TABLE OF CONTENTS:

TITLE ...................................................................................... 2

INTRODUCTION & THEORY ................................................ 2-3

OBJECTIVE ............................................................................. 3

METHODOLOGY ................................................................. 4-5

RESULT AND DATA TABULATION ........................................ 6-7

DISCUSSION........................................................................... 8

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………9

REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………….9

APPENDIX………………………………………....................................10

1
1.0 TITLE
F4 - Flow through an orifice

2.0 THEORY AND INTRODUCTION (BELUM EDIT)

An orifice is an opening which can be characterised by its shape or type of edge in

the side or base of a tank or reservoir through which a fluid can be freely discharge
or discharge in submerged environment. It uses the same principle as a Venturi
nozzle, which is Bernoulli’s principle where there is relationship between the
pressure of the fluid and the velocity of the fluid.

In this experiment, by applying the Bernoulli’s theorem, in the absence of loss along
the stream line, total head loss is constant from 1 to 2, so

P1 V 12 P2 V 2 2
  Z1    Z2
 2g  2g

Since the surface area of the tank is large in correlation with that of the orifice, the
fluid velocity inside the tank, V1 will be negligible and since the pressure is
atmospheric at both 1 and 2,

P1  P 2

Z1 = Z2

This is the ideal velocity at 1, Vtheory for the experiment is,

𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 = √2𝑔𝐻

As there is some loss of the total head, the actual velocity Vactual at the contracted
section will be rather smaller than the ideal. A pitot tube placed in the stream at the
contracted section will give a value Hc. The actual velocity, Vactual is given in term
of Hc by

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
= 𝐶𝑣 ∙ √2𝑔𝐻 (1)

2
By making assumption that uses uniform over the cross-section of the contracted
section, we may define a velocity coefficient Cv as the ratio of actual velocity Vactual
to the ideal velocity Vtheory;

𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

Discharge coefficient Cd is defined as the ratio of the actual discharge Qactual to the
ideal discharge Qtheory, which would take place if the jet were to discharge at the
ideal velocity without reduction of area. The ideal discharge with ideal velocity,
Vtheory over the orifice area A, the would be

𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 = 𝑉𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦 ∙ 𝐴 = 𝐴 ∙ √2𝑔𝐻

Therefore, the Discharge Coefficient Cd would be,

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
= 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 𝐴
∙ √2𝑔𝐻 (2)

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑑 =
𝑄𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦

Using the coefficient of discharge and coefficient of velocity, coefficient of

contraction can be calculated by,

𝐶𝑐
𝐶𝑑
= (3)
𝐶𝑣

3.0 OBJECTIVE

This experiment is conducted to determine the coefficient of discharge (𝐶𝑑 ) ,

coefficient of velocity (𝐶𝑣 ), and coefficient of contraction (𝐶𝑐 ), of the orifice
venturi meter.

3
4.0 METHODOLOGY (BELUM EDIT)

4
The arrangement of the flow through an orifice (SOLTEQ with model: FM12) was
shown in the figure 1. The water supply came from the water tank which flowed
through the inlet pipe that controlled by the bench valve (H1D Volumetric Bench).
Then, it will be terminated in diffuser below the surface of the water. The overflow
pipe directed the excess water to the drain outlet. The orifice was set up into the
base of the tank and as well as the emerging jet passed through the bench top into
the measuring tank of the bench. The manometer tube was connected in the base
which was mounted in front of a vertical scale that indicated the level of the water
in the tank. The other manometer tube was connected to the pitot tube. It indicated
that the total head of discharging jet. It traversed across the jet by revolving the
graduated of the nut moves the pitot tube at 1 mm. In this experiment, the sharp-
edged orifice with a diameter of 16 mm and area of 201.062 x 10-6 m2 was used.

The time taken for 10 liter of water in the measuring tank was recorded while the
H0 was noted which above the contracted section to measure Cd. Then, the Cv value
came from the pitot tube whereby inserted into the jet at the contracted section.
Thus, the head Hc also be noted. The value of Cc could be measured by the diameter
of the jet at the contracted section. Next, the flow rate was reduced in stages to give
a set value of H0 and the discharge, Q as well. The level of the water in tank could
settle to a steady value after the inflow rate has been changed. The experiment was
conducted for 4 trials.

5
5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

y = 0.0009x - 0.0003
Discharge, Q(m3/s)

Velocity, V (m3/s)
R² = 0.9479

y = 7.1863x - 2.2405
R² = 0.9479

Pitot Manometer, m
Linear (Q VS H) Linear (V VS H)

½
Graph 1: Discharge, Q against Pitot manometer, 𝐻𝑐 and Velocity, V against
½
Pitot manometer, 𝐻𝑐

From the graph above, the slope (m) obtained is 0.0009, therefore the value of
discharge coefficient, 𝐶𝑑 is 1.0.

From the graph above, the slope (m) obtained is 7.186, therefore the value of
velocity coefficient, 𝐶𝑉 is 1.6. Using the 𝐶𝑑 and 𝐶𝑉 obtained from the slope
of the graph, 𝐶𝑐 = 0.6

Back to the purpose of conducting this experiment is to determine the value of

coefficient of discharge (𝐶𝑑 ), coefficient of velocity ( 𝐶𝑉 ) , and coefficient of
contraction (𝐶𝑐 ). Based on the first graph, which is graph of discharge, Q against
pitot manometer reading, Hc . This graph was plotted to show the relation between
discharge and pressure. From the graph, it can be concluded that the discharge is
directly proportional to the square root of the pressure gradient. And from the
gradient itself, the value of discharge coefficient is obtained using formula (2) stated

6
in introduction earlier (𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ √2𝑔𝐻), which gives the value of cd to be
1.0

The second graph was plotted according to formula (1) which is also stated in the
introduction earlier (𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑣 ∙ √2𝑔𝐻 ), which is required to determine the
value of coefficient of velocity. Hence, we can infer from the graph of velocity, V
against pitot manometer, Hc that the velocity is directly proportional to the square
root of the pressure gradient. This relation is against the Bernoulli’s principle that
states an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in
pressure (Edinformatics, n.d). Meaning the increase of velocity should drop the
pressure inside the tube. But this graph was plotted to find the value of coefficient
of velocity, which is acceptable. The value of 𝐶𝑉 obtained from the gradient is 1.6.

When both coefficient of discharge and velocity are found, the coefficient of
𝐶𝑑
contraction can be easily calculated using formula (3), (𝐶𝑐 = ). The values of
𝐶𝑣

𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑉 and 𝐶𝑐 are 1.0, 1.6 and 0.6 respectively. However, those values were too
large to be reasonable and thus might be inaccurate due to the time measurement.
This can be seen from the linearity of the line through the coefficient of
determination (R2). It may be noted that the liquid particles will lose some of its
energy, while taking turn to enter the orifice. From the observation, the jet gets
contracted after leaving the orifice. The maximum contraction takes place at a
section slightly on the downstream of the orifice, where the jet is horizontal. This
section is known as vena contracta.

The largest contribution towards the inaccurate coefficient is the time taken
measured. It was probably because of our carelessness that the numbers were too
big to be reasonable. Another one at that is, probably caused by the great frictional
loss the meter has caused compared to other devices and hence causes large power
consumption.

6.0 CONCLUSION

7
In a nutshell, An Orifice Meter is basically a type of flow meter used to measure
the rate of flow of fluid or gas using the differential pressure measurement principle.
The values of 𝐶𝑑 , 𝐶𝑉 and 𝐶𝑐 are 1.0, 1.6 and 0.6 respectively. 𝐶𝑑 and 𝐶𝑉 were
obtained from the gradient of graph 1 and 2 respectively. While 𝐶𝑐 was calculated
from a formula stated in introduction earlier.

7.0 REFERENCES

Camacuk. (2018). Camacuk. Retrieved 7 October, 2018, from http://www-

mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/fprops/cvanal

ysis/node43.html

Engineeringtoolboxcom. (2018). Engineeringtoolboxcom. Retrieved 7 October,

2018, from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-

d_590.html

Mcnallyinstitutecom. (2018). Mcnallyinstitutecom. Retrieved 7 October,

2018, from http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/13-html/13-12.htm

Utexasedu. (2018). Utexasedu. Retrieved 7 October, 2018, from

https://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336L/Fluid/node55.html

8
 8.0 APPENDIX

Table 1: flow through an orifice meter result

Trials Volume Orifice manometer, Pitot manometer, differential head, Time taken, Discharge, Velocity
(m3) 𝐻𝑜 (m) 𝐻𝑐 (m) ∆H m t (s) Q (x10-4 m3 / s) V(m/s)

1 0.01 1.566
0.294 0.284 0.010 49.23 2.03
2 0.01 1.481
0.271 0.260 0.011 52.07 1.92
3 0.01 1.097
0.244 0.225 0.019 70.27 1.42
4 0.01 1.074
0.228 0.208 0.020 71.79 1.39

CALCULATION

i. Area of orifice:

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒 = × 𝐷2
4
𝜋
= × 0.016𝑚2
4

= 2.016 × 10−4

ii. Coefficient of discharge:

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ √2𝑔𝐻

(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ) 𝑚 = 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ √2𝑔

0.0009 = 𝐶𝑑 ∙ 2.016 × 10−4 ∙ √(2 × 9.81)

𝐶𝑑 = 1.00

iii. Coefficient of velocity:

𝑣 = 𝐶𝑣 ∙ √2𝑔𝐻

(𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ) 𝑚 = 𝐶𝑣 ∙ √2𝑔

7.186 = 𝐶𝑣 ∙ √(2 × 9.81)

9
 𝐶𝑣 = 1.60

iv. Coefficient of contraction:

𝐶𝑑
𝐶𝑐 =
𝐶𝑣

1.00
𝐶𝑐 =
1.60

𝐶𝑐 = 0.60

10