Civil Services of

India

The Civil Services refer to the civil

services, the permanent executive branch
of the Republic of India. The civil service
system is the backbone of the
administrative machinery of the
country.[1][2]

In the parliamentary democracy of India,

the ultimate responsibility for running the
administration rests with the elected
representatives of the people which are
the ministers. But a handful of ministers
cannot be expected to deal personally with
the manifold problems of modern
administration. Thus the ministers lay
down the policy and it is for the civil
servants to carry out this policy.

The executive decisions are implemented

by the Indian civil servants. The members
of civil service serve at the pleasure of the
President of India and Article 311 of the
constitution protects them from politically
motivated or vindictive action. Civil
servants are employees of the
Government of India or of the states;
however, not all employees of the
Government are civil servants. Civil
servants in a personal capacity are paid
from the Civil List. Senior civil servants
may be called to account by Parliament.

As of year 2010, there were total 6.4

million government employees in India,
and less than 50,000 civil servants to
administer them.[3] The civil service
system in India is rank-based and does not
follow the tenets of the position-based
civil services.[2]
In 2015, the Government of India approved
the formation of Indian Skill Development
Service.[4][5] Further, in 2016, the
Government of India approved the
formation of Indian Enterprise
Development Service.[6]

History
“
If a responsible government is to
be established in India, there will
be a far greater need than is even
dreamt of at present for persons
to take part in public affairs in the
legislative assemblies and
elsewhere and for this reason the
more Indians we can employ in
the public service the better.
Moreover, it would lessen the
burden of Imperial
responsibilities if a body of
capable Indian administrators
could be produced.. ”
— Regarding the importance of Indianising Civil
Services, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms[7]
Warren Hastings laid the foundation of
civil service and Charles Cornwallis
reformed, modernised and rationalised it.
Hence, Charles Cornwallis is known as the
'Father of Civil Service in India'. He
introduced Covenanted Civil Services
(Higher Civil Services) and Uncovenanted
Civil Services (Lower Civil Services).

The present civil services of India is mainly

based on the pattern of the former Indian
Civil Service of British India. The civil
services were divided into two categories -
covenanted and uncovenanted. The
covenanted civil service consisted of only
Europeans (i.e., English personnel)
occupying the higher posts in the
government. The uncovenanted civil
service was solely introduced to facilitate
the entry of Indians at the lower rung of
the administration.[8][9]

With the passing of the Government of

India Act 1919, the Imperial Services
headed by the Secretary of State for India,
were split into two – All India Services and
Central Services.[10]

The All India and Central Services (Group

A) were designated as Central Superior
Services as early as 1924.[11] From 1924
to 1934, Administration in India consisted
of 10 All India Services and 5 central
departments, all under the control of
Secretary of State for India, and 3 central
departments under joint Provincial and
Imperial Control.[11]

Modern era

The present modern civil service was

formed after the partition of India in 1947.
It was Sardar Patel's vision that the Civil
Service should strengthen cohesion and
national unity. The values of integrity,
impartiality and merit remain the guiding
principles of Indian civil services.
By the early 21st century, Indian civil
servants have been colloquially called
"babus",[12] while Indian bureaucracy is
called "babudom", as in the "rule of babus",
especially in Indian media.[13][14][15]

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances

and Pensions located in New Delhi is
unofficially the "Ministry of Civil Services"
in India. The Ministry is responsible for
training, reforms and pension for the civil
service system in India.

Constitutional provision for All-

India Services
The constitution under Article 312[16]
provides for All India Civil Services
branches to be set up by giving the power
to the Rajya Sabha (upper house of the
Parliament of India) to resolve by a two-
thirds majority to establish new all-India
services. The Indian Administrative
Service, Indian Police Service and Indian
Forest Service are set up under this
constitutional provision.[17]

Power, purpose and

responsibilities
An Indian diplomatic passport and an official passport
which is generally issued to civil servants. As opposed
to the deep blue passport issued to ordinary Indian
citizens, the diplomatic passport is maroon coloured
with the golden text 'Diplomatic Passport' printed on it,
and the Hindi equivalent.

The responsibility of the civil services is to

run the administration of India. The
country is managed through a number of
Central Government agencies in
accordance with the policy directions
given by the ministries.
The members of the civil services are
represented as administrators in the
central government and state government;
emissaries in the foreign
missions/embassies; as tax collectors and
revenue commissioners; as civil service
commissioned police officers; as
permanent representative(s) and
employees in the United Nations and its
agencies and as Chairman, Managing
Director, full-time functional
Director/Member of the Board of
Management of various Public Sector
Undertakings/ Enterprises, Corporations,
Banks and financial institutions. Civil
servants are employed to various agencies
of India and can also be appointed as
advisors or special duty officers or private
secretaries to ministers of the Union and
the State Government.[18][19]

All appointments in the rank of Joint

Secretary to Government of India and
above, other major appointments,
empanelment and extension of tenure is
done by the Appointments Committee of
the Cabinet. However, all appointments in
the ranks below Joint Secretary in the
federal government are done by the Civil
Services Board. Civil servants are the
actual laws and policies' makers in the
country. They work on behalf of the
elected government and cannot publicly
show their disinterest or disapproval for
the elected government. It is mandatory
for them to form certain rules and policies
according to the government's views and
interests, but additionally they cannot be
removed by any state or central
government, but can only be retired.

Governance
Head of the Civil Services

The highest ranking civil servant is the

Cabinet Secretary. He is ex-officio
Chairman of the Civil Services Board; the
chief of the Indian Administrative Service
and head of all civil services under the
rules of business of the Government of
India. He also holds the 11th position in
the Order of Precedence of India.

The position holder is accountable for

ensuring that the Civil Service is equipped
with the skills and capability to meet the
everyday challenges it faces and that civil
servants work in a fair and decent
environment.

Values and codes

Values
A member of the civil service in discharge
of his/her functions is to be guided by
maintaining absolute integrity, allegiance
to the constitution and the law of the
nation, patriotism, national pride, devotion
to duty, honesty, impartiality and
transparency.[20]

Codes

The Government of India promotes values

and a certain standard of ethics of
requiring and facilitating every civil
servant:[20]

To discharge official duty with

responsibility, honesty, accountability
 and without discrimination.
To ensure effective management,
leadership development and personal
growth.
To avoid misuse of official position or
information.
To serve as instruments of good
governance and foster social economic
development.

Construction
The Higher Civil Services of India can be
classified into two types - the All India
Services and the Central Civil Services
(Group A). The recruits are university
graduates (or above) selected through a
rigorous system of examinations: Civil
Services Examination, Engineering
Services Examination, Combined Geo-
Scientist and Geologist Examination,
I.E.S./I.S.S. Examination, Combined
Medical Services Examination, Central
Armed Police Forces of Union Public
Service Commission (UPSC) for Group A
posts.

All India Services

All appointments to All India Civil Services

are made by the President of India.

Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

 Indian Forest Service (IFS)
Indian Police Service (IPS)

Central Services (Group A)

The Central Civil Services (Group A) are

concerned with the administration of the
Union Government.[21]All appointments to
Central Civil Services (Group A) are made by
the President of India.
Archaeological Service, Indian
Group 'A'. Ordnance
Border Roads Factories
Engineering Services, Service (IOFS)
Group 'A' Indian
Botanical Survey of Ordnance
India, Group 'A'. Factories
Heath Service
Central Architects
(IOFHS)
Service, Group 'A'.
Indian Frontier
Central Engineering
Administrative
(Civil) Group 'A' Service.
Service, Group
Central Engineering
'A'-
(Electrical and
Mechanical) Group 'A' (a) Grade I (b)
Service. Grade II
 Central Health Service, Central Legal
Group 'A'. Service
Central Revenues (Grades I, II, III
Chemical Service, and IV)
Group 'A'. Railway
Central Secretariat Inspectorate
Service- Service, Group
'A'
(a) Selection Grade (b)
Grade I. Indian Foreign
Service,
General Central Branch (B)
Service, Group 'A'. (erstwhile)-
Geological Survey of (a) General
India, Group 'A'. Cadre, Grade I
Indian Audit and (b) General
Accounts Service, Cadre, Grade II
Group 'A'.
Delhi and
Indian Civil Accounts
Andaman and
Service.
Nicobar
Indian Defence Islands Civil
Accounts Service Service, Grade
Indian Foreign Service, I.
Group 'A'. Delhi and
Indian Meteorological Andaman and
Service, Group 'A'. Nicobar
Indian Postal Service, Islands Police
Group 'A'. Service, Grade

Indian Naval Material I.

Management Services
 Indian Posts and Indian
Telegraphs Traffic Inspection
Service, Group 'A'. Service, Group
Indian Revenue Service 'A'
- Indian Supply

(a) Customs Branch Service, Group

(Indian Customs Service, 'A'

Group 'A') (b) Central Central

Excise Branch (Central Information
Excise Service, Group 'A') Service-
(c) Income Tax Branch (a) Selection
(Income Tax Service, Grade (b) Senior
Group 'A') Administrative
Grade (c) Junior
Indian Trade Service,
Administrative
Group 'A'
Indian Salt Service, Grade (d) Grade
Group 'A'. I (e) Grade II
Mercantile Marine
Indian
Training Ship Service,
Statistical
Group 'A'.
Service
Directorate General of
Indian
Mines Safety, Group 'A'.
Economic
Overseas Service
Communications
Telegraph
Service, Group 'A'.
Traffic
Survey of India, Group Service, Group
'A'. 'A'
Indian Central Water
Telecommunication Engineering
Service, Group 'A'.
Zoological Survey of Service, Group
India, Group 'A'. 'A'
Central Power
Engineering
Service, Group
'A'
Company Law
Board Service
Labour
Officers of the
Central Pool,
Group 'A'
Central
Engineering
Service
(Roads),
Group 'A'
Indian Posts
and
Telegraphs
Accounts and
Finance
Service, Group
'A'
Indian
Broadcasting
(Engineers)
Service
Armed Forces
Headquarters
 Civil Services
(Group 'A')
Central
Secretariat
Official
Language
Service
(Group 'A')

Central Services (Group B)

For Group B posts, the Combined Graduate

Level Examination (CGLE) is conducted by
the Staff Selection Commission
(SSC).[a][22]All appointments to Group B are
made by the authorities specified by a
general or special order of the President.

Armed Forces Headquarters Civil

Services
Botanical Survey of India, Group 'B'
Central Electrical Engineering Service,
Group 'B'
Central Engineering Service, Group 'B'
Central Excise Service, Group ‘B’
Central Health Service, Group ‘B’
Central Power Engineering Service,
Group ‘B’
Central Secretariat Official Language
Service, Group ‘B’
Central Secretariat Service, Group 'B'
(Section and Assistant Section Grade
officers only)
Central Secretariat Stenographers’
Service, (Grade I, Grade II and Selection
Grade officers only)
Customs Appraisers Service, Group ‘B’-
(Principal Appraisers and Head
Appraisers)
Customs Preventive Service, Group ‘B’ –
(Chief Inspectors)
Defence Secretariat Service
DANICS, Grade II
DANIPS, Grade II
Geological Survey of India, Group 'B'
Indian Foreign Service, Group ‘B’ -
(General Cadre, Grade I and General
Cadre, Grade II only)
Indian Posts and Telegraphs Accounts
and Finance Service, Group ‘B’
Telecommunication Wing.
Indian Posts & Telegraphs Accounts &
Finance Service, Postal Wing, Group ‘B’
Income Tax Service, Group ‘B’
Indian Salt Service, Group ‘B’
India Meteorological Service, Group ‘B'
Survey of India, Group 'B'
Postal Superintendents’ Service, Group
‘B’
 Postmasters’ Service, Group ‘B’
Railway Board Secretariat Service,
Group ‘B’
Telecommunication Engineering Service,
Group ‘B’
Telegraphs Traffic Service, Group ‘B
Zoological Survey of India, Group 'B'

State Services (Group A)

The State Civil Services examinations and

recruitment are conducted by the
individual states public service
commissions in India. These services are
feeder services of All India Services. All
appointments to State Services (Group A)
are made by the Governors of States.

All state civil and Administrative services

in India above the rank of Deputy Collector
are group A service. The officers of
following services are later promoted to
IAS.
 Andhra Pradesh State Civil Service (Executive Kerala Administrative Service (KAS)
Branch)
Manipur Civil Service (MCS)
Arunachal Pradesh Civil Service-Executive
Mizoram Civil Service (MCS)
Branch (APCS)
Meghalaya Civil Service (MCS)
Assam Civil Service (ACS)
Nagaland Civil Service (NCS)
Bihar Administrative Service (BAS)
Odisha Administrative Service (OAS)
Goa Civil Service (GCS)
Provincial Civil Service (Uttar Pradesh)
State Administrative Service (SAS)
Punjab Civil Service (PCS)
State Civil Service (SCS)
Rajasthan Administrative Service (RAS)
Gujarat Administrative Service (GAS)
Sikkim Civil Service (SCS)
Haryana Civil Service (HCS)
Telangana Civil Service-Executive
Himachal Pradesh Administrative Service (HPAS)
Branch (TCS)
Jharkhand Administrative Service (JAS)
Tamil Nadu Civil Service (TNCS)
Kashmir Administrative Service (KAS)
West Bengal Civil Service (WBCS)
Karnataka Administrative Service (KAS)

All state police services above the rank of

Deputy SP are group A service. The
officers of following services are later
promoted to IPS.
 Andhra Pradesh State Police Service Kerala Police Service (KPS)
(APPS)
Manipur Police Service (MPS)
Arunachal Pradesh Police Service (APPS)
Mizoram Police Service (MPS)
Assam Police Service (APS)
Meghalaya Police Service (MPS)
Bihar Police Service (BPS)
Nagaland Police Service (NPS)
Goa Police Service (GPS)
Odisha Police Service (OPS)
State Police Service (SPS)
Provincial Police Service (Uttar Pradesh)
State Police Service (SPS) (PPS)

Gujarat Police Service (GPS) Punjab Police Service (PPS)

Haryana Police Service (HPS) Rajasthan Police Service (RPS)

Himachal Pradesh Police Service (HPPS) Sikkim Police Service (SPS)

Jharkhand Police Service (JPS) Telangana Police Service (TPS)

Kashmir Police Service (KPS) Tamil Nadu Police Service (TNPS)

Karnataka State Police Service (KSPS) West Bengal Police Service (WBPS)

All state judicial services above the rank of

Judicial Magistrate are group A service.
The officers of following services are later
promoted as judges in High Courts.

Higher Judicial Service (HJS)

 Provincial Civil Service-Judicial Branch
(PCS-J)

State Services (Group B)

The state civil services (Group B) deal with

subjects such as land revenue, agriculture,
forests, education etc. The officers are
recruited by different States through the
respective State Public Service
Commissions, and appointed by the
Governor of that state.

Assistant Registrar Cooperative

Societies
Block Development Officer
District Employment Officer
 District Food and Supplies
Controller/Officer
District Treasury Officer
District Welfare Officer
Excise and Taxation Officer
Tehsildar/Talukadar/Assistant Collector
Any other Class-I/Class-II service
notified as per rules by the concerned
State, i.e. officers, lecturers, assistants,
associate professors, or principals of
Government Degree Colleges, Class I

Concerns and Reforms

“
The IAS is hamstrung by political
interference, outdated personnel
procedures, and a mixed record
on policy implementation, and it
is in need of urgent reform. The
Indian government should
reshape recruitment and
promotion processes, improve
performance-based assessment
of individual officers, and adopt
safeguards that promote
accountability while protecting
bureaucrats from political
meddling. ”
— The Indian Administrative Service Meets Big
Data, Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace[23][24]
As of 2011, in a duration of past three
years over 450 chargesheets have been
filed and a total of 943 cases are at
different stages of investigation by CBI
against civil servants.[25][26]

“
We estimate that if India were to
pursue civil service reforms and
reach the Asian average on
government effectiveness, it
could add 0.9 percentage points
annually to per capita GDP...
Institutional quality is a crucial
driver of economic performance. ”
—  Goldman Sachs report[27]
A study by the Hong Kong-based Political
and Economic Risk Consultancy, released
in 2012, ranked and rated Indian
bureaucracy as the worst in Asia with a
9.21 rating out of 10. According to the
study, India's inefficient and corrupt
bureaucracy was responsible for most of
the complaints that business executive
have about the country.[28][29][30] A paper
prepared in 2012 by the Ministry of
Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pensions states that corruption is
prevalent at all levels in civil services and it
is institutionalised.[31][32]
On 28 November 2011, the Department of
Personnel and Training (DOPT) of the
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances
and Pensions created a proposal to retire
and remove incompetent, inefficient and
unproductive All India Service officers
after 15 years of service, instead of
tolerating them until their retirement.
Former Cabinet Secretary TSR
Subramanian welcomed this move with
caution, saying, "Periodical weeding out is
very good. But the process to determine
who needs to be prematurely retired
should be fair and transparent. There is a
possibility that even good officers may be
targeted because of political reasons,".
Former UPSC chairman PC Hota echoed
his sentiments remarking that, "We need
drastic remedies. The situation has
become terrible. The other day an officer in
Delhi was arrested for disproportionate
assets of Rs.31.5 million. She is just a
2000-batch IAS officer with 11 years of
service. But at the same time, the officers'
service records should be analysed before
a decision against him was
taken".[33][34][35] The proposal has been
accepted and rule 16(3) of the All India
Services (death-cum-retirement benefits)
Rules of 1958 was amended on 31
January 2012.[33][35][36]
In October 2013, the Supreme Court of
India, in the case of TSR Subramanian &
Ors vs Union of India & Ors [37] ordered both
Government of India and State
governments to ensure fixed tenure to civil
servants. The court asked senior
bureaucrats to write down the oral
instructions from politicians so that a
record would be kept of all the decisions.
This judgement was seen on the similar
lines of the Supreme Court's 2006
judgement in Prakash Singh case on
police reforms.[38][39] The judgement was
welcomed by various bureaucrats and the
media who hoped that it will help in giving
freedom and independence to the
functioning of bureaucracy.[40][41]

In 2016, the Ministry of Finance

"Much
for the first time, dismissed 72 of the
and prematurely retired another deterior
33 Indian Revenue Service ation in
officers for non-performance the

and on disciplinary functio

ning of
grounds.[42][43][44][45][46] In 2016,
bureauc
it was reported that
racy is
Government of India has due to
decided to empower common political
man to seek prosecution of interfer
corrupt IAS officers.[47] Ministry ence."
of Personnel, Public
Grievances and Pensions Justice

(DOPT) has accepted to K. S.

Radhak
receive requests from private
rishnan
persons seeking sanction for
and
prosecution in respect of IAS
Justice
officers without any proper P. C.
proposal and supporting Ghose,
documents. [47] Suprem
e Court
Civil Services Day of
India[40]
The Civil Service Day is
celebrated on 21 April every
year.[48] The purpose for this day is to
rededicate and recommit themselves to
the cause of the people. It is observed by
all Civil Services. This day gives civil
servants the opportunity for introspection
and thinking about future strategies to
deal with the challenges being posed by
the changing times.[49]

On this occasion, all officers of Central and

State Governments are honoured for
excellence in public administration by the
Prime Minister of India. The 'Prime
Minister Award for Excellence in Public
Administration' is presented in three
categories. Under this scheme of awards
instituted in 2006, all the officers
individually or as group or as organisation
are eligible.[49]
The award includes a medal, scroll and a
cash amount of ₹100,000 (US$1,400). In
case of a group, the total award money is
₹500,000 (US$7,000) subject to a
maximum of ₹100,000 (US$1,400) per
person. For an organisation the cash
amount is limited to ₹500,000
(US$7,000).[49]

See also
Order of Precedence of India

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Grievances and Pensions. 8 June 2011.
Retrieved 14 February 2012.

50.UPSC EXam 2018 freejobs-alert.com

a. The Schedule of Central Civil Services for

Group 'B'. The complete list as per
Department of Personnel & Training,
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances
and Pensions, Govt. of India

External links
Official

UPSC Union Public Service

Commission, India
7th Pay Commission chief recommends
'One Rank, One Pension' for Govt
employees by The Indian Express
Prime Minister instructs DoPT for
speedy empanelment of officers from all
central services by The Times of India
"Not only IAS, MHA opens doors for all
services" . The Week. Archived from the
original on 8 January 2017.

All India Civil Services

 The All India Services Conduct Rules of
1968

Central Civil Services

The Central Civil Services Conduct Rules

of 1964
Central Secretariat Manual of Office
Procedure 14th Edition by Ministry of
Personnel, Public Grievances and
Pensions

Others

About the Civil Service Exam conducted by

UPSC

Governance in India
 Civil Service Reform in India - Problems
and Reforms

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"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Civil_Services_of_India&oldid=883086213"

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