WHICH FOUR CHAMBERS MAKE THE HEART OF
HUMAN AND HOW BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH structures called cristae. The fluid contained in the mitochondria
THESES CHAMBERS?
The four chambers which make the heart of human are Right
Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle and Left Ventricle
The blood flows through these chambers by first blood enters
the right atrium and passes through the right ventricle. The right
ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs where it becomes
oxygenated. The oxygenated blood is brought back to the heart
by the pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium. Then blood
flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle. The left
ventricle pumps the blood to the aorta which distributes the
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY PROVIDES MORE
SUPPORT TO EVOLUTION THROUGH VESTIGIAL
ORGAN & DEFINE
Comparative anatomy is the study of the similarities and
differences in the structures of different species. Similar body
parts may be homologies or analogies. Both provide evidence
for evolution. Structures like the human tail bone and whale
pelvis are called vestigial structures. Evolution has reduced their
size because the structures are no longer used. The human
appendix is another example of a vestigial structure. It is a tiny
remnant of a once-larger organ. In a distant ancestor, it was
needed to digest food. It serves no purpose in humans today.
MITOCHONDRIA DEFINE ITS STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION IN CELL
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They
are organelles located in the cell's cytoplasm. They are made of
two membranes. The outer membrane covers the organelle. The
WHY PEOPLE HAVE TO BREATHE DEEPLY AFTER
VIGOROUS EXERCISE?
People have to breathe deeply after vigorous exercise because
during exercise their muscles work harder and body uses more
oxygen and produces more carbon dioxide. To cope with this
extra demand, their breathing has to increase from about 15
times a minute to about 40–60 times a minute during exercise.
Their circulation also speeds up to take the oxygen to the
muscles so that they can keep moving.
MAKE A LIST OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
REPTILES.
 All reptiles have a backbone, which means they are
vertebrates.
 All reptiles produce eggs. Most reptiles lay hard-shelled
eggs, but a few give birth to live young.
 All reptiles have scales or scutes.
 Reptiles are ectothermic or cold-blooded, which means
they cannot control their own body temperature.
NAME THE TYPES OF MOVEMENT IN PLANT
CAUSED BY EXTERNAL STIMULI & DEFINE
ANYONE.
The movement of a plant part in response to an external
stimulus in which the direction of response is not determined by
the direction of stimulus is known as Nastic movement. The
stimuli may be classified as light, heat, touch or contact.
There are five types of Nastic movements in plants. 1.
Seismonastic Movement: This type of movement is caused by
the mechanical stimuli like shock, touch or contact, fast moving
wind, rain drops, etc. In some parts of plants Seismonastic
inner membrane folds over many times and creates layered
is called the matrix. Mitochondria act like a digestive system
which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy
rich molecules for the cell. Mitochondria produce ATP through
process of cellular respiration. Mitochondria can store calcium,
which maintains homeostasis of calcium levels in the cell. They
also regulate the cell’s metabolism and have roles in apoptosis,
cell signaling, and thermogenesis.
BILE JUICE CONTAINS NO DIGESTIVE ENZYME YET
IT IS IMPORTANT FOR DIGESTION. WHY?
Bile is a digestive juice secreted by the liver. Although it does
not contain any digestive enzymes, it plays an important role in
the digestion of fats. Bile juice has bile pigments such as
bilirubin and biliverdin. These break down large fat globules
into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can easily
act on them. This process is known as emulsification of fats.
DESCRIBE BRIEFLY WHAT HAPPEN TO PERSON
WHO DOES NOT HAVE SUFFICIENT PROTEIN IN
THE DIET.
A person, who does not have sufficient protein in the diet, he
may have difficult to maintain normal body function.
Insufficient protein in diet can also cause muscle cramping,
weakness, and soreness. When a person does not get enough
protein, his body starts breaking down muscle to get what it
needs. Organs and bones are also at risk. Person may also suffer
from compromised immune function and may feel easily
fatigued without the energy to carry out daily activities and
exercise. Further there is slow wound healing.
movement is seen in the stigmas, stamens and leaves. Example:
Mimosa Pudica plant, Biophytum sensitivum, Neptunia etc.
2. Photonasty Movement: The non-directional movement of a
plant part usually in the petals of flowers in response to light is
photonasty movement. The stimulus in Photonasty is light.
Many petals of flowers open in the daylight and closed in the
evening in response to the intensity of light. This is a growth
movement in plants and an example of Photonastic movement.
Examples are: Dandelion flower, Moonflower, flower of
Cestrum Nocturnum etc.
3. Thermonastic movement: Such movements in plants occur
due to the change in temperature. Flowers of a plant open with
the rise in temperature and close with a drop in temperature.
Sometimes Thermonastic movement is associated with
Photonastic movements also. In these both, the response
mechanism is related to the growth, changes in the turgor on
upper and lower sides of the petiole, leaf blade etc. 4.
Nyctinastic movement: This movement is caused due to the
variations in light and temperature. It is also known as Sleeping
movement. It can be classified under Photonastic and
Thermonastic movement. It is seen in leguminous plants. The
leaflets fold in the evening and open up in the morning. 5.
Thigmonasty movement: The non-directional movement of a
plant in response to the contact of an object is called
Thigmonasty movement. In the insectivorous plant’s leaves like
Drosera, Dionaea the tentacles show variation in movements on
coming in contact with an insect. The stimulus touch of an
insect is transmitted to the entire leaf and all the tentacles bend
over the insect.
10. What are the objectives of genetic engineering? With the help of an example justify how genetic engineering is
trying to meet its objectives.
11: what is the role of auxins in plants
12: difference between excretion in plants & animals in tabulated form.
excretion in plants & animals excretion in plants & animals

13: define the principle leverage and elbow joint

14: describe four main types of antibiotics
15. Short note on lung cancer
16: Write a note on uses of yeast in bread making.
17: Define terms
Grafting cutting
18: Write a note on defect in hearing
19: Write a note on angina pectoris
20: Write a note on virus
21: Define terms
Carnivores herbivores
22: sponges are sessile. How they get food while staying at one place

LONG QUESTIONS
1: Name different endocrine glands. Give name and role of important hormones of each in detail.
.2: Describe the breathing system of man with a neat and labeled diagram
.3: Explain reproduction & development in frog with diagram
.4: explain in detail double circuit circulation in human being
.5: how many classes are vertebrates? Explain in detail the characteristics of class mammalian.

WHAT IS POLLUTION? DESCRIBE ITS TYPES AND REAL SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS. WHAT
ROLE CAN YOU PLAY TO CONTROL OVER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION?
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change
Types and real sources of pollutants
Following are types of pollution and real sources relevant to each of them:

1. Air pollution: the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants
include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by
industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons
react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5.
2. Light pollution: includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
3. Noise pollution: which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity
sonar.
4. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most
significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE,[22] herbicides, pesticides and
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
5. Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or
through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and chemical contaminants, such
as chlorine, from treated sewage; release of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface
waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides;
also including human feces from open defecation – still a major problem in many developing countries);
groundwater pollution from waste disposal and leaching into the ground, including from pit latrines and septic
tanks; eutrophication and littering.
TO CONTROL OVER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
We can control over environmental pollution by following ways;
1. We have a proper waste disposal system especially for toxic wastes
2. We must take very good care of our pets and their wastes.
 3. We never throw, run or drain or dispose into the water, air, or land any substance in solid, liquid or gaseous
form that shall cause pollution.
4. We do not cause loud noises and unwanted sounds to avoid noise pollution.
5. We do not litter in public places. Anti-litter campaigns can educate the populace.
6. We can plant more trees and put indoor plants in our homes. They clean the air, provide oxygen and
beautify our surroundings
WHY VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IS AN IDEAL FOR GROWER AND IS HAZARDOUS FOR
NATURAL ECOCYSTEM.
Plant propagation is the process of increasing the number of plants of a particular species or cultivar. Propagation
can be via sexual or asexual means. Over the years, horticulturalists have developed asexual propagation methods
that use vegetative plant parts. This allows plants to be created in ways that nature cannot duplicate.
Asexual plant propagation methods produce new plants from vegetative parts of the original plant, such as the
leaves, stems and roots. These methods are generally referred to as vegetative propagation. Many plants can
reproduce this way naturally, but vegetative propagation can also be artificially induced.
The main advantage of vegetative propagation methods is that the new plants contain the genetic material of only
one parent, so they are essentially clones of the parent plant. This means that, once you have a plant with desirable
traits, you can reproduce the same traits indefinitely, as long as the growing conditions remain similar. This is
especially important for commercial growers who want to reproduce the highest-quality plants and ensure
consistency of a variety of plant or crop for sale. This can also help to maintain consistent quality and taste in
products made from plants or crops. For example, in Zealong’s tea plantation, they propagate new tea plants using
cuttings to ensure consistency in the taste and quality of their tea.

With vegetative propagation, plants also bypass the immature seedling phase and therefore reach the mature phase
sooner. This can save a lot of time and money for commercial plant production. For example, it takes 3–4 years for
a tea plant to grow big enough (from a cutting) to be ready for harvesting and processing into tea. Growing from
seed would take even longer.
The main disadvantage is the potential to impact on biodiversity of a species. Also, if a particular plant clone is
susceptible to certain diseases, there is potential to lose entire crops, such as the impact of kiwifruit disease Psa.
One way to protect against these problems is to establish a genetic bank of seeds or plants (a germplasm
collection), which is common practice in various cropral sectors.