Matrix and Determinant

1. Use the Crammer’s rule to discuss the consistency of the following system of
equation for different cases of :
x + y + λz = 1
{ x + λy + z = λ
λx + y + z = λ2

   1 1
2. Let A =   , B=   where   1.
0 1   0 1 

(a) Prove that for all positive integer n,

 n

n 

  n  1  
A   1 
 
 0 1 

(b) (i) Find BA.

(ii) Use (a) , or otherwise, evaluate (BA) n , for n  N,

1 1 1
3. (a) Factorize F(, ,  )     .
2 2 2

1  ax 2 1  bx 2 1  cx 2
(b) Show that 1  ay 2 1  by 2 1  cy 2 = k F(x,y,z) F(a,b,c)
1  az 2 1  bz 2 1  cz 2
where k is a constant to be found, and hence factorize the determinant.

1
4. If n is the least positive integer such that An is a zero matrix, then A is said to be
nilpotent of order n.
Given A is a nilpotent of order n.

(a) (i) 
Evaluate I  A  I  A  A 2  ...  A n 1  and

I  AI  A  A 2  ...   1n 1 A n 1

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, express (I – A) -1 and (I – A2)-1 in terms of A.

1 1 3
(b) Let A =  5 2 6 
 2 1  3

(i) Evaluate A2 and A3.

(ii) Using (a), or otherwise, find (I – A) -1 and (I – A2)-1.

 2 1 3
 
5. Let A =  0  2 1 
 1 0 2
 
(a) Find A – 2A – 7A + I where I is the identity matrix of order 3 x 3.
3 2

(b) Using (a), evaluate (A – I ) ( A2 – A – 8 I ).

(c) Hence find (A2 – A – 8 I ) -1.

6. Find the equation of the image of the curve :

5x 2  2 3xy  7 y 2  4  0

5
if the curve is under the rotation transformation through an angle anti-clockwisely
6
about the origin.
Hint : The formula for rotating anti-clockwisely by an angle  is
x′ cos θ − sin θ x
( ′) = ( ) (y)
y sin θ cos θ

2
 1 1 
  1  1    1   2
2
1.
 1 1
1 1  1 1  1 1 
x    1    1   1 ,  y  1  1    1 ,  z  1  1    1  1
2 2 2 2

2 1 1  2 1  1 1
Conclusions :
(i) If   1, – 2,   0.  The system has unique solution:
   1 2
1  1 
 x , y, z    , , .
 2 2   2 

(ii) If  = 1,  = x = y = z and the system of equation becomes x + y + z = 1 .

 The system of equation has infinitely many solutions:
(x , y , z) = (1 , 2 , 1 – 1 – 2) .

(iii) If  = – 2,  = 0 , x  0, y  0, z  0.
 The system is inconsistent and has no solution.

 n  n  1 
 
2. (a) Let P(n) be the proposition: A  
n
  1 
 0
 1 

 1  1 
     1 
For P(1), A 
1
   1  .  P(1) is true.
 0 1  0
 1 
 k  k  1 
 
Assume P(k) is true for some k  N, i.e. A  k
   1  (1)
 0 1 
 k  k  1   
  
For P(k + 1), A = A  A = 
k+1 k   1  0 1  , by (1).
 
 0 1 
 k 1  k  1 
 
   k 
  1 
 0
 1 
 k 1  k   1   k  1   k 1  k 1  1 
   
   1      1  .
 0
 1   0 1 

 P(k + 1) is true.

   1 n  1 
 1 1         1      1   n
n

BA       BA   
n
   1
(b)  0 1  0 1   0 1   0 1   
 0 1 

3
 1 1 1 R 2  R 2  R 1 1 1 1
 
3. (a) F(, ,  )      0   
        
 2 2  2 R 3  R 3  R 2 0          
1 1
                                 
 

(b) Method 1
1  ax 2 1  bx 2 1  cx2 1  2ax  a 2 x 2 1  2bx  b 2 x 2 1  2cx  c 2 x 2
1  ay 2 1  by 2 1  cy2  1  2ay  a 2 y 2 1  2by  b 2 y 2 1  2cy  c 2 y 2
1  az 2 1  bz 2 1  cz2 1  2az  a 2 z 2 1  2bz  b 2 z 2 1  2cz  c 2 z 2
1 2x x 2 1 1 1 1 x x2 1 1 1
 1 2y y 2
a b c  21 y y 2
a b c
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2z z a b c 1 z z a b c2
= 2 F(x, y, z) F(a, b, c)
= 2(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
Method 2
Let  be the given determinant.
Put x = y in , Since R1 = R2 ,  = 0 and (x – y) is a factor of .
Put y = z in , Since R2 = R3 ,  = 0 and (y – z) is a factor of .
Put z = x in , Since R3 = R1 ,  = 0 and (z – x) is a factor of .

Put a = b in , Since C1 = C2 ,  = 0 and (a – b) is a factor of .

Put b = c in , Since C2 = C3 ,  = 0 and (b – c) is a factor of .
Put c = a in , Since C3 = C1 ,  = 0 and (c – a) is a factor of .

  = kF(x, y, z) F(a, b, c) = k(x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a).

4. (a) (i) (I – A)(I + A + A2 + … + An–1 = I – An = I – 0 = I (since An = 0)

I  A I  A  A 2  ...   1n1 A n 1  = I + (– 1)n An = I – 0 = I (since An = 0)

(ii) (I – A)-1 = I + A + A2 + … + An–1

(I + A)-1 = I – A + A2 – … + (–1)n–1An–1
(I – A2)-1 = (I + A + A2 + … + An–1) [I – A + A2 – … + (–1)n–1An–1]
= I + A2 + A4 + … + A2(n–1)
I  A 2  A 4  ...  A n 2 , when n is even
 n 1
 I  A  A  ...  A , when n is odd
2 4

0 0 0   0 0 0
   
(b) (i) A  3 3
2
9  A   0 0 0
3

  1  1  3  0 0 0
   
(ii) By (b) (i), A is a nilpotent matrix of order 3.
By (a) (ii), (I – A)-1 = I + A + A2

4
 1 0 0  2 1 3  0 0 0   2 1 3 
       
  0 1 0   0  2 1   3 3 9  8 6 15 
 0 0 1   1 0 2    1  1  3   3  2  5 
       
By (a) (ii), (I – A2)-1 = I + A2
1 0 0  0 0 0  1 0 0 
     
  0 1 0   3 3 9    3 4 9 
 0 0 1   1 1  3  1 1  2 
     

 7 0 13   27 7 47 
   
5. (a) A   1 4 0 ,
2
A  2 7 7 
3

4 1 7   15 2 27 
   
 A3 – 2A2 – 7A + I
 27 7 47   7 0 13   2 1 3   1 0 0   0 0 0 
         
  2  7 7   2 1 4 0   7 0  2 1    0 1 0    0 0 0 
 15 2 27   4 1 7   1 0 2   0 0 1   0 0 0 
         

(b) (A – I) (A2 – A – 8I) = A3 – 2A2 – 7A + 8I = (A3 – 2A2 – 7A + I) + 7I , by (a).

7 0 0
 
= 0 7 0
0 0 7
 

 1 1 3
1 1 
(c) By (b), (A2 –A– 8I)-1 = I   0  3 1
7 7 
 1 0 1

 5 5 
 cos  sin 
6. The matrix of rotation =  6 6   1   3  1 
 sin 5 5  2  1  3 
 cos 
 6 6 

 x' 1   3  1  x 
     
 y'  2  1 3  y 

x  3
1
 1   x' 1   3
1
1  x '   2

 3x ' y' 
   2         
  y  1 
2

 3   y '  2   1  3  y '   1  x '  3 y ' 

Equation of the image is:

       
2 2
1  1  1  1 
5  3x ' y'   2 3   3x ' y'    x ' 3y'   7   x ' 3y'   4  0
2  2  2  2 
Simplify, we get 16(x’)2 + 32 (y’)2 – 16 = 0
(x’)2 + 2(y’)2 = 1 , an ellipse.
Yue Kwok Choy
20/2/2017