Waste

Management
Skills
 Topic Page no.

Introduction

Vision waste Management

Research Methodology

Finding Analysis

Conclusion

Recommendations

Suggestion

Limitations

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

Arising quality of life, and high rates of resource consumption patterns have had a unintended
and negative impact on the urban environment - generation of wastes far beyond the handling
capacities of urban governments and agencies. Cities are now grappling with the problems of
high volumes of waste, the costs involved, the disposal technologies and methodologies, and
the impact of wastes on the local and global environment.
But these problems have also provided a window of opportunity for cities to find solutions -
involving the community and the private sector; involving innovative technologies and
disposal methods; and involving behaviour changes and awareness raising. These issues have
been amply demonstrated by good practices from many cities around the world.
There is a need for a complete rethinking of "waste" - to analyse if waste is indeed waste. A
rethinking that calls for
WASTE to become WEALTH
REFUSE to become RESOURCE
TRASH to become CASH *
There is a clear need for the current approach of waste disposal that is focussed on
municipalities and uses high energy/high technology, to move more towards waste
processing and waste recycling(that involves public-private partnerships, aiming for
eventual waste minimization - driven at the community level, and using low energy/low
technology resources. Some of the defining criteria for future waste minimization
programmes will include deeper community participation, understanding economic
benefits/recovery of waste, focusing on life cycles (rather than end-of-pipe solutions),
decentralized administration of waste, minimizing environmental impacts, reconciling
investment costs with long-term goals.

OBJECTIVES

The main objective of the project is to develop an integrated and environmentally sound
waste management system, which the target groups and the final beneficiaries of the project
will benefit of its results and specific objectives in terms of:

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To develop an integrated and environmentally organic waste management system that ensures
the adequate collection and treatment with sustainable methods, in tourist areas with close
agricultural activity.
Development of a new kind of selective organic waste collection (including complementary
prevention practices) available for large producers in tourist areas, which will improve their
waste management as well as the environmental public image of their activity (enhancing
their Corporate Social Responsibility).
Implementation of technologically simple farm composting plants (essentially in the
agricultural holdings situated near the production areas in the partners’ territories), with small
and adequate scales. Possibility of giving an added value to the agricultural activity through
the availability of an additional source of income for managing the treatment and selling
resultant compost.
Availability of a new amendment to improve the soil production with the application of
compost (in substitution of chemical fertilizers) To involve the different necessary
stakeholders to ensure the proper application of the project: municipalities, tourist activities,
“existing recyclers” and farmers, collection and treatment companies and other
complementary agents.Improvement of
Vision Waste Management

Vision Waste Management (VWM) has your company’s best interest in mind. "Cleaning is
usually the ‘unseen’ service but one that’s noticeable when it’s not carried out correctly or not
done at all." Vision specializes in making your trash handling and image what it should be.
Making any property suitable for the right tenants starts with first impressions. First
impressions start with a Vision, let us get you there. Tenants see when on walkways, hallways
and trash areas, is a clean property with a valet trash service thats second to none. Well here
at VWM we want to help you by managing the waste within your property. VWM wants to
eliminate any uncomfortable feelings you have about compactor areas and sanitation around
it. VWM is your one stop waste management solution. VWM can help maintain your
properties clean appeal, attract and retain residents, and can even lower your waste
management bill which would save the property and resident’s time/money. VWM
simplified: We simply pick up your residents' trash at their door area, where it’s stored in a
convenient storage cube, and then take it to the compactor for them. Essentially, we make all

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of your waste management problems disappear, leaving everyone a Clear vision without the
view of unsightly waste.
Limitations of Waste Management:
1. The process is not always cost-effective:
Yes, though it may pay cash to the contributors, the truth is this process needs a lot of money,
time and land to set up a plant and run. As the amount of waste that is being contributed to
the waste product unit increases, so are the number of plants that process these resources.
Setting up a huge factory obviously needs a lot of money, and this management will start
fetching yields only in the long run. Hence, this is not seen as a short-term lucrative
investment. While dumping more and more garbages in the landfills cause only $50 per ton,
recycling them in the proper manner will cause $150 per ton, which is exactly triple the cost
and thus many of the companies tend to switch over to the landfill method itself.
2. The resultant product has a short life:
This is also true since the resulting recycled product cannot be expected to have a durable
quality. As the product itself has its origin from the remains of the other trashed waste
products and heaps of partially used ones. The recycled product, though, is eco-friendly is
expected to have a shorter life span than the intended original one.
3. The sites are often dangerous:
As the waste management sites include the landfills to recycling units under its aegis, these
sites are highly susceptible to fungal and bacterial growth thereby leading to various diseases.

Even the debris formation will be accelerated by such bacterial growth, which makes it
totally unsafe for the workers who work there. It also causes a widespread pollution and
releases harmful chemicals. These chemicals, when mixed with drinking water or any other
consumable item pose a high amount of danger to the human health.
4. The practices are not done uniformly:
Still, a large scale of these waste management practices are done only as a small scale process
and is mostly confined to residential homes, schools and colleges and is not practiced in a
uniform manner in large industries and conglomerates. It is not even practiced globally, as the
global level consists of curbing oil spills, ocean disposals and decreasing the tree felling.
5. Waste management can cause more problems:

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Though waste management creates employment, it only has the ability to produce low quality
jobs. These jobs include right from sorting the garbage collected to the intensive and
laborious jobs that are needed in the factories and outlets.
Daily basis collection of garbages will make the streets look unpleasant and unhygienic
leaving excess debris on the streets to rot up. Even after the successful completion of the final
stage, many chemical stews will be left behind which needs to be properly and completely
disposed, otherwise they will also pose a threat to the environment which makes the ultimate
purpose of waste management go redundant.
Also, in the areas where these management units are present, it is noticed that the
groundwater gets affected. So, it too causes a considerable extent of water pollution and land
pollution.
Thus, considering the pros and cons of waste management, we can only realize that the
ultimate goal of waste management relies in waste minimization and curbing only. However,
the aspects of recycling and processing wastes cannot be omitted since they attribute an
environmental flavor to our area of study. It also makes the whole process to be economically
viable and increase the sustenance of the process thereby making it less susceptible to the
legal frameworks and conventions of each country. The energy flow from the producers to the
consumers must be retained as it is in the original ecosystems and the recycling should work
in tandem with the generalities of nature.
Thus, not even a single aspect can be deleted from the whole process. At the same time, the
process too cannot be stopped by considering the demerits alone. It should be implemented
step by step and should move from a small scale industry to a larger one, thereby eliminating
the problems which arise in the midway by finding suitable strategies and solutions for the
problems.
The government too should support the practices by easing the rules and encouraging all its
citizens to practice the same in their households and can also provide a reward for those who
practice these measures in an effective manner.
Methods like vermicomposting, generating energy from solar cells and e-wastes, using the
recycled water for household practices can be easily preached to the commoners in a simple
way to follow. This will aid and enhance the fertility of our soil, reduce environmental
pollutions, increase the ground water level ultimately making our environment a safe haven
to live. This will be the real legacy we have to leave behind for the forthcoming generations.
Literature Review on Solid Waste Management

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There is not much literature available on Harar Municipal Solid Waste Management sector
although such studies were conducted at Addis Ababa and Jimma. Therefore, this section
borrows liberally from studies conducted elsewhere. While poor management of solid waste
is a general problem in Ethiopia, it is probably conspicuous in Harar city considering its
historical and regional importance.
It is a government organization that motivates the public towards SWM. Pubic and
government are inseparable from the welfare point of view. The question is how do we get
local municipality in Harar as an organ of the state government to be innovative in providing
solid waste services? Despite the wide use of the term, innovation systems are yet to be
clearly defined, characterized and evaluated in a systematic and quantifiable manner. With the
selection of solid waste services in local municipality the following experience in Sri Lanka
may of interest and guidance to us.
The innovation systems theory in the 1980s in Sri Lanka invoked the notion of national
innovation systems which are made up of institutions that create, store and transfer
knowledge. It is now becoming increasingly clear that the creators of knowledge are not
limited to those in institutions dedicated to such. Instead now it is widely accepted that
knowledge is created in application as opposed to formal knowledge institutions (Gibbons et
al., 1994)
Moreover, emerging importance of knowledge underpins the conceptual basis for the project.
A change in the nature of the knowledge landscape was predicted by Gibbons and others as
early as the 1990s in what they termed as the changing modes of knowledge production. They
designated knowledge produced in formal settings such as Universities and research institutes
as institution influenced knowledge and knowledge gained in work places and other settings
as formal practical knowledge which will gradually supersede institutional knowledge.

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Although the concept is widely used in the literature, empirical work supporting it is lacking.
Yet, any training that Harar municipality would offer to its employees involved in SWM
would make a breakthrough in SWM system. Knowledge for innovation in solid waste
services will be generated from within the practitioners, with the formal knowledge
community playing a supporting role.
It is also becoming increasingly difficult to separate creation of knowledge from the sharing
or the application. An emerging literature such as Bartone (1995) on Knowledge Intensive
Business Services (KIBS) supports the newer notion of knowledge creation and application is
not two separate things. Innovation in services is now understood to be an ongoing process
where the producers of the service continually learn from customers, suppliers and recruits.

2.2 Social Assessment

2.2.1 Introduction to SA
Moreover, as this study looked into social factors assessment, the following literature reviews
were felt suitable for discussion. Although the researcher applied only some the following
views for this project, the SA views for SWM gains prominence in that any participatory
approach needs a strong social assessment.
According to the World Bank, (2003) a social assessment refers to the “analysis that a
borrower undertakes during project design to assess social feasibility of a project. It also
incorporates a range of instruments that can be used not only to obtain the necessary social
input and identify appropriate mechanisms for community participation in the design and
implementation of these systems, but also to ensure that vulnerable social groups are not
excluded from the benefits of investments and system improvements. Equally important is
the need to ensure that social groups and communities are not adversely affected by relevant
decisions whether they relate to factors such as changes in service fees, expansion of service
boundaries, and/or inclusion/exclusion of activities of the informal sector with regard to
SWM.
Further, World Bank (2003) is of the opinion that the ideal SA facilitates the process through
which the Borrower better understands social organization and cultural systems, as well as
institutional, historical, and political contexts in order to ensure the quality of investment
design and success during implementation; provides means to enhance equality, strengthen
social inclusion and cohesion, promote transparent governance and empower the poor and the
vulnerable in project design and/or implementation. It further says that it constitutes a

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mechanism to identify the opportunities, constraints, impacts, and social risks associated with
policy and project design; provides a framework for dialogue on development priorities
among social groups, civil society, government and other stakeholders; and uses an approach
to identify and mitigate the potential social risks, including adverse social impacts.
According to Social Assessment for Tehran City Solid Waste Management Project (2004)
Community and institutional characteristics are as important as household characteristics in
determining the role of stakeholders in MSWM. Often the poorest communities, such as
those that are of low caste or ethnic status, and those that are new immigrants of urban
peripheries, are either excluded from MSWM services or may be adversely impacted. Dump
sites may be located near the most vulnerable communities, thus subjecting them to health
problems. This is quite true to Harar city. Their voices may not be strong enough within the
urban political structure to affect positive changes in their environmental status. The said
project of Tehran further demonstrated that a thorough assessment of socio-economic,
demographic and migratory characteristics of the project population was an important
analytical tool that helped formulate recommendations for the improvement of the MSWS in
the city. These improvements were directly derived from the findings of the SA.
2.2.2 Gender Perspectives
Gender and MSWM are closely related. Although this study does not delve deep into gender
dimension with regard SWM of Harar city, it is true that SWM is “gendered “to some extent
in the city. According to Scheinberg et al. (1999) many aspectss of solid waste management
are “gendered.” Looking at gender dimensions of MSWM also enables the planners to note
the differences in the behavior, needs, and the roles played by other social groups. Women
and men play different roles in the MSWM at all levels. At the household level, for example,
they have different responsibilities. At workplaces dealing with waste sorting, collection,
transportation, and planning, there are other key differences. Although the differences are
largely culture specific, it is not common to see women among the high level managers of
solid waste within municipal or formal private sector institutions Women may take
responsibility for community cleanliness as long as the work is voluntary, but when it
becomes paid and legitimized, it frequently, if not always goes to men. In planning
improvements to the MSWM system, therefore, the implications are that there is a need to
preserve women’s role in cleaning activities (UWEP 1999).
Women’s ability to contribute to environmental cleaning or even carrying their household
waste to bins placed in public places may be hindered in certain cultural settings where

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women’s presence in public is discouraged, as is documented for Yemen’s secondary cities
(Bernstein 1998). Although it may not be fully true to Harar city, elderly and middle aged
women do not get involved in these activities frequently
2.2.3 Poverty and Low Income
Many studies were conducted on poverty and low income. These studies proved that they
were closely related to SWM. The following are some excerpts from literature in this regard
that go hand in hand with the existing social and economic condition that prevails in the study
area affecting the MSWM.
Among other issues that are important in analyzing social diversity, understanding poverty
dimensions is critical. Urban poverty and poor environmental conditions in most parts of the
world are inextricably linked. In many cities, the poor do not have access to the formal solid
waste collection service, or live in unsafe, marginal, and environmentally hazardous areas
such as polluted land-sites near solid waste dumps. These conditions lead to poor
environmental health which aggravates poverty and leads to impacts such as loss of income
due to sickness and disease, inadequate medical treatment, and increased spending on health
care which depletes household savings. Lowered incomes and aggravated poverty divest the
poor of their capability either to live in safer environments or to improve the environment
where they live. Hence, it is essential to improve environmental conditions that surround the
urban poor in order to enhance the latter’s capability to fight poverty (Bartone, 2000).
In the context of an investment in MSWM, project planners should ensure that the poor are
among the beneficiaries of service improvements. Waste pickers at dumpsites and on the
streets commonly are socially marginalized. They work under conditions which are extremely
hazardous to health and detrimental to family, social, and educational development and live
without basic economic or social security. Often children and the elderly are involved in this
type of work. Waste pickers live and work under socially precarious conditions and are
subject to serious health risks. Support should aim to improve their working conditions,
earnings, and access to social services. In three Turkish cities (Diyarbakir, Mardin, Urfa),
large numbers of school age children walk around the city streets in small groups, sorting for
a wide range of items. These are the children of families that have been displaced from their
villages for security reasons. The little that they are able to earn from scavenging meets a
significant percentage of the food needs of their families (Bernstein, 1999). Improving
environmental conditions in cities and towns helps in reducing poverty directly as well as
indirectly (Bartone, 2000).

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As a direct impact, improvement in solid waste conditions can lead to better health which in
turn, can help to improve productivity and increased incomes. An indirect impact of
improved solid waste conditions can lead to decreased health problems and hence, savings
from spending on health. The savings and better living environment per se would provide the
poor with resources, time, and most importantly a ‘better quality of life’ to enrich their skills
(and thereby increase their capabilities) to earn higher incomes, and fight poverty. Further, an
increase in income would also enable the poor to pay for the basic environmental services
they need. Many other aspects of MSWM are closely related to poverty. Poverty is closely
associated with low level of garbage generation and waste collection as well as high levels of
waste sorting, re-use, and recycling. Poverty is also associated with residential proximity to
dump sites as well as exclusion from municipal services. Poverty influences people’s
perception on SWM.
2.2. 4 Garbage Pickers and Environment
Many people both young and old make a living from the SW dumps in the outskirts of the
city. This poses a great danger to the community in general and the collectors in particular.
Aging is also emerging as a critical problem in MSWM (Bernstein, 1999). In many nations of
Eastern Europe and most countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) population aging is
rising. In some cases, over a quarter of the population are older than 60 years (Kudat and
Youssef 1999). Even when they generate low volume of solid waste, elderly people face
special problems. For example, they often do not have easy access to a waste collection bins
or have difficulties paying for the waste collection services.
According to World Bank (2004) in some countries, the poorest segments of the elderly
population (mainly abandoned single elderly) collect food from waste bins, thus facing
serious health risks. In others situations (e.g., in Mongolia) there are many elderly individuals
who collect recyclable items (cans and bottles) for cash. For many of them, collecting waste
is the main source of income. The livelihoods of solid waste collectors at Harar city depend
on the cash they generate through the collection.
There are, however, important environmentally sound lessons that can be learnt from the poor
with respect to both the reduction of waste and its re-use. In poor communities of Mardin, for
example, most upper income groups do not engage in any sorting whereas all lower income
residents make use of plastic materials, paper, cardboard and tin cans. Among the poor, for
example, paper waste is used as a fire starter for stoves, leftover bread is given to milk sellers
or to bran manufacturers and plastic bags are used for carrying food or storing bread

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(Bernstein, 1999). Levels of economic development and household income are important
determinants of the volume and composition of wastes generated by residential and other
users, as well as the willingness and ability to pay for a particular level of service. Similarly,
the characteristics of other waste generators (for example, artisan shops, schools, government
offices, bars) determine their ability and willingness to pay for MSWM services. It is often
assumed that the poor would both be unable and unwilling to pay for improved MSWM
services. The evidence from the water and sanitation sector strongly points in the opposite
direction (Cernea, and Kudat 1977). Indeed, the poor are often unable to have regular access
to municipal services and, and must pay a disproportionately higher share of their income to
pay for alternative service arrangements.
The garbage collectors indeed face huge risk both for their own health and the health of the
community they live with. The following are literature reviews in this regard. Most of the
information available from these secondary sources is true to the solid waste collectors of
Harar.
All activities in solid waste management involve risk, either to the workers directly involved,
or to the nearby residents. Risks occur at every step in the process, from the point where
residents source segregate wastes into different components for collection and recycling, to
the point of ultimate disposal (Cointreau 2000)
Health and safety risks from waste are caused by many factors and may include the
following:
The nature of raw waste, its composition (that is, toxic, allergic and infectious
substances), and its components (that is, gases, dusts, leachate, sharps).
The nature of waste as it decomposes (that is., gases, dusts, leachate, particle sizes) and their
change in ability to cause a toxic, allergic or infectious health response·
The handling of waste (that is, working in traffic, shoveling, lifting, equipment vibrations,
accidents)
The processing of wastes (that is, odor, noise, vibration, accidents, air and water emissions,
residuals, explosions, fires);
The disposal of wastes (that is, odor, noise, vibration, stability of waste piles, air and water
emissions, explosions, fires).
It is not always possible to quantify health impacts associated with exposure to solid waste;
poorly managed municipal solid waste can impose significant risks to the following groups:
Refuse collection workers and waste pickers (including children)

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Garbage pickers who work and often live under socially precarious conditions and are subject
to serious health risks, and
Municipal workers also are affected by high rates of worker illness and absenteeism
2.2.5 Solid Waste Disposal
The public at large is affected by poor MSWM practices that are responsible for drinking
water mix-up with sewerage. Similarly, while the exposure of communities closer to the
dump sites is higher, there are broader public risks associated with air pollution as well. SAs
that clearly show the relationship of residential proximity to landfills and health problems
have yet to be produced. Nonetheless, a study in Southeastern Turkey indicates that there may
be a close relationship (Bernstein 1999), particularly for the poor. The residents say that there
are a lot of diseases because they have to live close to the landfill. “Our children are playing
with syringes and bottles. They are dirty. Our children are sick, and there is no doctor. We
don’t have money. We suffer from the waste.”
The State must solve our problem,” the residents cry. Residents of communities also add:
“The wind spreads plastic bags from the landfill. Our cattle are ill because they eat these
plastic bags. This is very important for us because these are not only our animals but our
income and our food.” The SA carried out in Turkey also shows that the health impact of
picking waste is often severe. Most pickers use their hands for sorting waste and are exposed
to medical waste and hazardous objects. One of the children collecting waste in the landfill
said “I cut my hands several times. We suffer from various diseases. One of my friends and I
got typhoid, and these two boys got hepatitis. Other boys cut their hands with broken glass.”
(Bernstein 1999).
Finally, the SA undertaken in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2002) demonstrated that external
factors like civil war put additional pressure on the environment and health of the local
communities by contributing to the mismanagement of existing landfills and emergence of
new areas for waste disposal, including those in and around abandoned home and public
buildings.
2.3 Information Dissemination
Dissemination of information plays a key factor in MSWM. Several literature such as Gunn,
Susan E., and Zenaida Ostos (1992); Bartone, C.L, & Bernstein, J.D, (1993); Olley, J and,
Olbina R. (1999); Medina, Martin (2000); World Bank. 1982 recommends that taking the
MSWM policies and issues to the public in the following manner plays a key role in solving
several key problems in MSWM.

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Every good public involvement program includes a good public information campaign. In
particular, the public needs to know why a solid waste facility is needed and what the
consequences will be if no facility is on place. People need information about the alternatives
to choose between them, and they need to know the facts about a proposed decision to decide
whether they support it. Some techniques for communicating to the public are:
Briefings:
Briefings keep key elected officials or agencies informed of the progress with regard to
MSWM. Briefings consist of a personal visit or even a phone call to inform people before an
action is taken. Briefings often lead to two-way communication, because you may receive
valuable information in response to your announcement. Briefing elected officials or agencies
is particularly important if your actions might result in political controversy that may affect
them. This was possible but not widely practiced in the study area.
Feature Stories:
A feature story is a full-blown news story, written by a reporter, not just an announcement
based on a news release. Sending a news release to a newspaper is one way to get the media
interested in your story. But often you are more likely to get someone interested if you make
a personal contact with an editor or reporter who has an interest in the issue. As the study area
is inhabited by basically literate people to University graduates besides some illiterate
population, this could spread information on MSWM in the city. Yet, this is not practiced in
the study area except for occasional publications.
Mailing out Key Technical Reports or Environmental Documents:
Simply making technical reports available at libraries or other public places has not proven
effective for getting the level of knowledge about these documents that you need for
credibility. Instead, send key documents can be mailed directly to leaders of the organized
groups and interests, including business, environmental, or neighborhood associations.
Although mailing documents is impractical to individuals and organizations, keeping them in
public libraries could be done. However, the public libraries in the study area did not contain
such documents.
Paid Advertisements:
Paid advertisements are one way to make an announcement or present information to the
public in newspapers or on radio or television. One major consideration in paid advertising is
public reaction against the spending of public funds. Occasionally, people criticize large

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advertisements, even if they are providing information. Paid advertisements are useful when
announcing public meetings. However, this is not the case in the study area.
Information on the Mass Media:
This is very effective as many people could afford to own a radio and have the opportunity to
watch television programs in public places and community information centers. Any program
explaining the MSWM and the problems that it faces in the nation can easily be telecasted
and broadcasted using experienced television and radio artists and showing live on television
the sanitation degradation due to problems in MSWM. Although, the study area has a huge
television screen for public at the center of the city and many people in the city own radio and
have access to watch television programs, due to the absence of regular programs on SWM
on mass media, information on MSWM could not reach the public at large.
Willingness to Pay
Another important aspect of MSWM is the WTP (Willingness To Pay) of the beneficiaries.
This idea has been discussed at length in several literature related to SWM. The following
points are the most important ones found in this regard.
Household Income ( as discussed in Chapter One)
The belief of households that it is the government and not the citizens are responsible for
SWM ( this is also discussed in Chapter One)
The degree of realization of the importance of proper SWM towards healthy living
The Importance of PPP (Public -Private Partnership) in SWM
Stringent law with regard to SWS
Thus, WTP by the beneficiaries was considered for this project with regard to SWM in Harar
city.

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Chapter 2
Research Methodology

When doing a social research, it is important to thoroughly describe which method is used in
order to make it accessible for the readers and to be able to process it in scientific manner
(Teorell & Svensson, 2007, p.54). The Research method is a supporting subject which is
used to accomplish in a variety of research paradigm in many academic disciplines (Kumar,
2010, p.18). It is a system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the result of a
research problem (Panneerselvam, 2004, p.2). According to Henn et al (2006, p.21), the
research method encourages the researcher to investigate a particular research area from a
variety of different types of data, analyze these data using different techniques and
interpreting the results from a variety of different positions. However, Choices about the
method are a matter of rummaging in the tool bag for the best equipment for the task in hand
(Roger, 2009, p.32). Finding these best tools was necessary to carry out the research in order
to precede the study successfully.
A methodology for any research study is designed in a very cautions manner and by careful
examination of the related literature (Khan, 2011, p.70). Hence, the researcher could identify
many different factors related to research objectives and questions of the study with the
reviewed literature in the previous chapter. Based on those readings the researcher developed
the methodology which include finding the research problem, creating research questions,
formatting the theoretical framework in a pre-empirical stage; while designing method, data
collection, data analyzing and data interpretation in the Empirical stage (see figure 5).

Source: Author Edited by using Punch (1998, p.42)

Mixed Method Strategy

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The first step of developing the methodology was to decide the research strategy. According
to World Health Organization (WHO, 2001, p.9), the selection of a research strategy is the
core of a research method and is probably the most important decision the researcher has to
make. Research strategy is the general orientation to the conduct of social research (Bryman,
2012, p.34). Many researchers focus on using a qualitative research strategy or quantitative
research strategy for their studies. Nevertheless, in some situations, a second research method
can be added to the study to provide an enhanced understanding of some phase of the
research and enhance a primary method so that the research objectives can be best address in
the study (Creswell & Clark, 2011, p. 10).
As this study focus on how Solid Waste Management (SWM) practices impact on sound
environmental development, the researcher decided to use a mixed method strategy. Mixed
method strategy integrates quantitative and qualitative research in a single project (Bryman,
2012, p.628). The mixed method approach collects and analyzes data, integrates the findings
and draws inferences by using both qualitative and quantitative approaches in a single study
(Taskkori & Creswell, 2007, p.4). However, the research largely relied on the qualitative
approach which is sequentially followed by a quantitative approach within the entire research
process. The decision towards a mixed method developed because the two methods together
result in a better understanding of the problem of the study (Heise-Biber & Leavy, 2008,
365). Especially, the Research Questions were suited for mixed methods as one data source
was insufficient to answer all questions. According to Creswell & Clark (2011, p. 8), one type
of evidence may not tell the complete story, or the researcher may lack confidence in the
ability to address the problem. Therefore, using mixed methods provided an opportunity to
conduct the research with confidence.
At the outset of selecting the approach, the researcher needed to know advantages of mixed
methods. These advantages can be used to convince readers about the value of mixed
methods (Creswell & Clark, 2011, p. 12). The mixed method provided strengths that equalize
the weaknesses of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. It provided more relevant
data to answer the research problem than using either qualitative or quantitative approaches
alone. Moreover, a mixed method approach is likely to increase the acceptance of findings
and conclusions. Yet, some disadvantages were identified with this method. When data
collection methods are duplicative, the costs for gathering information were essentially
doubled. Same time as pointed out by Roberts (2000), it was problematic with the possible

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statistical measurement limitations of qualitative data when it has been quantitized as the
result is moving in the same line.
Case Study Design
“Research design essentially refers to the plan or strategy of shaping the research” (Henn et
al, 2006, p.46). It is a procedure plan that is adopted by the researcher “to answer questions
validly, objectively, accurately and economically” (Kumar, 2011, p. 94). A research design is
a statement of the object of the inquiry and the strategies for collecting the evidences,
analyzing the findings and reporting those (Singh & Nath, 2007, p.154). As pointed out by
Khan, (2011, p. 69), selection and formulation of a proper research scheme is very important
and essential for the successful accomplishment of a research.
This study was conducted under case study design. As Stake (1995) cited in Bryman (2012,
p.66), a case study research is concerned with the complexity and the particular nature of the
case in the research question. The design involves detailed and intensive analysis of the case
(Bryman, 2008). It is related to the criteria that are employed when evaluating social research
and build a frame work for the generation of evidence that is suited both to a certain set of
criteria and to the research question in which the investigator is interested (Bryman, 2012,
p.45). In this Study, the benefit of conducting a case study was that it enabled an examination
of the impact of SWM on Sound Environmental Development in Hambantota Urban Council
(HUC). The case study investigated the practice of SWM, perspectives of local population
about SWM and impact of SWM for sound environmental development. However, SWM
practices are highly contextual. Therefore, this case study will not necessarily find the same
findings as a similar case study in another social setting. As Bryman (2012) stated, the
purpose of the case study is not to make generalizations, but rather to generate theoretical
assumptions on the basis of the findings of that particular case.
3.1. Research design.
3.2. Data Collection Methods
3.3. Sampling Method.
3.4. Data analysis
3.5. Ethical consideration.

Data collection Methods

Data is the most important thing to carry on a research. There are two types of data namely
qualitative and quantitative. In general, Qualitative data are textual and quantitative data are

19
numerical. According to Punch (1998, p.62) quantitative data are information about the world
in numerical form, whereas qualitative data are information about the world in the form of
words. As the study is conducted under a mixed method strategy, both qualitative and
quantitative data were required. Therefore, Semi structured interviews and non participant
observation collected qualitative data while a self completion questionnaire collected both
Qualitative and quantitative data. Figure two present the data collection methods.

Source: Developed by Author

I. Self completion questionnaire (SCQ)
The research gathered both qualitative and quantitative data with the help of self completion
questionnaires (SCQ). According to Bryman (2012, p. 715) a Questionnaire is a collection of
questions administered to a respondent. Hence, with the self completion questionnaire,
respondents answer and complete the questionnaire by themselves. There were XX closed
ended questions, XX semi closed ended questions and XX open-ended questions with XX
variables within the self completion questionnaire. The questions were divided into few
categories such as general information about the respondent, socio economic situation, solid

20
waste generation; perspectives abut SWM, environmental concern, development concern.
The questionnaire was designed to identify variables that could be coded for final analysis.
As described by Bryman (2012, p.232), the most prominent of several different forms of self
completion questionnaires were postal or mail. Yet, in this study, the researcher personally
met the household owners and business owners in order to attenuate one of the most
damaging limitations of postal questionnaire. It is the low rate of response (Bryman, 2012,
p.235). As the researcher met the respondent personally, positive attitudes about the research
were developed and respondents were willing to support the study.
However, there were some drawbacks of this tool. As pointed out by Bryman (2012, 235),
there is no opportunity to probe respondents for elaborate answers. It is difficult to ask a lot
of questions with this tool and therefore it is difficult to collect additional data for the study.
In addition, the researcher can never be sure who answered the questionnaire. Nevertheless,
in some situations with the low literacy of the household or business place, the researcher
advised them to solicit support from someone else to complete the questionnaires.
Furthermore, by using SCQs, some kinds of response might be inappropriate and some data
might be missing because of the lack of supervision. To avoid these shortcomings the
researcher used a few steps as described by Bryman (2012, p.236). First a good cover letter
was included into the questionnaire package explaining the reason & importance of the
research and why the respondent had been selected. It provided the tips how to self complete
the questionnaire and a guarantee of confidentiality of the respondent. Moreover, the
questionnaires included clear instructions and an attractive layout to improve the response
rate.
II. Semi structured interviews (SSI)
Semi structure interviews (SSI) are the most widely used method in qualitative research
(Bryman, 2012, p.436). The study used SSI in order to accommodate the use of an open
framework to gather qualitative data. This tool gain individual perspectives of selected
categories about SWM and its impact on sound environmental development. Especially by
using semi structured interviews (SSI), the researcher had the opportunity to ask questions
adapted to the interviewee and collect different thoughts, attitudes, and concerns about SWM
in the study area. The Personal health inspector (PHI), the director of the hospital, NGO
administrative directors, the urban development minister of HUC, workers of Sustainable
Waste Management Centre (SWMC) in HUC, community group leaders (CGLs), and
chairman or president of environmental organizations such as Wildlife and Nature Protection

21
Society of Sri Lanka (WNPS), Sevalanka Foundation (SLF), Federation of Wildlife
Conservation (FWC), Green Movement of Sri Lanka (GMSL) And government agencies such
as Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC), Forest Department(FD)
and Central Environmental Authority (CEA). With all these different participants, the
researcher could collect their personal concerns and perspectives on waste management for
sound environmental development. The researcher made notes of answers collected by semi-
structured interviews and also used an audio recorder to ensure the effective transcribing and
coding of data afterwards.
To conduct the semi structured interview, the researcher used interview guides throughout the
process. As pointed out by Bryman (2012), an interview guide, with a list of guiding
questions was formulated with the intention to give the interviewee a wider scope within
which to respond. Interview guides allowed the researcher to conduct the interview flexibly
and in a comfortable way. The Researcher conducted a pilot research in the study area and
interview guides were formulated according to the knowledge gathered from the pilot
research.
Moreover, there were many benefits with Semi structure interviews (SSI). As the instrument
encourages two-way communication, the researcher could develop a less intrusive
environment between interviewer and interviewee. The researcher could also confirm what is
already known. Moreover, a large amount of detail was generated with this tool. As the semi
structured interview is fairly flexible and sensitive, the researcher could get more data which
is fairly reliable and easy to analyze. Yet, with the semi structured interview, it was not
possible to guarantee honesty of the participants. Flexibility of the interview may reduce
reliability. Preferable skills were needed to understand the verbal and even body language in
order to know which areas to pursue farther. The interviewer had to remain objective in order
to guarantee not to influence the responses of the interviewee.
III. Non participation observation (NPO)
The researcher used a Non-participant observation (NPO) instrument to collect necessary
qualitative data for the study. According to Bryman (2012, p.273), this is a term that is used
to describe a situation in which the researcher observes but does not participate in what is
going on in the social settings. The non participant observer usually watches a structured
event in the field, without being part of the scene (Cargan, 2007, p.147). As the researcher
wants to understand and obtain sufficient knowledge about how SWM practices are carried
out in the area and how SWM impact on sound environmental development (SED), the

22
researcher had to spend more time in the study field. In this way the researcher could collect
much information regarding waste disposal, waste collecting systems, waste management
systems, and perceptions of the local community. The observation played an important role
for the study as information gathered from self completion questionnaires and semi-structure
interviews were verified with non participant observation and it helped the researcher to
visualize the information in the research process. Moreover, observations helped to identify
the quality of the environment in the area with water bodies, landfills and dumplings, littering
and flooding. The findings were recorded in photography, textual and numeric format.
IV. Secondary data
Secondary data provide alternatives to the collection of primary data (Vartanian, 2010, p.3).
The study needed to collect secondary data as they were Useful for the literature review,
understand the research subject and for formulation of research questions. The researcher
collected different secondary information from written and recorded documents. Especially,
government reports, municipal council reports & documents, academic papers regarding
waste management impacts on the environment, internet resources and many other
documents from different organizations were collected.
Secondary data were useful as they provided more accurate and relevant data for the study.
According to Hilary (2010, p. 120), the major advantage of secondary data is that they
provide easy access to knowledge. Moreover they provide the researcher with readily
available resources to examine characteristics of the research and more often give the
researcher access to more information than would be available in primary data sets
(Vartanian, 2010, p.3). It was less costly and took less time to collect secondary data
compared to primary data. However, there were some shortcomings such as secondary data
are very large and complex and they took the researcher long time to fully understand.
Moreover, there were time issues also because some data were not relevant as they were
collected many years ago.
Chapter 3 Findings and Analysis

Findings
At WasteRES we would like to hear from companies seeking solutions for improving
component material and recycling methods through detailed dedicated waste research
projects. These projects look at new innovative ideas, whereby some of the on-site work

23
would be carried out by ourselves in conjunction with using various third party laboratories
and educational organisations across the United Kingdom.
We would be interested to hear about your waste research endeavours and what new unique
solutions or processes you have developed as a result of this research, for the reuse of waste
materials, no matter where you are in the world.

Analysis

This chapter summarizes the empirical research findings and analysis in accordance with the
research questions. Researcher identified different emerging themes by using thematic
analysis. The main ideas used in analysis of findings are from relevant literature. Moreover,
theoretical framework and conceptual framework were used in the process of analysis which
is done along with the presentation of each theme as seen in the different sections of this
chapter. As the Objective of this research study was to explore the importance of Solid Waste
Management (SWM) for Sustainable Development (SD), the chapter discuss about the
Characteristics of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Practices in Hambantota Municipal
Council (HMC) in order to find its impact on the environment and finally on sustainable
Development. Furthermore, Perception of Local Communities (LCs) about the Solid Waste
Management (SWM) for Sound Environmental Development (SED) will be discussed within
each discussed theme. The data collected with questionnaires are presented by using charts.
Researcher used “HH” for Households and “BP” for business places or/and business persons
throughout this chapter. However, researcher didn’t use all data collected with questionnaire
as quantitative data were used simultaneously with emerged themes

Solid waste analysis is where a representative sample of waste is taken and a start weight
recorded, this is done to determine the specific percentage content of a particular waste
material and provides valuable information to various authorities, waste processors and re-
processors.
Further waste analysis is done by manually sorting the waste into different categories with
each component weight recorded separately giving a exact fraction weight for each waste
type. You can also determine the size of a particular fraction using a detachable screen
depending on the required test.

24
Waste analysis assists in industrial plant performance, machine performance, which also
looks at recycling behaviour trends throughout the year. This process also identifies where
improvements / changes should be made to improve overall efficiency. As landfill and raw
materials are running out it is vital that new techniques and methods are developed especially
in packaging reduction and better waste reuse.
The best methods for solid waste management are initially prevention, followed by
minimization and then reuse, better recycling efforts and processing, energy recovery and
ultimately disposal.
In the United Kingdom the elements of municipal solid waste generally consist of recycling,
composting, landfilling, and waste to energy, the unsorted elements are commonly known as
rubbish. This waste consists of everyday items that are discarded by the general public and
can also refer to food waste, which in some parts of the country is collected separately, this is
dependent on what solid waste management systems are in place and can vary depending on
each local authority.
Composition of municipal solid waste varies greatly depending how the waste culture has
developed. The waste stream greatly consists of un-recyclable packaging materials mainly
plastics and other miscellaneous solid wastes from residential, commercial, institutional and
industrial sectors. Municipal solid waste does not include agricultural, medical, radioactive
and sewerage sludge.
The characterisation of municipal solid waste can change depending on a number of external
influencing factors these can be the four seasons, calendar of events festivities, wealth of a
particular neighbourhood.
Residual waste is waste that is left over from households containing material that have not yet
been separated out at source and sent for processing, waste mainly falls into the following
categories which are biodegradable - kitchen and garden, recyclable, inert, small waste
electrical and electronic equipment, hazardous, toxic, medical, composite wastes such as
Tetra pack and waste plastics such as toys.
This type of Information is also useful to the person responsible for solid waste management
and gives vital detailed information to their industry or organisations that produce large
amounts of mixed solid waste. This is beneficial to establish the individual composition
content and could be useful in establishing best practice, give a indication on recycling
performance, increase recycling figures at source and thus could ultimately reduce costs,

25
giving a solid indication of where targeted improvements need to be made and how
environmentally friendly your business actually is.
In my opinion it is going to take a massive change from initial raw material to better product
design with end use in mind and a change of attitude to the disposable society of which we
live, to greatly improve the efficiency of overall solid waste management.

26
Chapter 4 Conclusion

Human ways of life have placed pressure on the environment and have caused imbalance in
the eco systems by the producing, consuming and wasting of natural resources. Most
countries evidently have major effects on the environment due to SW generation with
economic development since the natural resources are used, and waste and pollution are
produced. Therefore, the concern towards the management of solid waste as an integral part
for sustainable development has increased.
This study explored the importance of SWM for sustainable development with the concern of
new development process in HMC in Sri Lanka. There were four research objectives to be
achieved with the study. The first objective was to study the characteristics of solid waste
management practices in Hambantota Municipal council. The researcher investigated the
environmental impacts of solid waste management practices in Hambantota Municipal
council and assessed how waste management practices can contribute to sustain the
development processes in Hambantota District. Establishing an understanding of the
perception amongst local communities regarding solid waste management for sound
environmental development was also a concern.
In summary, the research findings revealed that there are significant issues with unauthorized
waste disposal practices due to the lack of proper waste management process. This has
significantly impacted on the natural environment and on Sound Environmental Development
(SED) in the study area. The lack of Public waste bins and proper waste collection processes
have significantly affected the unauthorized waste disposal practices. Moreover, the absence
of sanitary land filling and inadequate processes by HISWMC are significant issues with
SWM. The absence of practical usage of regulation and laws is identified as a barrier to
residents engaging in proper waste management processes with recycling and waste
separation because the council could not enforce these practices. The lacks of knowledge,
awareness and cooperation have been identified.
It is clear that improper waste management practices have a significant impact on the natural
environment and sustainable development in the study area. Thus, awareness about SWM
impact on sound environmental development or/and sustainable development in seemingly
low. Therefore, it is important that the SWM should be developed from the primary level.
Waste storage and primary disposal are the dominant means of managing waste. Thus, it has
caused significant challenges in the study area. Therefore, waste separation from the

27
household level, proper storage, more efficient waste collection systems, and sustainable
recovery and disposal practices are identified as needed processes in the study area.
Considering the nature and components of waste generated by households and business
places, the waste reduction, reuse, recycling and composting processes would be more
suitable in managing the challenge. These management options should be integrated in a
sustainable framework. Adequate consideration should be given to monitoring processes.
Public education and properly planned waste management programs also need to be
introduced into the current waste management system. Especially awareness programmes
must be conducted in order to improve the knowledge about the importance of SWM for
sound environmental development in the area. The authorities should provide for the
introduction of complimentary programs and policy development.
The researcher identified SWM as the backbone of sound environmental development.
Therefore, this research study contributes to knowledge by determining the importance of
SWM for sustainable development in the newly developing HMC areas. The strength of this
research study is the case study’s setting which is the newly developed area, HMC,
Hambantota, Sri Lanka. Further, this research study incorporates the views of the HMC
community to explore their level of understanding of environmental and sustainable
development. This is strength because community views have been largely examined with the
research. Nevertheless, there is a need for further scientific studies about the SWM process
and its impact on the environment and sustainable development.

Car and Truck batteries Drain acid and neutralise before disposing to ground. Recover lead
for recycling. Batteries may be backloaded for recycling. Batteries are likely to be a
significant contaminant of island states landfills. Waste oil Options for dealing with waste oil
are limited and will vary depending on location. In some parts of the South Pacific waste oil
is being collected for incineration in Fiji. However export to USA jurisdictions may be more
difficult due to the quality assurance requirements. A dedicated incineration plant capable of
burning oil and filter cartridges would be ideal except that it has ongoing maintenance
requirements. The oil is likely to contain heavy metal contaminants from engine wear and
leaded fuel, and the possibility of PCB contamination exists. Use for timber preservation is a
possibility. Use as dust suppressant on roads is an undesirable practice as it spreads
contaminants through the environment. Any shop or garage selling oil should be required (if
necessary by a by-law) to provide a drum for collecting waste oil. (Waste oil in the Pacific

28
was the subject of a detailed report by the United Nations in 1996). Pesticides A collection
point may be required for small quantities of unwanted pesticides. Any collected materials
could be stored until disposal off the island can be arranged, for example through the
SPREP/AusAID POPs in PICs project. Medical waste Medical waste should be incinerated in
a dedicated unit. This is important from a public health consideration. Landfilling practices
are not usually sufficiently well controlled for disposal of medical waste without sterilisation
first. Residue from the incinerator will still contain sharps (scalpels and needles). While
sterile, these would still be unsuitable for general landfill disposal, especially with basic
landfilling practices. Secure landfilling is required. Guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste
Planning in Small Island Developing States in the Pacific Region 64 Septic tank cleanings At
present cleanings from septic tanks (septage) are often disposed of by excavating a pit beside
the tank and dumping the material. This is not a desirable situation. In the longer term a
specific septage disposal facility (lagoon or drying beds) needs to be established. Waste could
be carted to the pits by a vacuum tanker. This piece of equipment may need to be sought
through an aid project. Sewage sludges Sludges from sewage treatment processes should be
allowed to air dry and mature (ideally for 12 months to destroy pathogens). These can then be
used for fertiliser or soil conditioner. Where local culture precludes the use of human sourced
manure directly on food crops the material could be used for rehabilitating eroded land or
incorporated into landfill caps. Offal Disposal of small quantities of offal, e.g. from slaughter
of individual animals, to the ocean as is a common practice is a practical option. Larger
quantities as from commercial slaughterhouses would require specific treatment. Pig manure
Pig manure should be reused for agriculture. Ideally it could be used with vegetation
shreddings to make compost for horticultural use. Paints Small quantities of paints and
solvents can be dealt with by brushing out on waste timber or iron. Asbestos waste Asbestos
is used in some building materials. Inhalation of the dust causes serious lung disease.
Asbestos could be encountered in building work on older buildings. Asbestos should be
sealed in large plastic bags and buried sufficiently deep in the landfill so that it can not be
subsequently dug up. Extreme care is needed in the handling of asbestos products. Guidelines
for Municipal

29
Chapter 5 Recommendations/ Suggestions

Recommendations
The long and protracted battle between the Freetown Waste Management and MASADA
Limited regarding the resultant control and management of garbage and waste disposal in the
Municipality of Freetown has actually left a serious vacuum thus leading to the resultant
flooding of main streets in the city centre and its immediate environs.
Over the past years, much has not been done regarding Health Education in the Freetown
Municipality, a situation which has given petty traders and occupants the temerity to be
disposing their garbage and human waste in the gutters.
This particular despicable act of disposing garbage and other forms of solid waste in the
gutters has resulted to the massive flooding of places like King Harmer Road, Bombay Street,
Kissy Road and other parts in Freetown.

Garbage deposited at Susan’s Bay in the eastern part of Freetown

Research undertaken by this writer also indicates that the insistent ravaging of Freetown
Peninsular by charcoal burners, fire wood choppers and granite stone crackers is now leading
to soil degradation, deforestation and water erosion which are contributing immensely
towards the blockage of gutters in the Municipality of Freetown.
Before delving into the nitty-gritty of this particular topic, it will be pertinent for me to give
my revered readers the concise definition of Solid Waste Management, the types of solid
waste management and their impacts.
Apparently, Solid Waste Management is a polite term for garbage management.
Therefore, as long as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste, or
garbage, are expected to be health issue because modern societies generate far more solid
waste than early humans did.

30
In Sierra Leone today, the daily activities of petty traders compounded with the sprouting up
of mini- industries compounded with the flooding of businesses in the country has actually
resulted to the generation of several pounds (kilograms) of solid waste per consumer, not only
directly in the home, but indirectly in the wholesale and retail shops at Abacha Street, Kroo
Town Road, ECOWAS Street to name a few that vend goods purchased by consumers.
Therefore, Solid Waste Management is a system responsible for the handling all garbage,
municipal waste collection, recycling programs, dumps, and incinerators so that the outbreak
of waterborne diseases would be minimized to the minimal ebb.
Those who are au-fait with the practices of Community development will attest to the notion
of this writer that the early methods of waste management consisted of pits digging and the
disposal of garbage in to safer areas.
Indeed, Sierra Leone obtained a rapid population growth after the senseless and brutal civil
conflict which left the population in Freetown to be swollen in three fold thus making it
extremely strenuous for the Council to be dealing in the area of garbage collection and
management became a serious issue.
We are now seeing houses that did not have space to bury their trash would throw it into the
streets; making a stroll to the corner stores you will also see unpleasant prospects.
Taking a retrospective view of the past, one may discern with authority that many cities
started to set up Municipal garbage collection in the form of rag and bone.
In fact, men who would buy useful garbage from people had to recycle it while the waste
collection teams would dispose of unusable waste.
Apparently, the new trend of globalization and the advancement of modern technology have
actually transformed Solid Waste Management to a multi-billion dollar business for most
industrialized nations today and it is said to be crucial to survival.
Therefore, if Solid Waste Management is a multi -billion dollar business for most
industrialized nations today why can’t we imbibe such concept that will actually reduce the
scarcity of salaries for the Waste collection workers on a regular basis?
We actually have mini- industries in this country and we recently saw the role played by
MASADA Limited to weed out the piles of garbage in the Municipality of Freetown with the
use of modern tools and equipments.
Since MASADA vanished from the seen, we started seeing piles of garbage littering the
Freetown Municipality and it immediate environs on a daily basis thus leading to massive
flooding in the streets which might lead to a calamity during this particular wet season.

31
It is clear that the Freetown Waste Management company is generating a huge amount of
money because they require citizens, shop owners, embassies and private businesses to pay
for waste collection, while rural areas have dumps and recycling facilities for citizens to
convey their garbage.
The end goal of solid waste manage is specifically base on the reduction of the amount of
garbage clogging the streets that are polluting the environment and to also generate income
out of the proceeds for collection and recycling.
Similarly, management of solid waste is focused on developing environmentally sound
methods of handling garbage; for example in most civilized countries, solid waste is no
longer dumped into oceans or unlined pits but are being transformed in to finished products
like rubbers, irons, chemicals and gases.
Research undertaken by this writer indicates that MASADA Limited came up with such a
brilliant ideal that will actually attach more values to the piles of garbage and solid waste that
have already eclipsed the entire Freetown municipality.
There are quite a considerable number of solid wastes in the Municipality of Freetown which
need to be dealt with by the Freetown Waste Management.
To start with, the Recyclable Waste and it objects are useful, but no longer wanted.
However, this is a new found wealth or what others may regard as a source of livelihood for
our children, young energetic women who find pleasure in scavenging in the dumping sites
and streams for scrap metals, aluminum cans and of late “Grafton water rubber plastic”.
Sierra Leone does not have the facilities that will recycle these items which is why they are
being exported to the Republic of Guinea and other parts of the world.
Therefore, to deal with such goods, facilities must be constructed to recycle these items,
which include scrap metals, broken tumblers, cans, papers, plastics, woods and similar
materials.
Another category of solid waste is the Toxic Waste and it could potentially contaminate the
environment, meaning that it needs to be handled with care.
This category includes electronic waste, a growing problem in many industrialized nations.
However, we are yet to have toxic waste deposited in our waters.
The Green Waste is another form of solid waste and it includes such as compost and yard
clippings.
Indeed, Green waste is common in the Municipality of Freetown and can occur mostly when
people with land do compost their own green waste.

32
In most cases, people collect it separately from true garbage, the final category, so that the
green waste can be composted and returned to the earth.
According to the World Bank Global of Solid waste, solid waste management is the one thing
just about every city government provides for its residents. While service levels,
environmental impacts and costs vary drastically, solid waste management is arguably the
most important municipal service and services Hoornweg, Daniel (2012)
He argues that the amount of Municipal solid waste is one of the most important by-products
of an urban lifestyle that is growing even faster than the rate of urbanization.
Giving a statistical analysis, Hoornweg Daniel explained that ten years ago, there were 2.9
billion urban residents who generated about 0.64 kg of municipal solid waste per person per
day (0.68 billion tones per year.)
This report estimate that today these amounts have increased to about three billion residents
generating 1.2 kg per person a day (1.3 billion tones per year).
He postulated that by 2025, this will likely increase to 4.3 billion urban residents generating
about 1.42kg a day of municipal solid waste (2.2 billion tones per year)
Despite all what has been said, the Government of President Ernest Bai Koroma should at
this point in time lay more emphasis on Solid Waste Management collection so that the
Cholera plague will not spread it tentacles once more again on Freetonians as it did sometime
last year that left the death toll to an un-imaginary proportion.
We should have the solid Waste Collection trucks moving through the streets of Freetown on
regular schedules to collect the heap of refuse in most of these stationed dust bins.

Similarly, the women I use to see sweeping the major streets of Freetown are no longer
performing their duties which might has resulted to maladministration.
Therefore, the contract for the management and collection of garbage in the Municipality of
Freetown must be reviewed robustly to ensure that we dwell in a conducive and pollution
free environment and to ensure that the rubbish collected are properly disposed.
Solid wastes typically may be classified as follows:
Garage decomposable waste from food, rubbish: non-decomposable (such as paper, wood,
and cloth) or noncombustible (such as metal, glass and ceramics), ashes: residues of the
combustion of solid fuels, large wasters: demolition and construction debris and trees ,dead
animals, sewage- treatment solid: material retained on sewage –treatment screens, settled
solids and biomass sludge, industrial wastes: such materials as chemicals, paints and sand

33
mining wastes: slag heaps and coal refuse piles, agricultural wasters: farm animal manure and
crop residues.
Disposal of solid wastes on land is by far the most common method in most of the countries
and probably accounts for more than 90% of the world’s municipal refuse.
Incineration accounts for most of the remainder, whereas composting of solid wastes
accounts for only an insignificant amount. Selecting a disposal method depends almost
entirely on costs, which in turn are likely to reflect local circumstances.
Sanity landfill is the cheapest satisfactory means of disposal, but only if suitable land is
within economic range of the source of wastes; typically, collection and transportation
account for 75% of the total cost of solid waste management.
In a modern landfill, refuse is spread in thin layers, each of which is compacted by bulldozer
before the next is spread. When about 3 m (about 10 ft) of refuse has been laid down, it is
covered by a thin layer of clean earth, which also is compacted.
Pollution of surface and ground water is minimized by lining and contouring the fill,
compacting and planting diverting upland proper soil, diverting upland drainage, and placing
waters in sites not subject to flooding or higher ground water levels.
Gases are generated in landfills through anaerobic decomposition of organic solid waste.
If a significant amount of methane is present, it may be expensive; proper venting eliminates
this problem.
From the above analysis, it is significant to note that waste solid can be reduced by reusing
materials, recovering materials through recycling, incineration and land fills.

34
Suggestions

We appreciate the MCGM’s efforts to encourage the process of citizen’s participation. The
initial suggestions were mostly built around the process of decentralized waste-management
systems and it is evident that the draft rules have taken a notice of that at some places. We
also welcome the initiative taken by MCGM to construct ward wise more dry waste centres.
MCGM has also advertised for expression of interest for construction of Biogas plants for
promotion of decentralised waste management ,however it does not reflect in proposed DP.
Therefore we would like to highlight following points again for the inclusion in the final DP
Plan.
1. Decentralized Public Biogas Plant: The draft rules talks about enforcing the processing of
wet waste at the source by housing societies and individual establishments. However the plan
also needs to consider the need to process the wet-waste coming out from Markets, Hotels
and other public waste generation Zones. For that on ward/zone level some land need to be
reserved for development of large sized Biogas Plants. The underground digesters of plants
can also be constructed at existing pumping stations and cemeteries and a processing rooms
for processing of wet waste can be constructed reserved at source like markets, malls, space
below flyovers etc.
2. Freeing Up Space by Bio-Mining: The city should recover space from the dumping
grounds by using Bio-remediation process.
3. Development of Recycling Zone: Mumbai generates almost 8000-10000 Tonnes of waste
on a daily basis out of which a considerable percentage is recyclable waste. However we
don’t have well planned, organized, efficient and environment friendly recycling zones close
to Mumbai. Most of the recyclables is sent outside of the state of Maharashtra for recycling
which adds to the transportation cost in turn making recycling of few items economically not
feasible. As a city we need to reserve land for such large scale processing zones. We think bio
mining of the dumping grounds like Deonar can free-up the unused lands and provide such
place.
4. Adherence to source segregation and processing of wet waste at source: The draft DCR
rules guides us to NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA which mentions at source
processing of wet waste and the importance of source segregation. Though this rule has been
around for some time, we hardly see compliance to it. The MCGM needs to detail the plans

35
further to ensure that it surely happens. The need for incentivizing (property tax reduction
being one suggestion) and fining for non-compliances need to be put in place.
5. Use of Chutes: The draft DCR rules guides us to NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF
INDIA which suggests apartments touse chutes for waste-disposal. This suggestion is
unacceptable and very impractical and dangerous for the health of people working in the
waste sector .However chutes often add up to the problem as segregation becomes hard to
monitor, many items break at the bottom,. Most important is that waste thrown through the
chutes get stuck and contaminated and can become serious health hazard to all concerned
persons can even pose a fire hazard.
6. Waste-pickers: While the concept of dry-waste sorting centre finds its mention in the rules.
Local waste-pickers can benefit out of it as it can give access to storage space and thus access
to markets higher up the supply chain.

36
Chapter 6 Limitations of the Study

To write a limitation study, analyze the limitations of the research and list this
information in a limitation section of a research paper. Listing the limitations of research
is a way to add credibility, as every form of research is in some way limited. For example,
nearly all research is limited by sample size.
A limitation study needs to include the most obvious and largest limitations first, before more
complex issues are discussed. For example, major limitations include the scope of the
research; the ages, races or genders of participants; unknown factors, such as existing medical
conditions; and researcher bias. For example, a medical study involving a drug trial might be
limited by the amount of participants, self-reported side effects and medical conditions that
have not been diagnosed that change the effectiveness of the drug.
After listing the primary limitations, describe limitations that are specific to the research that
is being conducted. This includes things such as only using one theory to interpret the data,
analyzing data from a specific disciplinary perspective or using only certain existing research
to reach a conclusion regarding the data collected.
Since all research is limited by variables, adding a limitation study does not make research
any less valid or important. Instead, failing to write a limitation study compromises the
validity of the research.
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Annexure
Estimated Solid Waste Management Costs Estimated Solid Waste Management Costs by
Disposal Method 1 Estimated Solid Waste Management Costs 2010 and 2025 Country
Income Group 2010 Cost6 2025 Cost Low Income Countries7 $1.5 billion $7.7 billion Lower
Middle Income Countries8 $20.1 billion $84.1 billion Upper Middle Income Countries9
$24.5 billion $63.5 billion High Income Countries10 $159.3 billion $220.2 billion Total
Global Cost (US$) $205.4 billion $375 billion 1 All values provided in the table are exclusive
of any potential carbon finance, subsidies, or external incentives. Costs included are for
purchase (including land), operation, maintenance, and debt service. 2 Collection includes

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pick up, transfer, and transport to final disposal site for residential and non-residential waste.
3 Composting excludes sale of finished compost (which ranges from $0 to $100/ton). 4
Includes sale of any net energy; excludes disposal costs of bottom and fly ash (non hazardous
and hazardous). 5 Anaerobic digestion includes sale of energy from methane and excludes
cost of residue sale and disposal. 6 Cost of SWM (US$) = waste generated (tonnes) X percent
of waste collected (%) X [cost of collection ($/ton) + cost of disposal ($/ton)] 7 2010: $1.5bil
= 75,000,000 tonnes X 43% X ($30/ton + $15/ton); 2025: $7.7bil = 201,000,000 tonnes X
55% X ($45/ton + $25/ton) 8 2010: $20.1bil = 369,000,000 tonnes X 68% X ($50/ton +
$30/ton); 2025: $84.1bil = 956,000,000 tonnes X 80% X ($65/ton + $45/ton) 9 2010:
$24.5bil = 243,000,000 tonnes X 84% X ((0.9Landfill ($65/ton + $50/ton)) + (0.1Incinerate
($65/ton + $100/ton))); 2025: $63.5bil = 426,000,000 X 92% X ((0.85Landfill ($85/ton +
$65/ton)) + (0.15Incinerate($85/ton +$145/ton))) 10 2010: $159.3bil = 602,000,000 tonnes X
98% X ((0.8Landfill ($180/ton + $75/ton)) + (0.2 Incinerate ($180/ton + $150/ton))); 2025:
$220.2bil = 686,000,000 tonnes X 98% X ((0.75Landfill ($210/ton + $95/ton)) +
0.25Incinerate($210/ton + $185/ton)))

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