Parallel, Intersect or Skew (Lines)

(1) Lines L1 and L2 have vector equations 𝐫 = 8𝐢 − 𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑡(−4𝐢 + 𝐣) and 𝐫 = −2𝐢 + 8𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝑠(𝐢 + 3𝐣 −
2𝐤) respectively. Show that L1 and L2 intersect and find the position vector of the point of intersection.

1 4 5 −1
(2) Lines L1 and L2 have vector equations 𝑟 = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 (0) and 𝑟 = (3) + 𝑠 ( 0 ) respectively. Show
−2 1 8 2
that L1 and L2 intersect and find the position vector of the point of intersection.

(3) For each of the following pairs of lines state whether or not the two lines intersect and, for those that
do, give the coordinates of the point of intersection.

(a) 𝐫 = 𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑡(2𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤) ; 𝐫 = −𝐢 + 3𝐣 + 7𝐤 + 𝑠(−2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤)

(b) 𝐫 = 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 2𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤) ; 𝐫 = −3𝐢 + 8𝐣 − 2𝐤 + 𝑠(−2𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤)

(c) 𝐫 = 2𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 5𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 2𝐤) ; 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 8𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑠(−𝐢 + 𝐣 − 2𝐤)

(d) 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝑡(5𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 2𝐤) ; 𝐫 = 9𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 + 𝑠(−3𝐢 + 5𝐣 − 1𝐤)

(4) For each of the following sets of points A,B,C and D, determine whether the lines AB and CD are
parallel, intersect each other or are skew.

(a) A(3,2,4), B(-3,-7,-8), C(0,1,3), D(-2,5,9)

(b) A(3,1,0), B(-3,1,3), C(5,0,-1), D(1,0,1)

(c) A(-5,-4,-3), B(5,1,2), C(-1,-3,0), D(8,0,6)

Answers
9
(1) -4i + 2j + 3k (2) (3)
0
(3) (a) (5,0,1) (b) do not intersect (c) (4,5,9) (d) (12, -3, 3)
(4) (a) Intersect at (1,-1,0) (b) Parallel (c) (-7,-5,-4)
Perpendicular Distance
1. For each of the following questions find the perpendicular distance from the given point to the given
line.

4 3 1
(a) the point with position vector (2) and the line 𝐫 = ( 1 ) + 𝑡 (−1)
2 −1 2
(b) the point with position vector 3𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤 and the line 𝐫 = 𝐢 − 6𝐣 − 2𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤)

−4 2
(c) the point (1,1,3) and the line 𝐫 = (−1) + 𝑡 (3)
1 3
(d) the point with position vector −6𝐢 − 4𝐣 − 5𝐤 and the line 𝐫 = 5𝐢 + 6𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 4𝐤)

(2) With respect to the origin O, the points A and B have position vectors given by:

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 4𝐢 + 𝐤, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝐢 − 2𝐣 − 2𝐤
𝑂𝐵

(a) Find a vector equation of the line ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵

(b) The point P has position vector 𝐢 + 5𝐣 + 6𝐤. Show that the perpendicular distance from 𝑃 to the line AB
is equal to √3.

Answers
1. (a) √5 units (b) 3√2 units (c) √11 units (d) 4√6 units
4 1
2. (a) 𝐫 = (0) + 𝑡 (−2) or equivalent
1 −3
Finding the angle between two lines
(1) Find the acute angle between each of the following pairs of lines

(a) 𝐫 = −𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑡(2𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 3𝐤) ; 𝐫 = −5𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 8𝐤 + 𝑠(−3𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤)

(b) 𝐫 = −2𝐢 − 6𝐣 − 5𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤) ; 𝐫 = −4𝐢 − 𝐤 + 𝑠(−3𝐢 + 𝐣 − 2𝐤)

(c) 𝐫 = −2𝐢 + 5𝐣 + 𝑡(5𝐢 − 4𝐣 − 4𝐤) ; 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 3𝐣 + 2𝐤 + 𝑠(𝐢 − 𝐣 − 3𝐤)

Equation of a plane
1
(1) The normal vector of a plane is (−2) and the point (3,1,2) lies in the plane. What is the Cartesian
−1
equation of the plane?

4
(2) The point (-2,3,5) lies on the plane whose normal vector is (−2). Find the Cartesian equation of the
1
plane.

(3) Find the vector equation of the plane that is perpendicular to 𝐢 − 2𝐣 − 𝐤 and contains the point with
position vector 2𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 𝐤

(4) Find the vector equation of the plane that is perpendicular to 2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤 and contains the point with
position vector 3𝐢 − 𝐣 − 2𝐤

(5) Write down the vector equations of the following planes in the form 𝐫. 𝐧 = 𝑝

(a) 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4

(b) 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5

Answers
Angle between two lines
(1) (a) 78.5 (b) 49.1 (c) 33

Equation of a plane
(1) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1 (2) 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9 (3) 𝐫. (𝐢 − 2𝐣 − 𝐤) = 7
(4) 𝐫. (2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤) = 5
(5) (a) 𝐫. (4𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 3𝐤) = 4 (b) 𝐫. (2𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 4𝐤) = 5
Finding the equation of a plane, given 3
points
1. Find the equation of each of the following planes containing the points:

(a) A ( 3,1,2), B (2,0,1), C (1,2,1)

(b) P (2,-1,0), Q (0,2,1), R (-1,1,2)

(c) L (-2,0,3), M (1,1,3), N (2, -2,1)

(d) U (4,3,2), V (1,2,3), W (-2,0,1)

Answers
1. (a) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 1 (b) 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 7 (c) 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 13 (d) 4𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 3𝑧 = −5
Planes
(1) A plane has vector equation 𝐫. (2𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 𝐤) = 5. Show that the point with position vector 𝐢 − 2𝐣 − 3𝐤
lies in the plane

(2) Show that the line with equation 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑡(−4𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 5𝐤) lies wholly in the plane with
equation 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 2

(3) Show that the line with equation 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑡(2𝐢 + 3𝐣 + 4𝐤) lies wholly in the plane with
equation 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 8𝑧 = −5

(4) State which of the lines give by the vector equations below are perpendicular to the plane 𝐫. (2𝐢 + 3𝐣 −
𝐤) = 6

(a) 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝑡(2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 1𝐤)

(b) 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝑠(𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤)

(c) 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑟(4𝐢 + 6𝐣 − 2𝐤)

(5) State which of the lines given below are parallel to the plane 𝐫. (𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 3𝐤) = 5

(a) 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝑡(6𝐢 + 3𝐣)

(b) 𝐫 = 3𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝑠(4𝐢 − 𝐣 − 2𝐤)

(c) 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑟(𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 3𝐤)

2 5 1
(6) Find the position vector of the point where the line 𝐫 = (−1) + 𝑠 (3) meets the plane 𝐫. ( 2 ) = 15
3 2 −1
(7) Find the position vector of the point where the line 𝐫 = −𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 4𝐤 + 𝑠(2𝐢 + 𝐣 − 3𝐤) cuts the plane
𝐫. (𝐢 − 𝐣 + 2𝐤) = −5

(8) For each of the parts (a) (b) and (c) state whether the given line is parallel to, or intersects, the plane. If
the line is parallel to the plane, find whether or not the line lies in the plane. If the line and plane intersect,
find the position vector of the point of intersection.

(a) line 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑠(5𝐢 − 𝐣 + 3𝐤); plane 𝐫. (2𝐢 + 𝐣 − 3𝐤) = 7

(b) line 𝐫 = 3𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 8𝐤 + 𝑠(2𝐢 − 3𝐣 − 𝐤); plane 𝐫. (2𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤) = 4

(c) line 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 4𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝑠(𝐢 + 2𝐣 − 3𝐤); plane 𝐫. (4𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤) = 10

Answers
12
(4) a and c (5) a and b (6) ( 5 ) (7) 5𝐢 − 5𝐤
7
(8) (a) parallel, not in plane. (b) intersects, 7𝐢 − 4𝐣 + 6𝐤 (c) parallel, in plane
Lines of intersection between planes
(1) The planes p and q are given by the equations 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 respectively. Find
a vector equation of the line of intersection, l, of the planes p and q.

(2) Find a vector equation of the line of intersection of the planes 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 1 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3

(3) Two planes are defined by the equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 6. Find a vector equation of
their line of intersection.

3 2
(4) Two planes are defined by the equations 𝐫. (1) = 2 and 𝐫. ( 5 ) = 15. Find a vector equation of their
1 −1
line of intersection.

Answers

(1) 𝐫 = 𝐣 + 2𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 𝐣 − 5𝐤) (2) 𝐫 = −2,5𝐣 + 6.5𝐤 + 𝑡(2𝐢 + 7𝐣 − 17𝐤)

0 3 1 −6
(3) 𝐫 = (−2) + 𝑡 ( 2 ) (4) 𝐫 = ( 2 )+𝑡( 5 )
8 −7 −3 13
Perpendicular distance from a point to a plane
(1) For each of the following find the perpendicular distance from the given point to the given plane.

(a) The point with position vector 3𝐢 + 7𝐣 + 𝐤 and the plane 𝐫. (𝐢 + 2𝐣 − 2𝐤) = 6.

(b) The point (4, -1, 2) and the plane 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 21

(2) The point A has position vector 3𝐢 − 𝐣 − 𝐤 and the plane P1 has vector equation 𝐫. (3𝐢 − 5𝐣 + 4𝐤) =
3√2. Find the perpendicular distance from A to the plane P1.

(3) The line L has vector equation 𝐫 = 𝐢 − 𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑡(𝐢 + 2𝐣 − 2𝐤) and the plane P1 has vector equation
𝐫. (6𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 𝐤) = −3

(a) Show that the line L is parallel to plane P1

(b) Obtain the vector equation of the plane that is parallel to P1 and that contains the line L.

(c) Find the perpendicular distance from the line L to the plane P 1

(4) Show that the line 𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 3𝐤 + 𝑡(2𝐢 − 𝐣 + 3𝐤) is parallel to the plane 4𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4 and find
the perpendicular distance from the line to the plane.

Answers
3
(1) (a) 3 units (b) 3 units (2) √2 − units
5
14
(3) (b) 𝐫. (6𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 𝐤) = 11 (c) √41 units
41
 7
(4) √26 units
26

Angle between a line and a plane or two planes

(1) Find the acute angle between the planes

(a) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = −5 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7

(b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 and 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 5

(c) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6

(d) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5

(2) Find the acute angle between the line 𝐫 = 6𝐢 + 𝐲 − 𝐳 + 𝑡(5𝐢 − 𝐣 + 𝐳) and the plane 7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −5
giving your answer to the nearest degree.

Answers

1. (a) 90° (b) 57.6° (c) 60.5° (d) 83.6°

2. 66°
Exam Questions
(1) The straight line l passes through the points A and B whose position vectors are 𝐢 + 𝐤 and 4𝐢 − 𝐣 + 3𝐤
respectively. The plane p has equation 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3.

(i) Given that l intersects p, find the position vector of the point of intersection [4]

(ii) Find the equation of the plane which contains l and is perpendicular to p, giving your answer in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 1 [6]

(2) With respect to the origin 0, the points P, Q, R, S have position vectors given by

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝐢 − 𝐤, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 = −2𝐢 + 4𝐣, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑅 = 4𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑆 = 3𝐢 + 5𝐣 − 6𝐤

(i) Find the equation of the plane containing P,Q and R, giving your answer in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 [6]

(ii) The point N is the foot of the perpendicular from S to this plane. Find the position vector of N and
show that the length of SN is 7 [6]

(3) The lines l and m have vector equations

𝐫 = 2𝐢 − 𝐣 + 4𝐤 + 𝑠(𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤) and 𝐫 = −2𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑡(−2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤)

(i) Show that l and m do not intersect. [4]

The point P lies on l and the point Q has position vector 2𝐢 − 𝐤

(ii) Given that the line PQ is perpendicular to l, find the position vector of P. [4]

(iii) Verify that Q lies on m and that PQ is perpendicular to m [2]

(4) With respect to the origin 0, the points A and B have position vectors given by

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤
𝑂𝐴 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 3𝐤
𝑂𝐵

The line l has vector equation 𝐫 = 4𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 + 𝑠(𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤).

(i) Prove that the line l does not intersect the line through A and B [5]

(ii) Find the equation of the plane containing l and the point A, giving your answer in the form
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 [6]

(5) The straight line l passes through the points A and B with position vectors

2𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤 and 𝐢 + 4𝐣 + 2𝐤

Respectively. This line intersects the plane p with equation 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 at the point C.

(i) Find the position vector of C. [4]

(ii) Find the acute angle between l and p. [4]

 (iii) Show that the perepndicular distance from A to p is equal to 2. [3]

Answers
2 4 5
1.(i) −2𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤 (ii) 𝑎 = − , 𝑏 = , 𝑐 = 2. (i) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8 (o.e) (ii) position of N is 𝐢 + 2𝐣 3. (ii) 4𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤 4.
3 3 3
(ii) 6𝑥 + 𝑦 – 8𝑧 = 6 (o.e) 5. (i) 4𝐢 – 2𝐣 – 𝐤 (ii) 24.1°
Worked Answers to Exam Questions

1 4
𝐴 = (0 ) , 𝐵 = (−1) , 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3
1 3
(i) Equation of line, passes through (1,0,1), with direction of line as B-A = 3,-1,2. Therefore:
1 3
𝑟 = (0) + 𝑡 (−1)
1 2
Putting into equation of the plane
1 + 3𝑡 + 3(−𝑡) − 2(1 + 2𝑡) = 3
1 + 3𝑡 − 3𝑡 − 2 − 4𝑡 = 3
−4𝑡 = 4
𝑡 = −1
Therefore pt of intersection occurs at t = -1
−2
(1)
−1
1 3
(ii) We know that the normal is perpendicular to ( 3 ) and (−1)
−2 2
Finding the cross product:
1 3 4
( 3 ) (−1) = ( −8 )
−2 2 −10
4
Therefore the normal of the plane is any multiple of ( −8 )
−10
Let m be the multiple which makes a.n = 1, we can substitute any point on the plane into a
1 4𝑚
(0) . ( −8𝑚 ) = 1
1 −10𝑚
4𝑚 − 10𝑚 = 1
1
𝑚=−
6
1 2 4 5
Substituting 𝑚 = − 6 into normal: we get 𝑎 = − 3 , 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = 3

𝑎
(2) To find the equation of the plane containing the points P Q and R. We need to find a normal 𝑛 = (𝑏 )
𝑐
to both PQ and QR
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = 𝐢 − 𝐤, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 = −2𝐢 + 4𝐣, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑅 = 4𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤
Therefore 𝑃𝑅 = 3𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 and 𝑄𝑅 = 6𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 𝐤
Finding the cross product:
 3 6 6 2
(2) (−2) = ( 9 ) = ( 3 )
2 1 −18 −6

Substituting into the equation of plane give:

2 1 2
𝐫. ( 3 ) = ( 0 ) . ( 3 )
−6 −1 −6
2
𝐫. ( 3 ) = 2 + 6
−6
Which gives, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8
2 3
(ii) The Normal to the plane is parallel to ( 3 ) and passes through 𝑆 = ( 5 )
−6 −6
3 2
Therefore the equation of the Normal is 𝐫 = ( 5 ) + 𝑡 ( 3 )
−6 −6
This meets the plane at:
2(3 + 2𝑡) + 3(5 + 3𝑡) − 6(−6 − 6𝑡) = 8
6 + 4𝑡 + 15 + 9𝑡 + 36 + 36𝑡 = 8
49𝑡 = −49
𝑡 = −1
1
Therefore N is at (2)
0
Length from point to plane is √4 + 9 + 36 = 7

2 1 −2 −2
3. (i) 𝐫 = (−1) + 𝑠 ( 1 ) and 𝐫 = ( 2 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )
4 −1 1 1

Which gives the three simultaneous equations:

2 + 𝑠 = −2 − 2𝑡
−1 + 𝑠 = 2 + 𝑡
4−𝑠 = 1+𝑡

2 + 𝑠 = −2 − 2𝑡
−(−1 + 𝑠 = 2 + 𝑡)
3 = −4 − 3𝑡
7 2
𝑡=− , 𝑠=
3 3

Substituting into the last equation:

2 7
4−( )= 1−( )
3 3
10 4
=−
3 3
Therefore no intersection.
 2 + 𝑠1
(ii) P lies on l, therefore: 𝑃 = (−1 + 𝑠1 )
4 − 𝑠1
2 2 + 𝑠1 −𝑠1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Expression of 𝑃𝑄 = ( 0 ) − (−1 + 𝑠1 ) = ( − 𝑠1 ) 1
−1 4 − 𝑠1 −5 + 𝑠1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 is perpendicular to l which gives us:
−𝑠1 1
( − 𝑠1 ) . ( 1 ) = 0
1
−5 + 𝑠1 −1
−𝑠1 + 1 − 𝑠1 + 5 − 𝑠1 = 0
−3𝑠1 = −6
𝑠1 = 2

4
Which give us 𝑃 = (1)
2
(iii) Substituting Q into the equation of m to prove lies on the line:
2 −2 −2
( 0 ) = ( 2 )+𝑡( 1 )
−1 1 1

2 = −2 − 2𝑡
0=2+𝑡
−1 = 1 + 𝑡
Which gives t = -2 which is correct for all three equations.

−2
Using 𝑠1 = 2, gives PQ =(−1)
−3
Proving PQ is perpendicular to m:
−2 −2
(−1) . ( 1 ) = 0
−3 1
4−1−3 =0
Therefore perpendicular.

(4)
(i) Equation of line through A and B:
𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑡(−𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤)
Proving that l does not intersect:
2−𝑡 = 4+𝑠
2 + 2𝑡 = −2 + 2𝑠
1 + 2𝑡 = 2 + 𝑠

2 + 2𝑡 = −2 + 2𝑠
−(1 + 2𝑡 = 2 + 𝑠)
1 = −4 + 𝑠
5 = 𝑠, 𝑡=3
Substituting into the first equation gives:
2−3=4+5
−1 = 9
So does not intersect.
(ii) We know that the normal is perpendicular to the line l.
5 2
Letting s = 1, we can find a point P on the line (and therefore in the plane), (0) and using the point A (2) on the
3 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
plane we can find 𝐴𝑃

3
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑃 − 𝐴 = (−2)
𝐴𝑃
2
Finding the cross product:
3 1 6
(−2) (2) = ( 1 )
2 1 −8

Therefore equation of plane :

6 5 6
𝑟. ( 1 ) = (0) ( 1 )
−8 3 −8
6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 30 − 24
6𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 6

(5)
(i) Finding the equation of l, by finding the B - A
𝐫 = 2𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 𝐤 + 𝑡(−𝐢 + 2𝐢 + 𝐤)
Substituting into the equation of the plane
2 − 𝑡 − 2(2 + 2𝑡) + 2(1 + 𝑡) = 6
2 − 𝑡 − 4 − 4𝑡 + 2 + 2𝑡 = 6
−3𝑡 = 6
𝑡 = −2
Therefore position vector occurs at 𝑡 = −2
4𝐢 − 2𝐣 − 𝐤
(ii) Acute angle between (−𝐢 + 2𝐢 + 𝐤) and the normal is 90° different from the angle betwee the line and the plane
−1 1
( 2 ) . (−2) = √6. √9 cos(𝜃 − 90)
1 2
−3 = √6. √9 cos(𝜃 − 90)
−3
= cos(𝜃 − 90)
√6. √9
𝜃 = 114.1 − 90
𝜃 = 24.1
(iii) Perpendicular distance. Firstly need to find equation of the normal through A:
2 1
𝑛 = (2) + 𝑡 (−2)
1 2
Determining where the normal meets the plane:
2 + 𝑡 − 2(2 − 2𝑡) + 2(1 + 2𝑡) = 6
2 + 𝑡 − 4 + 4𝑡 + 2 + 4𝑡 = 6
9𝑡 = 6
 2
𝑡=
3
2
Therefore the length is 3 of the lenght of the position vector of the normal
2
× √9 = 2
3