Srimad Bhagavatam

Third Canto - Chapter 11: Calculation of Time, from the Atom

SB 3.11.1: The material manifestation's ultimate particle, which is indivisible and not formed into a body, is called the
atom. It exists always as an invisible identity, even after the dissolution of all forms. The material body is but a combination
of such atoms, but it is misunderstood by the common man.
SB 3.11.2: Atoms are the ultimate state of the manifest universe. When they stay in their own forms without forming
different bodies, they are called the unlimited oneness. There are certainly different bodies in physical forms, but the atoms
themselves form the complete manifestation.
SB 3.11.3: One can estimate time by measuring the movement of the atomic combination of bodies. Time is the potency of
the almighty Personality of Godhead, Hari, who controls all physical movement although He is not visible in the physical
world.
SB 3.11.4: Atomic time is measured according to its covering a particular atomic space. That time which covers the
unmanifest aggregate of atoms is called the great time.
SB 3.11.5: The division of gross time is calculated as follows: two atoms make one double atom, and three double atoms
make one hexatom. This hexatom is visible in the sunshine which enters through the holes of a window screen. One can
clearly see that the hexatom goes up towards the sky.
SB 3.11.6: The time duration needed for the integration of three trasareṇus is called a truṭi, and one hundred truṭis make
one vedha. Three vedhas make one lava.
SB 3.11.7: The duration of time of three lavas is equal to one nimeṣa, the combination of three nimeṣas makes one kṣaṇa,
five kṣaṇas combined together make one kāṣṭhā, and fifteen kāṣṭhās make one laghu.
SB 3.11.8: Fifteen laghus make one nāḍikā, which is also called a daṇḍa. Two daṇḍas make one muhūrta, and six or seven
daṇḍas make one fourth of a day or night, according to human calculation.
SB 3.11.9: The measuring pot for one nāḍikā, or daṇḍa, can be prepared with a six-pala-weight [fourteen ounce] pot of
copper, in which a hole is bored with a gold probe weighing four māṣa and measuring four fingers long. When the pot is
placed on water, the time before the water overflows in the pot is called one daṇḍa.
SB 3.11.10: It is calculated that there are four praharas, which are also called yāmas, in the day and four in the night of
the human being. Similarly, fifteen days and nights are a fortnight, and there are two fortnights, white and black, in a
month.
SB 3.11.11: The aggregate of two fortnights is one month, and that period is one complete day and night for the Pitā
planets. Two of such months comprise one season, and six months comprise one complete movement of the sun from south
to north.
SB 3.11.12: Two solar movements make one day and night of the demigods, and that combination of day and night is one
complete calendar year for the human being. The human being has a duration of life of one hundred years.
SB 3.11.13: Influential stars, planets, luminaries and atoms all over the universe are rotating in their respective orbits
under the direction of the Supreme, represented by eternal kāla.
SB 3.11.14: There are five different names for the orbits of the sun, moon, stars and luminaries in the firmament, and they
each have their own saḿvatsara.
SB 3.11.15: O Vidura, the sun enlivens all living entities with his unlimited heat and light. He diminishes the duration of life
of all living entities in order to release them from their illusion of material attachment, and he enlarges the path of elevation
to the heavenly kingdom. He thus moves in the firmament with great velocity, and therefore everyone should offer him
respects once every five years with all ingredients of worship.
SB 3.11.16: Vidura said: I now understand the life durations of the residents of the Pitā planets and heavenly planets as
well as that of the human beings. Now kindly inform me of the durations of life of those greatly learned living entities who
are beyond the range of a kalpa.
SB 3.11.17: O spiritually powerful one, you can understand the movements of eternal time, which is the controlling form of
the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Because you are a self-realized person, you can see everything by the power of mystic
vision.
SB 3.11.18: Maitreya said: O Vidura, the four millenniums are called the Satya, Tretā, Dvāpara and Kali yugas. The
aggregate number of years of all of these combined is equal to twelve thousand years of the demigods.
SB 3.11.19: The duration of the Satya millennium equals 4,800 years of the years of the demigods; the duration of the
Dvāpara millennium equals 2,400 years; and that of the Kali millennium is 1,200 years of the demigods.
SB 3.11.20: The transitional periods before and after every millennium, which are a few hundred years as aforementioned,
are known as yuga-sandhyās, or the conjunctions of two millenniums, according to the expert astronomers. In those periods
all kinds of religious activities are performed.
SB 3.11.21: O Vidura, in the Satya millennium mankind properly and completely maintained the principles of religion, but
in other millenniums religion gradually decreased by one part as irreligion was proportionately admitted.
SB 3.11.22: Outside of the three planetary systems [Svarga, Martya and Pātāla], the four yugas multiplied by one
thousand comprise one day on the planet of Brahmā. A similar period comprises a night of Brahmā, in which the creator of
the universe goes to sleep.
SB 3.11.23: After the end of Brahmā's night, the creation of the three worlds begins again in the daytime of Brahmā, and
they continue to exist through the life durations of fourteen consecutive Manus, or fathers of mankind.
SB 3.11.24: Each and every Manu enjoys a life of a little more than seventy-one sets of four millenniums.
SB 3.11.25: After the dissolution of each and every Manu, the next Manu comes in order, along with his descendants, who
rule over the different planets; but the seven famous sages, and demigods like Indra and their followers, such as the
Gandharvas, all appear simultaneously with Manu.
SB 3.11.26: In the creation, during Brahmā's day, the three planetary systems — Svarga, Martya and Pātāla — revolve,
and the inhabitants, including the lower animals, human beings, demigods and Pitās, appear and disappear in terms of their
fruitive activities.
SB 3.11.27: In each and every change of Manu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead appears by manifesting His internal
potency in different incarnations, as Manu and others. Thus He maintains the universe by discovered power.
SB 3.11.28: At the end of the day, under the insignificant portion of the mode of darkness, the powerful manifestation of
the universe merges in the darkness of night. By the influence of eternal time, the innumerable living entities remain
merged in that dissolution, and everything is silent.
SB 3.11.29: When the night of Brahmā ensues, all the three worlds are out of sight, and the sun and the moon are without
glare, just as in the due course of an ordinary night.
SB 3.11.30: The devastation takes place due to the fire emanating from the mouth of Sańkarṣaṇa, and thus great sages
like Bhṛgu and other inhabitants of Maharloka transport themselves to Janaloka, being distressed by the warmth of the
blazing fire which rages through the three worlds below.
SB 3.11.31: At the beginning of the devastation all the seas overflow, and hurricane winds blow very violently. Thus the
waves of the seas become ferocious, and in no time at all the three worlds are full of water.
SB 3.11.32: The Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead, lies down in the water on the seat of Ananta, with His eyes
closed, and the inhabitants of the Janaloka planets offer their glorious prayers unto the Lord with folded hands.
SB 3.11.33: Thus the process of the exhaustion of the duration of life exists for every one of the living beings, including
Lord Brahmā. One's life endures for only one hundred years, in terms of the times in the different planets.
SB 3.11.34: The one hundred years of Brahmā's life are divided into two parts, the first half and the second half. The first
half of the duration of Brahmā's life is already over, and the second half is now current.
SB 3.11.35: In the beginning of the first half of Brahmā's life, there was a millennium called Brāhma-kalpa, wherein Lord
Brahmā appeared. The birth of the Vedas was simultaneous with Brahmā's birth.
SB 3.11.36: The millennium which followed the first Brāhma millennium is known as the Pādma-kalpa because in that
millennium the universal lotus flower grew out of the navel reservoir of water of the Personality of Godhead, Hari.
SB 3.11.37: O descendant of Bharata, the first millennium in the second half of the life of Brahmā is also known as the
Vārāha millennium because the Personality of Godhead appeared in that millennium as the hog incarnation.
SB 3.11.38: The duration of the two parts of Brahmā's life, as above mentioned, is calculated to be equal to one nimeṣa
[less than a second] for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is unchanging and unlimited and is the cause of all
causes of the universe.
SB 3.11.39: Eternal time is certainly the controller of different dimensions, from that of the atom up to the superdivisions
of the duration of Brahmā's life; but, nevertheless, it is controlled by the Supreme. Time can control only those who are
body conscious, even up to the Satyaloka or the other higher planets of the universe.
SB 3.11.40: This phenomenal material world is expanded to a diameter of four billion miles, as a combination of eight
material elements transformed into sixteen further categories, within and without, as follows.
SB 3.11.41: The layers or elements covering the universes are each ten times thicker than the one before, and all the
universes clustered together appear like atoms in a huge combination.
SB 3.11.42: The Supreme Personality of Godhead, Śrī Kṛṣṇa, is therefore said to be the original cause of all causes. Thus
the spiritual abode of Viṣṇu is eternal without a doubt, and it is also the abode of Mahā-Viṣṇu, the origin of all
manifestations.
 A VEDIC CONCEPTION OF TIME
Time Units & Definition Human Calculation Divine Years
1 Paramanuh (Atom)
2 x 1 paramanuh = 1 Anu - 8/1,21,500 Second
(double atom)
3 x 1 Anu = 1 Trasarenuh - 8/40,500 Second
(Hexatom)
3 x 1 trasarenus = 1 Truṭi - 8/13,500 Second
100 x 1 trutis = 1 Vedha - 8/135 Second
3 x 1 vedhas = 1 Lava - 8/45 Second
3 x 1 lavas = 1 Nimeṣa - 8/15 Second = an eyeblink
3 x 1 nimesas = 1 Kṣaṇa - 8/5 Second
5 x 1 ksanas = 1 Kāṣṭhā - 8 Seconds
15 x 1 Kastha = 1 Laghu - 15 x 8 = 120 Seconds = 2 Minutes
15 x 1 laghu = 1 Daṇḍa - 15 x 120 = 1,800 Seconds = 30 Minutes
2 x 1 danda = 1 Muhurta - 2 x 30 = 60 Minutes = 1 Hour
3 x 1 muhurta = 1 Prahara - 3 x 60 = 180 Minutes = 3 Hours
4 x 1 prahara = 4 Praharas - 3 x 4 = 12 Hours = 1 Day
2 x 4 praharas = 8 Praharas - 2 x 12 = 24 Hours = 1 Day & Night
15 x 8 praharas = 1 Pakṣa - 15 x 24 = 360 Hours = 15 Days & Night = 1
Fortnight
2 x 1 paksa = 1 Masa - 2x1=2 Fortnight = 1 Month = 1 Day & Night
for Pita planets
2 x 1 masa = 1 Rtuh - 2x1=2 Months = 1 Season
3 x 1 rtuh = 1 Ayanam - 3x2=6 Months = 1 complete movement of
the Sun from South to North
2 x 1 ayanam = 1 Vatsara - 2 x 6 = 12 Months = 1 calendar year or one full = 1 Day & Night
orbit of the sun. for devas
360 x 1 vatsara = 1 Deva - = 1 Year for
Vatsara Devas
1x1,200 = 1,200 deva years - 360 x 1,200 = 432,000 Years
= one Kali Yuga
2x1,200 = 2,400 deva years - 360 x 2,400 = 864,000 Years
= one Dvapara Yuga
3x1,200 = 3,600 deva years - 360 x 3,600= 1,296,000 Years
= one Treta Yuga
4x1,200 = 4,800 deva years - 360 x 4,800 = 1,728,000 Years
= one Satya Yuga
Chatur (4) Yugas = 1 - 4,800+3,600+2,400+1200 Years =12,000 Years
MahaYuga =12,000 x360 =4,320,000 for Devas
1,000x1 mahayugas = 1 - 1,000 x 4,320,000 Years = 12 Hours for
Kalpa = 4,320,000,000 Brahma
2 x 1 kalpa = 2 Kalpa - 2 x 4,320,000,000 Years = 8.64 Billion Years = 1 Day & Night
= 8,640,000,000 for Brahma
30 x 2 kalpa = 1 Masa of - 30 x 8.64 Billion = 259.2
Years = 1 Month of
Brahma Billion Brahma
12 x 1 masa of Brahma = 1 - 12 x 259.2 Billion = Years = 1 Year of
Vatsara of Brahma 3.1104 Trillion Brahma
50 x 1 vatsara of Brahma = - 50 x 3.1104 Trillion= Years = 50 Years of
1 Parardha 155,520,000,000,000 Brahma
2 x 1 Parardha = 1 Para = 1 - 2x 155,520,000,000,000 Years = 100 Years
MahaKalpa = 311 trillion, 40 billion (Lifespan) of
Brahma
Lifespan of Brahma - 311 trillion, 40 billion Years = 1 Nimesa (an
eyeblink) for
Visnu
******Compiled from the Srimad Bhagavat MahaPurana (Srimad Bhagavatam, Canto – 3, Chapter – 11).