  4 # ,  $)
7 = 4= N(, *  
*(    ?5 G  -!  8 # $)
Hackers 4  $! ? 
. " 
% B=

# 
 J(26)     4( <   4 "1 E.Money   
   -:
*    , 1 -! *  ,   J B1  
4 4
) "# ,
. (27)3 

.57 : )   @ 4@  . (24)


25
( )Paul A. Samuelson, pp. 276-277.
The death of  & " 
  ) 4
   Joel Kurtzman !
 6; , A (26)
35
#
#
) V  6;%  4@  , .H &; 3   ) 1993 3@ ; "Money
) 4@#; #A% 2#5  ) W !  6  4* B  <2 @ 

) C &  1 
) +  B 0 +  ) 0  H ) 4?R  
 '  D ) ,5   4  4*% 4 
. 5   D ;
5 ) V   . ! H H 
" Money …has become nothing than more an assemblage of ones and zeros, the fundamental
units of computing …that are piped through miles of wire, pumped over fiber- optic highways
, bounced off satellites and beamed from one microwave relay station to another . This new
money is like a shadow . Its cool- gray shape can be seen but not touched .It has no tactile
dimension , no height or weight …Money is now an image".
.61 : )   @ 4@  . (27)
13
"#   
  =  <5     ,F (28) "   ,1!  " 
. _  H  ,! =  B1  
  J  

(  =
  
  
J      49! # - 
,! J  5 -  "1 ,!8 2 J ,
.  4( 4# 1   
 49  % $, 3(

*  4  ca " c ",1 J C  " "! R    


   -
)  "
% .   "1  "      # 9
R   R ( Ag % C  J B1    
.  ( A%   ,   
%   Q   4= 2   B  

6 4= :, J R  


 R  2 :  B1 -6   ! Q1 3( C "
- - 5  J , # C = )   !  R6 , D . Jcredit card
, 4 . !  2  "# J #  F 45 B A) "1 C 4= N(
 -   4 * "1   $ "1 ATM card "a $ 4= 25 
. =
.C     ) 
 6<5 -95  ,

 !"  : 


:
 .   -  # C  ":    . 7 .1     !
:.    6 $6> !F   2  (J   )   -  
  #  $%&  :1
 !    +  , '      + ! ,   $6> *%
 ! 5  ! !     -
2  (J 45 B
.  N( .1 , -!   4 
B     +   # -, %   4  45 B +   3) 
-! (+) < , < 
9,    ! ! 
(% 9:1 C  .1 45
4 4  1! 
 &Q1  5 -! (?) 
9,    *5 ! !   20
25 .. 2H 
 2L -: 4 ,Q1 3(1 (+) !   -! (?) ! 
.+ 

(28) European Commission(EC) : Proposal for European Parliament and Council Directives
on the taking up , the pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of Electronic Money
Institution, Brussels , Com(98)727, 1998.
14
'  ( ( )&  : 2
   > Q1 3(J 4# 1 =  - =  , 4  #  >  N( 4 =#
!= 
 A.) ( 45 B -  .1 #   - A.) ' =  C

  G 8  ( .1 2, A.) C   B=  +  4

  ( 
( -  "# 1  C   1  -     
25  
 '( A.) (
 7 .   J8  2>  6 
'( 2>     
A.)
,
.  5   "# 
_ % #  6)   . %    .  , % )
 ( ?5)  +  45  B "# -  7 
! 31   25
(%  5I ?5) 
  &7  "# -  B = - 45 B "# &  
.  69 
 4  .1 0 ! F   3

(* + ,( ( )& : 3


  D  7 
  &Q1 - =       D  7
 !   
  7 =   ' 2>1 - .1 B1  7_ 4# 1
 ! - .1 B1 , 1    = B1  # ,>! . B1 , 1 
.
5  6) ,  > 4  = -7_ B1  7     ! (   4 
. ,
 ( -./& : 4
3) 91 B1  
#     4   
  45  7
  -  %   B .1   -1   <5
B C= "# 25 $  ,
4  .1 A) .1 H . B "# -  < # ,  B = #  6)
!  1 3(   5  ! ' - 4 ' .1   
 , 2!  
   B1 !   H -7! 4 ,7  
 ,=  .    7 <5
.   = 
.:  ,  6)   4  (%    7 <5 
    # 7 

,  
 . 4_ B 7 -) 
  .1   G  B 7 ' 2> -)
4A7 4 ! >     -
"% 18   C5 .1   _ =
.   C5  ! >

15
 0) : ) /
 0) 
 :1
-7 # # ,1   -! . 1  4_ # 7 & "#   C  $!
-7    0   & 7  "# -    8 
 & = # '(
  7  
 H  8 A_ -7     : 47 .1 :
 7 3  2,1  8   
 4_ "% 18 2 H # -7 
<5 # #   C  ! 5 $ ! '<
 3 3(
 F -  4
)
 ) _ 4: # ! . -   & 1 B7 '( <
 -7    - E
. (-7 

16

Anda mungkin juga menyukai