1
is specially serious in the very young and the very old 7. First aid instructions , when necessary or
in some cases treatment may be required in hospital appropriate: i.e., If swallowed; feed milk
Severe dehydration involves such manifestation:
Prevention of poisoning from household substance will
o dry mouth
start from the
o decreased urination
o dizziness 1. Selection of right product during the time of
o fatigue purchase;
o increase heart rate 2. Second, how to use the product safely matters.
o breathing rate Handle the product carefully to avoid spills and
Drink clear fluids, starting with small sips and gradually splashing.
drinking more a. To avoid inhaling the fumes, the product
If vomiting and diarrhea last more than 24hrs, drink an should be well ventilated areas.
oral rehydration solution b. If pregnant, avoid toxic chemical exposure as
much as possible.
Treatment: c. Many toxic products have not been tested for
Food Intoxications can mimic serious problems such as their effect on unborn infants.
gastric in intestinal torsions and foreign bodies. 3. Third, proper storage and conditions of household
products should observed.
A thorough work-up including radiographs is warranted to a. Following simply what is indicated in its label
ensure proper diagnosis and treatment. will ensure safety.
b. Generally hazardous products should be
In cases where vomiting has occurred, the patient may have stored on high shelves or in locked cabinets
purged himself , thus requiring only supportive care with out of reach of children and animals and
fluids , activated charcoal with a cathartic never stored in food or beverage containers.
If vomiting has failed to purged the stomach treatment is by
gastric lavage, repeated doses of activated charcoal, and Statistics show that poisoning from household products is the
perhaps use of cathartic. most common cause of nonfatal accidents in the home. In
fact according to the American of Poisoning Control Centers,
93% of possible poisonings take place at home.
2
Different contributory factors leads to the occurrence of the accompanied by chest pain(angina ), when exercising or
so-called Global warming. under increased stress.
One of important factors considered is pollution. For these people, short- term CO exposure further effects
their body’s already compromised ability to respond to
The reasons of pollution: increased oxygen demands of exercise or exertion (EPA)
Improper waste management D. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Kaingin system
dynamite fishing Nitrogen dioxide, like ozone is a deep lung irritant that
smoke belching can produce serious health effects if it is inhaled at high
few environmental pollutions controls concentrations . Potential life -threatening exposure is a real
world problem for framers, as sufficient amounts of NO2 can
Climate change be liberated from fermenting fresh silage. NO2 exposure
concentrations near roadways are of particular concern for
was brought by pollution, and when it comes to
susceptible individuals, including people with asthma ,
connecting the dots between climate change and
asthmatic children and elderly.
health, lines are clear.
The large arrays of pollutants are the major The sum of nitric oxide (NO) and NO2 is commonly called
determinants for the different health effects nitrogen oxides or NOx .Other oxides of nitrogen including
associated to be detrimental or harmful to living nitrous acid and nitric acid are part of the nitrogen oxide
systems, especially to humans, upon exposure family. NOx react with ammonia , moisture and other
(acute) or for a long period of time (chronic). compounds to form small particles. These small particles
Pollutants can be categorized as air, land and water penetrate deeply into sensitive parts of the lungs and can
pollutants. cause or worsen respiratory disease. Ozone is formed when
NOx and volatile organic compounds treat in the presence of
General categories of pollutants: heat and sunlight. (EPA).
1. Air pollutants E. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
A. Ozone Sulfur dioxide is one of a group of highly reactive gasses
Ground level or bad ozone is not emitted directly into the known as oxides of sulfur (SOx). It is water -soluble irretant
air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of gas that is absorbed predominantly in the upper airways and
nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the stimulates bronchocontrictions and mucus secretions in a
presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and number of species , including humans.
electric utilities , motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors , and The largest sources of SO2 emissions are from fossil fuel
chemical solvent are some of the major sources of NOx and combustion at power plants (73%) and other industrial
VOC facilities (20%). Smaller sources of SO2 emissions include
Ozone in the air we breathe can harm our health-typically industrial processes such as extracting metal from ore . and
on hot , sunny days when ozone can reach unhealthy levels. the burning of high sulfur containing fuels by locomotives,
Even relatively low levels of ozone can cause health effects . large ships and non road equipment. SO2 is linked with a
people with lung disease , children , older adults , and people number of adverse effects on the respiratory system(EPA)
who are active outdoors may be particularly sensitive to 2. Land Pollutants
ozone .(EPA)
Land pollutants can be in the form of :
B. Particulate Matter(PM)
A. Agriculture Waste -pesticides or insecticides,
Particulate matter also known as particle pollution or PM, fertilizers dead animals or animal wastes and land conversion
is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid .
droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of
components , including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), B. Industrial Wastes- waste from demoliton and
organic chemicals , metals and soil or dust particles . construction process , toxic industrial chemicals , mining and
landfill.
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for
causing health problems . EPA is concerned about particles C. Human Actions - deforestation or kaingin system,
that are 10 micrometers in diameters or smaller because desertification and inadequate waste treatment or
those are the particles that generally pass through the throat disposal.
and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled ,these particles
can affect the heart and lungs and cause serous health effects D. Others -urbanizations , metals productions , nuclear
(EPA) reserach and soil pollutions
3
Chlorine and chloriinated compounds (chlorites Poisoning with industrial chemicals occurs most
,chloramine , chlorine dioxide ) often either percutaneous or inhalation routes.
Bromate
Haloacetic acid (HAAS) Toxic industrial chemicals (TIC’s)
Trihalomethanes (THMS)
industrial chemicals that are manufactured, stored,
C. Organic chemicals
transported and used throughout the world.
Benzene TIC’s can be in gas, liquid, or solid state.
Carbon tetrachloride They can be chemical hazards e.g. carcinogens,
Chlorbenzene reproductive hazards, corrosives or agents that
D. Inorganic chemicals affect the lungs or blood ; or physical hazards e.g.
flammable , combustible , explosives or reactive.
Arsenic
Asbestos Many TIC’s are highly toxic and may rapidly affect
Beryllium exposed individuals. TIC’s enter the body through inhalation,
Cadmium through the skin, or through digestion. The time that it takes
Cyanide for TIC’s to begin working is dependent mainly on the route
Mercury that the agents enters the body.
Even if a plant is listed as having major toxicity, a very Asbestos Freon and Halons Antimony
small amount ingested may not result in symptoms. Call the
poison center before initiating any treatment. A plant listed Benzene Hydrocarbons Arsenic
as being non-toxic may still cause problems: if a child bites off Carbon Disulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Beryllium
a piece of the plant and it sticks in the throat, choking or
gagging may result. Carbon Isopropyl Alcohol Cadmium
Monoxide
EXERCISE NO.10
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS EXERCISE NO. 11
II. Discussion: DRUG OF ABUSE
II. Discussion:
Industrial chemicals
Drug of abuse
refer to chemicals used neither in agriculture nor as
drugs. is a disorder that is characterized by a destructive pattern
of using a substance that leads to significant problems or
Therefore, it includes chemicals used in industry, as
distress.
well as chemicals found in or near household.
4
Drug abuse is unfortunately quite common, affecting 7% procainamide, flecainide, acebutalol, propranolo,
of people of some point in their lives. amiodarone, verapamil.
Virtually a substance whose ingestion can results in a
3. Antianginal agents
euphoric (‘high”) feeling can be abused.
Nitroglycerin compounds were initially the only drugs
While the specific physical and physiological effects of drug
capable of relieving symptoms of angina, but now other
abuse tend to vary based on the particular substance
classes of drugs like the Beta Blockers and Calcium -channel
involved, the general effects of abused to any drug can be
Blockers are equally effective.
devastating. Although drug abused has no single cause, there
are number of biological, physiological and social risk factors 4. Antihypertensive Agents
that can increase a person likelihood of developing a chemical
abuse. Anrtihypertensive agents are medications that control
blood pressure by several mechanism. In any cases , several
Symptoms of drug abuse include: different classes of antihypertensive drugs are used to
recurrent drug use that result in legal problems maintain adequate control of the person’s blood pressure. It
occurs in potentially dangerous situations includes the diuretics, Beta-blockers . ACE inhibitors, Calcium
Interfere with important obligations or results in blockers and Alpha adrenergic blockers
social or relationship problems.
Intoxication from cardiovascular drugs usually result from
overdose.
Since there is no one test that definitely indicates that
someone has chemical/ substance abuse, health care EXERCISE NO. 13
professionals provide a diagnosis by gathering comprehensive RESPIRATORY DRUGS
medical, family and mental health information , as well as II. Discussion:
securing a physical examination , and laboratory tests to
Respiratory drugs are prescription drugs and medicines
assess the sufferer’s medical state.
for conditions and diseases relating to lungs and /or
The primary goals of recovery are abstinence, relapse breathing. They are the drugs intended for treatment and
prevention and rehabilitation. prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
allergy, asthma , bronchitis , cystic fibrosis .emphysema , lung
The following are the type of drugs that are commonly abuse disease , pneumonia , sinus infections , smoking cessation
resulting in dependence: and others.
Alcohol Hallucinogens (LSD And Types of Respiratory Drugs:
Mescaline )
1. Antihistamines
Amphetamines Inhalants (Ammonia And Bleach)
Drugs that counteract the effects of histamines ,
Anabolic Steroids Nicotine they usually provide relief from allergy.
Cannabis Phencyclidine (PCP) Drugs that control cough by its direct action on the
brain,
Cocaine Sedatives ,Hypnotics And
Anxiolytics 3. Bronchodilators
5
Anti-infectives are drugs used for treatment of infections
caused by different microorganisms such as bacteria, virus
EXERCISE NO. 14 and fungus.
ANALGESICS
II. Discussion : Anti-infectives for discussion in this exercise including the
following:
Analgesic or “pain killers” is the number of one leading
cause of poisoning in adult; and number two in children, A. Antibacterial
according to the National Capitol Poison Center in the year B. Antifungal
2011 in the U.S. Acetaminophen , Aspirin , and Opiates C. Anti-Parasitic and Anti-Malarial
accounts for the majority of analgesic poisoning in developed D. Anti- Viral Drugs
countries .
Antibacterial are available in the market as follows:
Acetaminophen , also called paracetamol , has been
1. AMINOGLYCOSIDES
available as an over the counter analgesic and antipyretic for
2. BETA-LACTAMS
over 50 years. More than 100million people use
3. MACROLIDES
acetaminophen each year in the US. Alone although the safe 4. QUINOLONES AND FLUOROQUINOLONES
dose of acetaminophen is up 4 grams daily , chronic daily 5. TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
ingestion of this dose has been shown to cause elevation of 6. LEPROSTATIC DRUGS
liver enzymes , even in healthy people. SInce especially when 7. ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS DRUGS
consumed chronically, augments the toxic potential of
acetaminophen, many people unknowingly put themselves at Most of the antibacterial ate either broad or narrow
risk of significant liver damage by consuming acetaminophen spectrum antibiotic.
and alcohol together. Acetaminophen overdose is the leading
Taken at right dose for the right causative organism,
cause of acute liver failure in the developed world.
antibacterial are very effective in controlling the infections.
Accounting for more than 56,000 emergency room visits,
However, if use improperly, each one elicit different adverse
26,000 hospitalization, and 450 deaths per year in the US.
effect that can be injurious to the patient.
Acetaminophen is toxic to liver and kidneys primarily through
its ability to overwhelm the liver innate detoxification Antifungals are drugs that are used to treat fungal infections.
systems There are 3 groups :
NSAIDs such as the COX-1 inhibitors (aspirin, ibuprofen, 1. The polyene antifungal drug groups (amphoterecin B
naproxen, ketorolac ,etc.) natamycin and nystatin)
And the COX2 inhibitors (celecoxib and rofeconxib) are 2. The cytosine is a synthetic nucleotides and the only
among the most widely use of all drugs with 20 to 30 billion member of 2nd group.
tablets sold each year in the US alone. The prototypical
member, aspirin, is one of the oldest analgesic, in use as an 3. Imidazoles are the third major groups (Clotrimazole,
anti-inflammatory therapy long before the molecular Miconazole, Econazole, Isoconazole, Trioconazole,
mechanics of inflammation has been discovered. Ketoconazole, Itraconazole)
Aspirin and NSAIDs usage has been associated with Most are the topically while some are active systematically
gastrointestinal toxicity including bleeding ulcer. after oral administration. However Amphotericin B and
Miconazole are administered parenterally.
Certain NSAIDs (e.g. selective COX-2 inhibitors ) have been
linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events , in Antiparasitic and Antimalarial drugs can be classified as
particular heart attack. In addition , chronic use of some types follows:
of NSAIDs has been associated with kidney damage that may
1) 4-aminoquinolones
persist even after drug withdrawal in some cases . (chloroquine hydroxychloroquine and amodiaquine
Another class of analgesic is the opiates. This class of 2) 8-aminoquinolones
(primaquine )
drugs is more potent than those of NSAIDs , especially the
3) Cinchona alkaloids
opiates use for severe pain, such as morphine ,
(quinine )
oxymorphone, propoxyphene and methadone. Opioid 4) Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors plus a
analgesic -related deaths are among the fastest increasing sulfonamide or sulfone
drug poisoning deaths. Poisoning death rates involved opioid (pyrine thiamine plus sulfodoxin and plus dapsone )
analgesic have more than tripled in the United States since 5) Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
1999. And among the opioid analgesic , codeine is the most (proquanil and pyrimethamine )
common cause of poisoning , followed by methadone . 6) Antibiotics
(tetracycline and erythromycine )
The imporatance of analgesic in the management of pain 7) Quinolone methanol
is unquestioned. However ,increasing analgesic -related (mefloquine )
poisoning deaths pose a serious public health risk.
EXERCISE NO 15 Most drugs can cause severe poisoning in over dosage that
ANTI-INFECTIVES may be rapidly fatal without therapeutic intervention.
II. Discussion :
6
Antiviral drugs are drugs used in the treatment of viral
infections. Overdose with fatalities has been reported for
acyclovir and amantadine.